Mother Goose Special Science High School

Samson Compound, Tapuac District,

Dagupan City
Social Studies, World History II

Indian Civilization in Asia

South Asia
- vast triangle shaped peninsula
- referred to as the Indian subcontinent during the ancient period
- at present day it is composed of:

India Bhutan
Pakistan Sri Lanka
Bangladesh Nepal
Afghanistan Maldives

- appears to be isolated by the Himalayas but however, experienced a

wide array of conquests and migrations from various people by way of
mountain passes
- this lead to the creation of Indian culture

Geography of the Indus Valley

- Cities situated in the Indus Valley are the most recent finds of
scholars in terms of ancient civilization

Mohenja-Daro and Harappa

- cities along the Indus River which were discovered by archeologists
in the 1920s
- the civilization here developed around the same tine of Sumer
- began to weaken and collapse along with other ancient civilizations
during the second millennium B.C.E.
The Indus Valley

Indus land
- much larger compared to early Egypt and Mesopotamia
- encompassed a huge portion of northwest ancient India which is
now present day Pakistan
- there are about 1,000 cities that can be unearthed here, specifically
near the Indus River in Pakistan
- most of the settlements in the Indus Valley were small villages
fortified by defense structures and good roads

Indus River
- water from this river originates from the Himalayas in Tibet
- the water is 1000 miles long and flows through Kashmir to the
plains of Pakistan
- between June to September, the water overflows which creates a
favorable cultivation of the
land
- to prevent flooding they, constructed irrigation canals, dikes and
other similar structures

irrigation was important to them just as it was important to

Mesopotamia

India is one of the several countries in South Asia and is the

birthplace of an ancient civilization that is distinct from other
early cultures

Harappan Civilization ( 2700-1500 B.C.E. )

- located in the ancient city of Harappa that was discovered in the
Indus Valley
- Harappa is present day Punjab in Pakistan
- along with Mohenjo-Darro, these cities measured about a square
mile each with a population of 40,000 people
- cities were planned efficiently with good roads, square buildings,
wide spaced houses
- they also had toilets and bathroom which makes the early Indians
usage of it the earliest recorded application of the sewerage in history.
Harappan Lifestyle
- Early Harappans lived in the lower part of Punjab which was
characterized by warm climate and absence of any source of iron
- due to lack of resources, the Harappans traded with other
civilizations and even reached as far as the southern Baluchistan in
western Pakistan

Trading
- Harappan farmers obtain metal, precious stones and lumber by
exchanging their products which included cotton, grains, turquoise,
ivory and textiles
- they also established ports in Arabian Sea and merchants traveled
along coasts onward to the Persian Gulf to exchange their goods
- several Harappan seals were discovered in Sumer. These seals had a
pictogram to identify goods that were being sold.

Other Information
- farming made irrigation important to then
- they also domesticated animals which included sheep, goats and
elephants
- highly probable that they were the first people to plant cotton and
weave clothes
- had a standard system of weights and measures for grains and gold

meanwhile, artisans used copper, bronze and gold in their crafts

during this period, Harappan society was stratified into groups
or classes and this societal division persists in India until the
modern times

- Harappan civilization attained its peak if greatness around 2000

B.C.E. which was almost the same period when the New Kingdom
began in Egypt
- after a millennium of dominance, the culture began to weaken and
collapse and there are various theories regarding this

Theories include:
ecological factors such as massive deforestation, excessive
flooding and abrupt changes in climate
the result of an earthquake or volcanic eruption
the drying up of the Sarasvati River
the invasion of nomadic pastoral groups from Central Asia such
as the Aryans. There is no strong evidence for this theory.
- the theory based on the Aryans was created most likely because it is
their civilization which proceeded the Harappans
- the Aryans however, arrived when the Indues civilization had already
declined

Vedic Period (1500-500 B.C.E.)

Aryans
- scholars believed that they originated from the steppes of Asia west
of the Hindu Kush and eventually reached South Asia by way of the
narrow northwestern mountain passages
-were taller and lighter in complexion that the earlier settlers of the
Indus Valley
- Aryans proceeded west toward Europe and southeast onward to
Persia and India
- in these regions, Aryans brought their own language

Sanskrit
- the language the Aryans brought which became the classical
language of Indian culture
- origin of most Indo-European languages at present
- Hindi and Bengali originated from Indo-European

Arya
- a linguistic term
- over time, became a word used to indicate groups of people or race
- mean "great" or "pure" in Sanskrit language

Vedas
- this is where our present knowledge concerning the Aryan's
existence and dominance of northern parts if India came from
- is a collection of books on battle hymns, sacred rituals, sayings and
tales
- also includes descriptions concerning the Aryan way of life
- reason to why this period is known as the Vedic period
- Aryans brought their own gods who were mostly makes and warriors
and a culture dominated by males
- over the course of time, Aryan ways were integrated into the
goddesses and culture of ancient India
Hierarchy
- Early Aryan society was stratified into three classes:
noble warriors
priests
ordinary people

Warriors
- their task was to lead and run the everyday affairs of the society
Aryans society became more rigid over time
small empires were established while the position of leaders
eventually became hereditary in nature

Priests
- towards the end of the Vedic period, they began to wield more power
that the warrior class because of their teachings on various beliefs
became more important in society
- rituals and sacrifices also became essentials components that
prevent the destruction of order in the universe

Caste System
- began to emerge in India during the Vedic Period
- the term "caste" was first used by the Portuguese who arrived in
India in the 16th century
- derived from the word "casts which means "clan"
- the Caste System:
Brahmin or priests
Kshatriya or warriors
Vaisya or ordinary citizens like merchants, artisans and farmers
Sudra or Indians as well as children and descendants of Aryans
married to non-Aryans

Untouchables or Outcasts
- excluded from the Indian societal structure
- lowest level of society
- composed of people with the most unpleasant jobs in society
Establishment of an Empire

Aryans
-advanced eastward and settled in the northern portion of India and
were cultivating lands.
- their political structure transformed into larger states that made
them to collect taxes, organize troops and build new cities and roads.

16 most powerful states in northern India:

Magadha Kuru
Kosala Ghandara

Magadha
Ganges River
- possessed iron mines, fertile soils, abundant forests and elephants
for farming and war.
Bimbisara
- controlled a large part of Ganges plains and entire northern India up
to Punjab.
- largest empire; capital is Pataliputra in modern-day Patna in Bihar

Cyrus the Great invaded northwestern India

Darius the Great conquered Indus valley and Punjab that

became part of the Persian Empire for 2 centuries.

Persian Power

- ended with the arrival of Alexander the Great of Macedoniadefeated

Persians in series of battles; led his troops to a route to India.
reasons why Alexander failed his mission:

long journey away from troops were already

home exhausted
his men threatened to troops were stricken with
rebel against him illnesses and misfortune.

- Alexanders death in 323 BCE made the northwestern portion of

India was left without a ruler.
Chandragupta Maurya
- Was able to control the old kingdom of Magadha; annexed territories
and established his empire, the Mauryan Empire.
- capital was still Pataliputra.

Kautilya Chandraguptas adviser; author of Arthasastra that

contains essential ideas on political strategies and effective
administration.

Bindusara succeeded by his father (Chandragupta Maurya

- continued the empire into the south.

Asoka/ Ashoka greatest of the Mauryan leaders and one of the

greatest leaders in world history.
conquest of the Kalingas in Orissa
later renounced violence and followed the
teachings of Buddha.

Ahimsa

Downfall of the Mauryan Empire around 2nd century BCE, various

Indian states clashed for supremacy.
Outsiders:
Indo-Greeks/ Bactrians
Shakas/ Scythians
Yuezhi from Mongolia

Kingdom of Kushana
- Established by the Yuezhis
- Kushanas subdued northwest India and annexed this region.

Kanishka most renowned Kushana king who ruled for two

decades.

- During, this time commercial activities among Indian, Persian and

Chinese traders flourished.

- Kingdom of Satavahana emerged in the Deccan plateau.

3 Tamil kingdoms:
Chera west
Chola east
Pandya south
 Dravidians able to develop their own culture and language
distinct from those in the northern region.

Gupta Empire
- Northern India was again unified under it
- classical period of India

Chandragupta unified various kingdoms; his name was

derived from the name of the previous empire.

3 Gupta leaders:

Chandragupta I
Samudragupta
Chandragupta II

- Capital remained Palaliputra

- Well-organized government
- cultural center where literature, arts and science flourished.

Kalidasa Indias greatest playwright and poet; his work

Shakuntala was derived from Hindu concepts.

- in 6th century, Guptas power waned and collapsed

White Huns probably Iranians or Turks that became the new

conquerors; unable to establish a new empire.

Harsha Vardhanna temporarily unified several empires; began

his 40 year reign over these territories; encouraged literature,
arts and Buddhas teachings; his death in 648 BCE.

Mogul Empire Muslims; 16th century.

Legacy of the Indus and Aryan Civilizations

Early Indian Writings

Indus village
considered the earliest settlements to have undergone urban
planning.
- Streets in the early cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa follow a
grid-like pattern.

Early Indians
cleanliness and sanitation
 Early settlers of Indus river-valley
calculating and measuring lengths, weights and time; standard
system of weights and measures; use of decimal system in this time;
knowledge of medicine and dentistry.

Aryans books, poems and epics greatly enriched world

literature; their Indo-European language.

Vedas - four sacred books

Indian epics:

Mahabharata
conflict between two related families
Panadava order and goodness
Kaurava disorder and wickedness;

Bhagavad Gita worldss greatest philosophical poem.

Ramayana
life of Prince Rama how he saved his wife, Princess Sita from the evil
king, Ravana

Fables
- PanchatantraIn Europe, known as the Fables of Bidpai Governance
- Arthasastrapertaining to work or economy; Kautilya Ayurveda
- science of life; one important concept in medicine

Indian contributions
- mathematics
- value of pi Aryabhatta

Early Indians
- contributions in fields of astronomy, physics, chemistry, civil
engineering, navigations and boat building.

Structures:
Angkor Wat Cambodia
Borobudur Indonesia
Bodhisattvas Afghanistan
Khajuraho Taj Mahal in India