Diploma engineering

Chemistry

REDOX & DISPLACEMENT

REACTIONS
 Intro
oxidationreduction reactions are reactions involving a transfer of electrons
from one species to another.
when you dip an iron nail into a blue solution of copper(II) sulphate.
The iron nail becomes coated with a reddish-brown tinge of metallic copper.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
The electron-transfer aspect of the reaction is apparent from this equation.
Note that each iron atom in the metal loses two electrons to form an iron(II)
ion, and each copper(II) ion gains two electrons to form a copper atom in the
metal.
The net effect is that two electrons are transferred from each iron atom in the
metal to each copper(II) ion.
 Oxidation numbers
The concept of oxidation numbers was developed as a simple way of
keeping track of electrons in a reaction.
Using oxidation numbers, you can determine whether electrons have been
transferred from one atom to another.
If electrons have been transferred, an oxidationreduction reaction has
occurred.
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Oxidation number of an atom in a substance is the actual charge of the
atom if it exists as a monatomic ion, or a hypothetical charge assigned to
the atom in the substance by simple rules.
An oxidationreduction reaction is one in which one or more atoms change
oxidation number, implying that there has been a transfer of electrons.
 Example
Consider the combustion of calcium metal in oxygen gas.
Write chemical equation.
To see that this is a redox reaction, you assign oxidation numbers to the atoms
in the equation and then note that the atoms change oxidation number during
the reaction. Loading...
1. Since the oxidation number of an atom in an element is always zero, Ca
and O in O2 have oxidation numbers of zero.
2. The oxidation number of an atom that exists in a substance as a monatomic
ion equals the charge on that ion. So the oxidation number of Ca in CaO is
+2 (the charge on Ca2+), and the oxidation number of O in CaO is -2 (the
charge on O2-).
 Note the following:

1. the Ca and O atoms change in oxidation number during the

reaction. In effect,
2. Each calcium atom in the metal loses two electrons to form Ca2+
ions (oxidation number gained from 0 to +2)
3. Each oxygen atom in O2 gains two electrons to form O2- ions
(oxidation number reduced from 0 to -2)
4. The net result is a transfer of electrons from calcium to oxygen, so
this reaction is an oxidationreduction reaction.
 Redox reaction

An oxidationreduction reaction (redox reaction) is a reaction in which

electrons are transferred between species or in which atoms change oxidation
number.
Formerly, the term oxidation meant reaction with oxygen.
The current definition greatly enlarges the meaning of this term.
Consider the reaction of calcium metal with chlorine gas
Write chemical equation.
In this reaction, the calcium atom is oxidized, because it increases in oxidation
number (from 0 to +2).
Chlorine is reduced; it decreases in oxidation number from 0 to -1.
This is clearly an oxidationreduction reaction that does not involve oxygen.
 Terminologies

A half-reaction is one of two parts of an oxidationreduction reaction.

Oxidation is the half-reaction in which there is a loss of electrons by a species
(or an increase of oxidation number of an atom).
Reduction is the half-reaction in which there is a gain of electrons by a species

(or a decrease in the oxidation number of an atom).

A species that is oxidized loses electrons (increases in oxidation number).
A species that is reduced gains electrons (decreases in oxidation number).
An oxidizing agent is a species that oxidizes another species; it is itself
reduced.
A reducing agent is a species that reduces another species; it is itself oxidized.
Example
Consider the reaction of iron with copper(II) sulfate
Some Common OxidationReduction
Reactions
1. Combination reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Displacement reaction
4. Combustion reaction
Displacement reaction

A displacement reaction is a reaction in which an element reacts with

a compound, displacing another element from it.
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Since these reactions involve an element and one of its compounds,
these must be oxidationreduction reactions.
 Displacement reaction-example 1
An example is the reaction that occurs when you dip a copper metal strip into a
solution of silver nitrate.

From the molecular equation, it appears that copper displaces silver in silver
nitrate, producing crystals of silver metal and a greenish-blue solution of
copper(II) nitrate.
The net ionic equation, however, shows that the reaction involves the transfer
of electrons from copper metal to silver ion:
Displacement reaction-example 2
When you dip a zinc metal strip into an acid solution, bubbles of
hydrogen form on the metal and escape from the solution.

Zinc displaces hydrogen in the acid, producing zinc chloride solution

and hydrogen gas. The net ionic equation is
Activity series
Table 4.6 shows the activity
series of the elements, a listing of
the elements in decreasing order
of their ease of losing electrons
during reactions in aqueous
solution.
The metals listed at the top are
the strongest reducing agents
(they lose electrons easily); those
at the bottom, the weakest.
 Activity series
Whether a reaction occurs between a given element and a monatomic ion
depends on the relative ease with which the two species gain or lose electrons.
A free element reacts with the monatomic ion of another element if the free
element is above the other element in the activity series.
The highlighted elements react slowly with liquid water, but readily with steam,
to give H2.
Example
You would expect the reaction between HCl and K to occur because
potassium metal (K) is well above hydrogen in the activity series.
In fact, potassium metal reacts violently with water, which contains
only a very small percentage of H ions.
Write chemical equation of K and HCL
End here!!!!