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TRAINING REPORT
ON
220 KV G.S.S. HEERAPURA,JAIPUR
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2013-2014
VISHAL SHARMA
B.TECH IV YEAR
ROLL NO.-10EJCEE065
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
JECRC JAIPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VISHAL SHARMA of IV year VII sem. (EE) has
submitted his practical training seminar report on GSS
HEERAPURA,JAIPUR for practical fulfillment of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering branch of RAJASTHAN
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,KOTA(RAJ.)
Page No.
Certificate i.
Acknowledgement ii.
Abstract iii.
.
CHAPTER 4:-TRANSFORMERS 9
CHAPTER 5: ISOLATOR 20
When India became independent its overall installed capacity was hardly
1900MW.During first five year plan (1951-1956) the capacity was 2300MW.The
contribution of Rajasthan state was negligible. Rajasthan state electricity board came into
existence in July1957.
Member of transmission and switching have to be created. These are known as SUB
STATION.
Electricity boards are set up in all states of India which are responsible for
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In
Rajasthan R.R.V.P.N.L is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical
power all over Rajasthan. It has its on generating station and its also gets power from
various other stations also.
Any substation has many types of civil and electrical works. Main
components are :-
1. Bus bar
2. Power Transformers
3. Isolators
4. Circuit Breaker
INCOMING FEEDERS :-
OUTGOING FEEDERS :-
BAGAD (132KV)
Electrical energy occupies the top grade in energy hierarchy. It find innumerable used in
home, industry, Agriculture etc and even in the transport.
Rajasthan state electric board started functioning from 1st July 1957. But it has been
divided into 5 companies namely.
R.S.E.B. is the big public organization, which is responsible for the supply of electricity
to whole of the state. It is a organization of public having a business of unique quality the
electricity must be use at the instant of its generation because electricity cannot be stored
at large amount.
CHAPTER 2
TRANSMISSION LINES
In this category the EHV lines viz. Extra high voltage lines of 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV
and 66 kV are considered/are used voltage from one grid sub-station to other sub-station
through six various types conductors.
ii. For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of aluminums strands and
steel wires.
iii. For 132 KV line: Panther conductor is used composite of aluminum strands and
steel wires.
The material used in these conductors is generally aluminum conductor steel reinforced
(ACSR). The conductors run over the tower cross arms of sufficient height with the
consideration to keep safe clearance of sagged conductor from ground level and from the
objects (trees, buildings etc.) either side also.
2.2 Substation:-
A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may
be defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical
energy from one form to another for example one voltage to another.
The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 KV, through higher
voltage to 33 KV are also possible due to economic considerations, low voltage is
converted to high voltage like 66 KV, 132 KV, 220 KV, 400 KV, 765 KV for
transmission purpose. This can be done with the help of the transformer.
The consumers apparatus are made for low voltage so this voltage is again to be stepped
down to the required voltage at the sub-station.
Figure 2.1- View of Transmission Line
2.2.1 Grid:-
Grid is a technical word use for the term for interconnection of power received from more
than one place. It is network of main power lines for distribution of electricity.
Now Grid sub-station (G.S.S.) means a sub-station where power from more than one
place is interconnected through equipment.
a. A switch yard for locating various equipment and instruments protective CT & PT and
Lighting arrester etc. if the substation is near to load center it will have L.T. distribution
& sub transmission equipment and if the load is far from switch yard, will have
transformers breakers and other H.T. control equipment.
c. Sub- Station (distribution) from where the feeders are run for consumers.
d. Workshop for the repairs and maintains every sub-station is designed keeping in of the
following aspects.
1. Reliability
a. Transmission Towers
c. Tangent towers
d. Angle towers
e. Extension towers
f. Spiral towers
g. Section towers
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the
concerned Electrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the
end of the scope of the mentioned Work.
As in the case of 220 KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, State
Electricity Board's C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T. Circuit
Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all protective
devices/relays and other special equipment like NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS, SDR etc as
per design criteria.
As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The
instruments have their usual functioning. They are as follows in the single line diagram-
1. Lightening arrestors,
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
4. Current transformer
5. Isolators with earth switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Line isolator
8. Bus Bar
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
10. Isolator
11. Lightening arrestors with earth switch
12. A capacitor bank attached to the bus.
CHAPTER 4
TRANSFORMERS
4.1 Introduction:-
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other
A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease the IR losses
and reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much lower voltage, on the other
hand, is required for distribution, for various reasons connected with safety and
convenience. The transformers make this easily and economically possible.
There are single phase and three phase transformers which are used as requirement. The
main advantage of a 3-phase X-former is that 3-phase load tap changing mechanism
could be used further the installation of a single 3-phase transformer is simple than 3-
phase transformers.
In 220kv GSS HEERAPURA, there are four power transformers. There are
two 220/132/11kv,50/70/100MVA rating transformers and two
220/132/11kv,
100 MVA Transformer no.1& no.2
Type SAFLOCK
VOLT HV 220kv
RATIO - 220/132/11kv
No. of phases 3
Frequency 50Hz
time capability
Type SAFLOCK
VOLT HV 220kv
RATIO - 220/132/11kv
No. of phases 3
Frequency 50Hz
The transformer is oil immersed with triple rating of 100 MVA auto under ON (natural
cooling) (oil immersed with natural air-cooling) or (oil immersed with forced oil cooling).
The tertiary is suitable for 11MVA continuous synchronous condenser loading. When
the tertiary is load the secondary load should be limited, such that no industrial individual
winding is over loaded and are also that total losses are not exceeds.
It is ensured that the tertiary winding will also operate satisfactory with each other. The
transformer is provided with separate tank of radiators, fans, pumps and associated
control equipment. The control equipment is housed in a tank mounted marshalling
commercial. It is provided with on load tap charge.
A transformer double wound or auto wound has minimum of two voltage, one
corresponding to the supply and second to the load side. Many time a third winding is
introduced in primary and secondary, winding requires it because another voltage may be
required at the place of supply to load. In either core the third winding is connected to
delta formation and is generally known as "tertiary" winding in the case of star/star
methods of connection three phase shell type transformer is used which causes a serious
problem of the third harmonic components of the magnetic currents. The tertiary delta
provides a short circuit for flow of the third harmonic currents therefore eliminating third
harmonic multiple connection are provided on primary and secondary winding.
The neutral point of such winding is therefore stable and can earthen without any effect to
the X-mer on the system
1. To reduce the unbalancing in the phase of the primary side due to unbalanced three
phase loads;
3. To supply an auxiliary load in addition to the main load. This could be consists of the
power factor improvement synchronous condensers or shunt capacitors. In such a case the
purchaser of a power X mer should always specify the voltage and power ratings of the
tertiary winding;
4. As compared with star/delta connection of fault current in the event of secondary form
line to neutral tertiary delta consists in the laminations. This of course further depends
upon the impedance between tertiary and main winding.
1 CORE:-
It is used to provide closed magnetic coupling b/w L.V. & H.V. coils &to
reduce leakage flux & to provide low reluctance path. Core is made of laminated
magnetic material. The material is generally in the form of laminated Silicon alloy steel.
Silicon risks the permeability at low flux density, reduces hysteresis loss & eddy current
loss. Each lamination is coated with thin layer of insulation varnish.
2 WINDING:-
Winding of a t/f that is L.V. & H.V. winding are attached on the limbs. They
are made up of copper. Cylindrical, concentric winding are used for core type t/f for L.V.
& H.V.
5 TAP CHANGER:-
Adjustment of voltage is done by changing the effective turns ratio of the
system transformer by proper selections of tapings on the winding. There are 2 types of
tap changing:
OFF LOAD TAP CHANGING
ON LOAD TAP CHANGING
In the first form as none implies it is essential to switch off the t/f before
changing the tap. On load tap changers are employed to regulate voltage while t/f is
delivering normal load.
Tap changers are provided on the outer winding or moreover the H.V. side
has number of turns. During transition two adjacent taps are momentarily connected &
the short circuit is limited by the automatic insertion of impedance b/w the corresponding
tapping.
6CARRIAGE:-
It is used to move the t/f when it is to be installed or is to be taken to
repair.
3 BREATHER:
If the moisture enters the t/f then the dielectric strength of the oil reduces.
The breather absorbs the moisture from the conservator. It is connected to the
conservator. It consists of crystals of silica gel. Dry cell gel is of blue color. Moist silica
gel becomes pink.
4 ARCHING HORN:-
To prevent the t/f from lightening & excessive voltage & to send the
current obtained from this to earth, two rods of horn shape are fitted on the voltage
bushing.
5 OIL GAUGE:-
It is used to note the oil level in the conservator tank.
6 PRESSURE GAUGE:-
It is used to note the pressure inside the tank.
Basically auto-transformer comprises of only one winding per phase, part of which is
used by both primary and secondary winding. This arrangement results into an
appreciable saving in cost as well as higher operating efficiency is achieved, but their
extensive use is not being favored by power utilities due to certain inherent disadvantages
which are as follows:
1. It has got low inherent reactance as such is subjected to severe short circuit conditions.
2. Since primary and secondary side uses same windings, there is always possibility of
3. Both the windings make use of common neutral, as such neutral is required to be
The transformer are used in A.C. system for the measurement of current , voltage, power
and energy, the actual measurements being done by measuring instruments. Transformer
used in conjunction with measuring instrument for measurement purposes are called as
"instrument transformer". The transformer used for the measurement of current is called
"current transformer". Transformer used for voltage measurement are called as "voltage
transformer" or" potential transformer".
RATINGS-
Frequency - 50Hz
Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument
transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed
to present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio
to accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can
be operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated
for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protection relays.
The transformer winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled as H1,
H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1, X2 and sometimes an X3 tap may
be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) may also be available on
the same voltage transformer. The high side (primary) may be connected phase to ground
or phase to phase. The low side (secondary) is usually phase to ground.
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as polarity. This
applies to current transformers as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix
numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct identification of terminals and wiring
is essential for proper operation of metering and protection relays.
Some meters operate directly on the secondary service voltages at or below 600 V. VTs
are typically used for higher voltages (for example, 765 kV for power transmission), or
where isolation is desired between the meter and the measured circuit.
Voltage transformers which step-down systems voltages to sufficiently low values are
necessary on every system for:
d. Synchronizing
On account of cost and voltage the indicating instruments meters and relays are designed
for the voltage as obtainable from the secondary sides of the voltage transformer. The
calibration of the indicating instruction and meters is however done accordingly to the
primary voltage of the V.Ts.
b. Magnetic type
CHAPTER-5
ISOLATOR
5.1 Introduction:-
When carrying out inspection to disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work
to be done from all other live parts on the in-station in order to ensure completely safety
of the working staff.
Isolator may be classified as single pole and 3-pole isolator i.e. according to number of
poles. According to the service type these are:
ii Outdoor type
5.2 Operation:-
The operation of an isolator may be manual i.e. by hand without using any other supply or
storage of energy meter power operated isolates during the cause of operation utilize
energy which is not supplied by the operator. The energy may be electrical pneumatic or
the energy previously stored in spring or counter weight.
5.3 Control:-
In case power operated isolators are purchased for any installation it may be worthwhile
to examine further weather control should be local in switchyard or remote in the control
room.
The extra cost enrolled in the isolated is quite substantial particularly at voltage 132 kV
and below. It should therefore considered in detail whether any installation really
instifies the procurement of remote operated isolators keeping in view the past that the
frequency of operation of isolators is rather low.
These are provided in series with the main contacts so that in case of load isolators, the
arcing is taken and whenever necessary only the arcing contacts are replaced.
These are provided on each stack of post Insulator for the purpose of insulation co-
ordination some time confusion is created in the function of these arcing horns vis a vis
(make before and break after contacts. These may be fixed or adjustable types).
The use of arcing horns is avoided where insulation strength between poles or phases and
between higher than that of earth. This is necessary for safety and security. Any
travelling wave meeting an isolator is the closed position should causes of it must a flash
over to earth rather than between phase or between terminal of the same pole where the
design of the isolator itself provides for this. It is necessary to use arcing hours on the
insulator stacks.
Figure:-5.2- View of Arcing Horn
5.6 Interlocking:-
In correct operation of an isolating switch may be accidentally harmful effects and may
cause distribution of part of the plant as well as costly service interruption for preventing
such incorrect operation inter locks are used i.e. isolating switches. The mechanical
interlocking between isolating switches and it is earthing switch consists of a rod linkage
between isolating switch and its earthing switch shafts of the respective switches.
The mechanical interlocking between isolation switches and circuit breaker and different
isolating switches is generally in the form of lock and key arrangement. There is usually
a common key for a number of locks mechanical interlocking is generally provided on
hand operated are isolating switch only. Electrical interlocking is achieved with blocking
magnets; these magnets are arranged on the isolating switch on the hand drive or in the
value controlled. The pneumatic drive and are controlled by pilot switch contents.
CHAPTER-6
CIRCUIT BREAKER
6.1 Introduction:-
A circuit breaker is equipment, which can open or close circuit under all condition viz.
No load, full loads an fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated manually
under normal conditions and automatically under fault conditions, for the later operation,
relay circuit is used.
Circuit breaker can be defined as an electrical device, which protects the system from
short circuits or overloads with the help of relays. In case, circuit breaker is not of
adequate capacity, its failure may result into interruption of power, shut downs, injury to
personals and damage to property. Installation of over rated circuit breakers or extra
sensitive and costly protective devices will mean un-warranted expenditure. It is
therefore necessary that calculations in respect of short circuit currents for the concerned
system be made before correctly rated circuit breakers are selected or steps are taken to
improve the existing system.
FREQUENCY - 50 Hz
BREAKING CURRENT
A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts under normal operating
conditions, these contacts remain closed.
In this condition, the emf in the secondary winding of current transformer (CT) in
sufficient to operate the trip coil of the breakers but the contacts can be opened by manual
or automatic control.
When a fault occurs on any part of the system the resulting over current in the C.T.
primary winding increases the secondary winding EMF and hence the current through the
relay operating coils. The relay contacts are closed and the trip coil (tripping coil) of the
breaker is energized. The moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism thus
operating the circuit breaker. When the contacts of the circuit breaker are separated under
fault conditions, arc is produced between them (male and female contact). The current is
thus able to continue until the arc ceases. This arc generates enormous heat, which may
cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself. Therefore, the main problem in a
circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the shortest time so that heat generates by it
may not reach a dangerous value.
In such circuit breaker transformer oil is used for arc extinction. The contacts are opened
under oil, which absorbs the heat of arc, and decomposed into gases as hydrogen, which
have excellent cooling properties due to high heat conductivity.
2. The quality of oil deteriorates, due to increase of carbon in oil with the excessive use of
breaker. This needs periodic checking and replacement of oil.
3. In B.O.C.B. the increase in carbonization weakness the dielectric strength of the oil of
breaking strength of oil.
In such circuit breaker, high-pressure air blast is used for arc extinction. The contacts are
opened in the flow of air blast. The air blast cools the arc and removes the arcing
products (mainly composed of carbon) to the atmosphere. This rapidly increases the
dielectric strength of the medium between contacts and prevents the arc restricting.
Consequently the arc is extinguished a flow of current is interrupted.
For the interruption of current on load, air blasts C.B. are used. In 220kv A.B.C.B. is
used. This type of circuit breaker has four interrupter terminals while in 132kv there are
three interrupter terminal of A.B.C.B. A pole chiefly consists of number of identical
column each are standing on it compressed air receiver supporting interrupter.
The C.B. can be operated both electrically either from relay station or with a separate
master switch and a push button operate valve in the central controlling cabinet AB-5.
The controlling impulse are transmitted from the controlling cabinet AB-5 electrically or
pneumatically to the control again in the panel box and from these to the intermediate
value AB-5 which in turn determines the condition in air insulators and position of C.B..
The controlling cabinet has alarm type pressure gauge for the pressure in the receiver of
the pole pressure switches and mechanically lode pressure blocking device.
The arc excitation process in SF6 gas removes the heat from the arc by axial convention
and radial dissipation. As a result the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing made of
the current zero and arc is extinguished due to its Electromagnetic and low arc time
constant, the gas remains its dielectric strength rapidly after the final current zero. The
rate of rise of dielectric strength is very high and time constant is very small. The arc
extinguished properties of SF6 gas has pointed out in 1983.
Figure- 6.3- SF6 Circuit Breaker
Oil circuit breaker uses dielectric oil (transformer oil) for the purpose of arc extinction. In
bulk oil circuit breaker the arc extinction takes place in the tank where as in M.O.C.B. the
current interruption takes inside interruption. The enclosure of the interpreter is made of
insulating material like porcelain. Hence clearance between the live part and the
enclosure can reduce and layer quality requires of internal insulation.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
7.1 Introduction:-
Lightning Arresters are installed in power houses and sub-stations to safeguard the major
equipment like power-transformers, switch gear and to ensure the flow of power un-
interruptedly. It is true that lightning arresters require minimum post-installation care, but
their importance as a critical equipment can hardly be disputed.
The overhead transmission lines and connected electrical apparatus i.e. Power
Transformers, Switch gear etc. are subjected to over voltages on account of lightning
discharges caused by atmospheric disturbances and or by switching operations.
Abnormal voltages are caused by atmospheric disturbances as a result of:
Lightning protective devices, which are in market, are of the following type:
It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the stack of insulators to
permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed on the system. It does not
fulfill the function of ideal lightning arresters i.e. it does not cut off power voltage after it
has flashed over by a surge, in other words a short circuit will be caused on the system
every time a surge causes a flash-over. Flash over conditions are also affected by rain,
pollution, humidity temperature and polarity of the incident waves. In view of these
disadvantages it can be only used as "back up" protection in case main lightning arrester
gets damaged.
Expulsion type lightning arresters are also called "expulsion protector tubes", "de-ion
tubes" and "line type expulsion arresters." Constructional details and salient features of
expulsion type lightning arresters are shown in fig.
Figure:- 7.3 View of Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester
Valve type Lightning arrester consists of number of spark gaps in series with non-linear
resistors, the whole assembly being rigidly housed inside a hermetically sealed bushing.
Under normal conditions, power frequency system voltage does not cause break down of
series spark gaps and thereby insulate the line from ground for the highest system
voltage. When undesirable transient voltages due to lightning are super-imposed over the
system, the series gap assemblies spark over at a pre-determined value. After the
breakdown of the gaps, the non-linear resistors conduct the surge current to the ground
offering very low resistance and limit the power frequency current, to a value, the gaps
can interrupt at the first current zero. During the flow of the discharge current the non-
linear resistor limit the voltage drop across the arrester to a value far below the BIL of the
equipment.
The valve type lightning arresters are generally classified as station type and line type.
Station type lightning arresters are very robust and efficient and are installed in sub-
stations and power houses. Line type lightning arresters are similar to station type
lightning arresters but are smaller in cross-section and are less costly. Line type arresters
allow higher surge voltages across their terminals and have low surge current capacity
Figure:-7.4 View of Valve Type L.A.
i. 10 KV rated lightning arresters: Arresters of this rating are used in case of power
ii. 5 kA rated lightning arrests: Arresters of this capacity normally are used in case of high
voltage sub-stations having system voltage as 66 KV or less. These are also used in case
iii. 2.5 kA rated lightning arresters: Arresters of these ratings are used in case of system
up to 11 KV.
iv. 1.5 KA rated lightning arresters: arresters of these ratings are normally used in case of
distribution system.
In order to present the flow of current to the each earth from support the transmission line
and distribution lines are secured to the supporting tiers or pole with the help of
insulators. Thus the insulators play an important role in the successful operation of lines.
1. Mechanically Strong
8.2.1 Pin Type Insulators: - It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting lives
conductors. is used for low voltage up to 33 KV. The pin insulators are screwed on and
firmly attached to galvanized steel bolts.
For higher voltage up to 132 KV suspension insulators are used, a number of them are
connected in series by metallic links to form a chain and the line conductor is carried by
the bottom most insulator.
It is mostly used for low voltage distribution lines such insulators can either be used in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position. The conductor in the groove are fixed with
the help of soft binding wires.
When there is a corner or a sharp curve or the lines crosses river etc., the line is to
withstand great strain.
It is a incoming 220kv feeder BUS from which the line is taken to the transformer for
further step down. There are two bus systems.
Merits:-
8.4 Synchronoscope:-
A synchronoscope is used to determine the current instance of closing the switch, which
connects new supply to bus bar.
1. Speed
2. Selectivity
The ability of the protective relay to determine the point of which have the fault occurs
and select the nearest circuit breaker tripping of which will lead the clearing of fault with
min-or so damage to the system.
3. Sensitivity
It is the capacity of the relaying to operate relay under the actual condition that produces
the last operating condition tendency.
Depending upon the method of element connected primary relay (series element connect
directly on the circuit of protective element) and secondary relay (sensing element
connected through a current and voltage transformer).
8.5 Relay
3. Impedance relay
5. Buchholz relay
6. Differential relay
.
CHAPTER-9
9.2.1 Introduction:-
Storage battery is the most dependable source of supply of D.C. power required for
closing and tripping of circuit breakers, operation of automatic protective devices;
signaling equipment, remote control apparatus, telephone service and emergency lighting
in case of power plants and sub-stations. Correctly selected and properly maintained
battery will withstand heavy stresses and strains during service without causing much
headaches to the maintenance Engineer. D.C. Auxiliary power supply is provided from
storage batteries maintained continuously charged by some type of supply set or a
charger. The voltage of the auxiliary supply is maintained at 110/220 .The battery room
should be ready in all respects by fulfilling the following minimum requirements-
1. The walls and the ceiling of the battery room should be well black washed and should
remain clean and dry.
2. The flooring of the battery room shall be acid resistant tiles and material.
3. The battery room should be well lit. there should be no direct sun light on the cells.
4. Suitable exhaust fans shall be fixed to provide a minimum of six air charges per hour.
5. The exhaust fans shall be suitably distributed and placed on the wall, which open to
atmosphere, equally sufficient air inlet should be provided to prevent any negative
pressure developing in the room.
6. Necessary blowers are to be provided to maintain sufficient air inlet in to room
7.Never the entrance door should be kept closed which will lead to a negative pressure
developing in the batter room due to the continuous operation of exhaust fans.
8. Inlet air should be free from effluents (such as chlorine, acetic acid).
8.6.2 Advantages of Storage Batteries:-
1. High Reliability
2. Independences of A.C. power circuit conditions of existence of the faults.
Figure:-9.2 View of Battery Room
CHAPTER-10
BUS BAR SYSTEM
This bus bar arrangement is very useful for working purpose as every GSS. It is a
conductor to which a number of cut .Are connected in 220 KV GSS there are two bus
running parallel to the each other, one is main and another is auxiliary bus is only for
stand by, in case of failure of one we can keep the supply continues.
If more loads are coming at the GSS then we can disconnect any feeder through circuit
breaker which is connected to the bus bar. This remaining all the feeders will be in
running position .if we want to work with any human damage. In this case all the feeders
will be on conditions.
According to bus voltage the material is used .Al is used because of the property &
features and it is cheap.
With the help of bus bar arrangement we can connect all the incoming supply which is
coming from different higher order GSS.
CHAPTER-11
WAVE TRAP
It is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT.
Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L
and C in parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of
the protected line such a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency
current thus preventing the dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication
have to be prevented from entering the power equipments such as attenuation or even
complete loss of communication signals. For this purpose wave trap or line trap are used
between transmission line and power station equipment to-
avoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other
PLC Circuits connected to the same power station.
Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive
equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and
equipments in the stations.
CHAPTER-12
PLCC is the most economical and reliable method of communication because of the
higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power line which
contribute to the increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over the
larger distances involves.
High frequency signals in the range of 50 KHZ to 400 KHZ commonly known as the carrier
signal and to result it with the protected section of line suitable coupling apparatus and
line traps are employed at both ends of the protected section. Here in Sanganer and
also in other sub-station this system is used. The main application of power line carrier
has been from the purpose of supervisory control telephone communication,
telemetering and relaying.
Power line carrier communication
PLCC Equipment
The essential units of power line carrier equipment consists of :-
Wave trap
Coupling Capacitor
LMU and protective equipments.
Merits
I. The severity that a power line can withstand is much more than that odd
communication line due to higher mechanical strength of transmission line
power lines generally provide the shortest route between the Power Station and
the Receiving Stations.
II. The carrier signals suffer less attenuation, owing to large cross sectional area of
power line.
III. Larger spacing between conductors reduces the capacitances which results in
lesser attenuation of higher frequencies.
IV. Large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a certain extent.
V. The construction of a separate communication line is avoided.
Demerits
i. Utmost care is required to safeguard the carrier equipment and persons using
them against high voltage and currents on the line.
ii. Noise introduced by power line is far more than in the case of communication
line. This is due to the discharge across insulators and corona etc.
iii. Induced voltage surges in the power line may affect the connected carrier
equipment.
CHAPTER-13
EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the sub station, which has a uniform
potential as nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an
earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system
fault. These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are
concerned do not attain dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth.
Neutral Earthing.
Equipment Body Earthing.
Neutral Earthing:-
Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the
neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines,
generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly
or through a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from
generator or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common
method used is using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase of
primary has two equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux
density under normal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very small
magnetizing current under normal conditions.
During fault, the circuit is primary side,which provides very less impedance to the current. The
grounding transformers are short time rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to
power transformer.
Electrical Earthing:-
Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic
parts of an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions,
may attain high potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only
I=0.165A/T current for a given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts
to earth by means of Earthing system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send
fault current to earth. The conductor used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes
etc.
The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about
earth, since it is connected to earth.
Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of
fuse or an earth relay.
2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth remains at harmless value they don't increase
to root 3 times of normal value.
4. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple useful amount of earth fault current is
available to operate earth fault relay.
At GSS the neutral point of power transformer is connected solidly to earth generally the
earth connection are provided which leads reliability.
EARTHING
The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode
used.
CHAPTER-14
CONCLUSION
The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts
of electrical power transmission and distribution. Protection of various apparatus was a
great thing. Maintenance of transformer , circuit breaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc
observable.
I had a chance to see the remote control of the equipments from control room itself ,
which was very interesting.
So the training was more than hope to me and helped me to understand about power
system more.
REFERENCES