Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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Definition
1. Work done 8. Mechanical Advantage 15. Hookes law
2. Energy 9. Velocity Ratio 16. Stress
3. Power 10. Input work 17. Strain
4. One joule 11. Output work 18. Hydraulic system
5. One watt 12. Efficiency 19. Lever and Pulley
6. One horse power 13. Elasticity 20. Kinetic energy
7. Machine 14. Elastic limit 21. Potential energy
Definition
1. Pressure 6. Manometer 11. One pascal
2. Atmospheric pressure 7. Buoyancy 12. Density
3. Normal atmospheric 8. Archimedes 13. Upward thrust (or) Buoyant
pressure principle force
4. standard atmospheric 9. Hydrometer 14. Sucking
pressure
5. Barometer 10. Pascals law 15. Syringe
2. The pressure does not depend on the shape of the liquid column.
3. The deeper the point inside a liquid, the greater the pressure at that
point.
4. The average value of atmospheric pressure at sea level is taken as
normal atmospheric pressure.
5. The density of sea water and flesh water are the same.
6. Pressure is a vector quantity.
7. When bodies are immersed in a liquid there is loss in mass.
8. Manometers are used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
9. Archimedes principle is true only for liquids.
10. The densities of different substances can be obtained by using
Pascals law.
11. The construction of hydraulic press is constructed based on Hookes
law.
12. The area of input piston must be larger than that of output piston in a
hydraulic press.
13. Liquid pressure always acts downwards.
14. At the ground level the standard atmospheric pressure is 75 cmHg.
15. The ocean-liner will sink deeper when it reaches the ocean.
16. Greater the density of the liquid, the greater is the pressure at the
same depth.
17. The weight of the liquid column depends on its base area.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLD QUESTIONS
1. Compare the atmospheric pressure and forces acting on a man and a child who are standing
side by side.
2. Write down Pascals law. Mention any two uses of Pascals law.
3. Although Pascals Law is not a fundamental law, it is a very useful law for practical
purposes. Is this statement correct? Discuss.
4. What will be the effect, if any, on the mercury column if the glass tube used has (a) a smaller
internal diameter (b) a slightly bigger internal diameter?
5. Will the mercury column be higher or lower than 76cm when the whole up of the barometer
is taken to a high mountain top? Explain your observation?
7. What is the effect on the vertical height of the mercury column in a barometer of (a) using a
wider glass tube (b) pushing the tube further into the bowl (c) tilting the glass tube at an
angle (d) taking the barometer to the top of the mountain?
10. A beaker containing water and placed on a pan is balanced by the weight which is in the other
pan of the balance. Explain what will happen if a man immerses his finger in the water
without touching the beaker.
11. An ocean-liner was loaded at the port of Yangon. Would the ocean-liner sink deeper or not
when it reached the ocean? (The density of sea-water is greater than that of fresh-water)
12. Steel will float in liquid (mercury) but sink in water. So how does a steel ship manage to float
in water?
14. How is normal atmospheric pressure taken? For what purpose the barometer is used?
17. What are the uses of Archimedes principle? Can Archimedes principle be used for gases?
20. For more sensitive measurement, which liquid must be filled in a manometer?
21. Explain by the density of sea-water is greater than that of fresh water.
23. If a body floats in a liquid, write down the ratio of volume of the immersed portion to the
volume of the whole body.
24. Explain two simple applications of atmospheric pressure, sucking and syringe.
25. Under what condition, can a body (i) float in a fluid? (ii) sink in a fluid?
28. When a body is fully or partly immersed in a liquid, name the forces acting on the body.
29. Draw a graph for pressure and depth in the liquid. Compare the weight of a body and upward
thrust of the following cases
(i) If a body sinks in water (ii) If a body floats in water. Use illustrative diagrams.
31. Steel will float in liquid (mercury) but sink in water. So does a steel ship manage to float in
water?
CHAPTER (3) TRANSFER OF HEAT
Definitions
1. Heat 7. Temperature gradient 13. Best absorber
2. Temperature 8. Thermal conductivity 14. Emissivity
3. Thermometer 9. Heat conduction 15. Stephan-Boltzmann law
4. Conductor 10. Heat convection 16. Kinetic theory of gas
5. Insulator 11. Heat radiation 17. Brownian motion
6. Heat current 12. Black body
1. Is the following statement correct? The reason why a person feel warm when wearing wool
and down clothes in cold regions is that wool and down are very good insulator.
2. In a cold region, it is seen that birds on the branches of tree often ruffling their feathers.
Explain the reason why the birds feel warm by ruffling their feathers.
3. How does a blanket wrapped round your body keep warm on a cold day?
4. One end of a poker is placed in fire. After sometime the other end becomes hot. Explain how
heat is transferred along the poker. Name the method of heat transfer in this case.
5. If a tea spoon is put into a very hot cup of tea, the spoon handle becomes hot. Explain how is
heat is transferred along the spoon. Name the method of heat transfer in this case.
6. If a person wearing ordinary clothes travels out into space, the liquid in the body will boil.
Why? Explain how a space suit can prevent this effect.
8. A silver spoon and a wooden spoon are at room temperature. The silver spoon feels cold
when it is toughed. The reasons is because
(a) silver is denser. (b) silver is good conductor (c) silver spoon is heaver(d)
wood is not bright(e) sliver can be polished and made to shine
9. Explain with diagram why a person sitting in the middle of the upper room feels warm when
a furnace is placed at the ground floor in winter.
10. Explain with a diagram why a air conditioner should be best positioned high, near the ceiling
of a room.
11. What process of heat transfers are involved in the working of a car radiator?
12. How is heat transmitted from the sum to the earth? Why?
13. What is the difference between the two processes of heat propagation: heat conduction and
heat convection? Illustrate your answer with diagrams where possible.
15. Why does a silver spoon feel colder than a wooden spoon although they are both at room
temperature?
16. Is heat lost by convection important in human beings? What is the major factor in body heat
transport?
17. How does heat conductions take place in solids, liquids and gases?
23. How does the kinetic energy of a molecule depend on the temperature of gas?
24. On what factors, does the rate of heat flow in a rod depend?
26. Give short description of each mode of heat transfer. Briefly about (i) the rate of heat flows
due to conduction (ii) the rate of heat flow due to convection (iii) the rate of heat radiation.
27. Using Stephan-Boltzmanns law, define the total emissive power of the objects other than a
black body.
28. By which method does heat travel through vacuum?
30. What do you understand the Brownian motion? Is it regular motion of visible particles? Is
heat radiation a form of electromagnetic wave? Does it need a medium for propagation?
32. Light waves are electromagnetic waves which can travel in vacuum with the speed of light
and obey Maxwells theory of electricity and magnetism. Is heat radiation a form of
electromagnetic waves? Does it need a medium for propagation? What is its speed? Can heat
radiation be explained by Maxwells theory of electricity and magnetism?
CHAPTER (4) VIBRATION OF STRINGS, RESONANCE AND
VIBRATION OF AIR COLUMN
Definitions
TRUE or FALSE
1. The frequency of a wave remains the same in different media.
2. Sound wave and water waves are progressive waves.
3. Sound wave can be heard on the surface of the moon.
4. Waves in a vibrating string do not spread out.
5. Sound can travel from the sun to the earth.
6. Sound travels the fastest in solid and the lowest in air.
7. Drums produce all harmonics.
8. The frequency of a wave is directly proportional to its wavelength.
9. The second harmonic is second over tone in a closed organ pipe.
10. No material medium is required for the passage of progressive waves.
11. Waves formed in resonance column are progressive wave.
12. The velocity of sound is the same in air and water.
13. The points between nodes are vibrating with the same amplitude.
14. 1 hertz is equivalent to 1 oscillation per second.
15. Water waves which are produced when a stone is dropped are called
stationary waves.
16. In an open organ pipe all harmonics are present.
17. Oscillation is one complete to and fro motion of a vibrating object.
18.
The distance between two successive nodes is .
2
19.
The distance from a node to a nearest antinode is .
2
20. In the case of an open organ pipe all harmonics are present.
21. Production of beats in a result of phenomenon of interference.
1. There are always points that do not move in stationary waves. (a) What are those points
called? (b) How is the distance between two such successive points related to the
wavelength?
2. How does the velocity of a stationary wave found in a string, with both ends firmly fixed,
depend on the tension and mass per unit length of the string?
3. A vibrating tuning fork is placed over the top end of a glass tube, almost full of water, as
shown in the figure. Explain what will happen if the water surface in the glass tube is lowered
when the water tap is opened.
4. A tuning fork is struck and placed over the open end of a resonance tube with adjustable air
column (shown in figure). Why is a node formed at closed end and an antinode formed at
open end?
6. Write down the equation for frequency of the nth harmonic of the vibrating string, with both
ends firmly fixed.
8. Write down wave equation which applies to all forms of wave motion.
9. Are sound waves transverse or longitudinal waves? Are they mechanical or electromagnetic
waves? Can they travel through vacuum? Can they travel faster than light?
10. Give examples and illustrations of progressive and standing waves. Are nodes and antinodes
present in progressive waves?
12. Describe how stationary waves can be produced in a closed organ pipe.
13. What is the noise exposure limits which can rupture eardrums and cause permanent hearing
loss?
14. Explain how can demonstrate the formation of a stationary wave used a string and electric
bell.
15. What do waves carry from one place to another? Can sound wave travel through vacuum?
17. How does the intensity depend on the amplitude of the wave?
18. How will the intensity of sound change if the amplitude of the wave is doubled?
19. What can you say if you know the value of beat frequency?
20. What is the relation between the wavelength and the length of the string? (n=2/n)
21. Draw a diagram of vibrating string fixed at both ends vibrating in one long segment.
22. How is the distance between two successive nodes related to the wavelength?
CHAPTER (5) INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT
Definition
TRUE or FALSE
12. The energy E released from an atom is given by E=mc2 where m is the
mass defect.
13. The incident ray and the refracted ray are in same medium.
14. The refractive index of glass is less than that of diamond.
15. Refraction takes place when light travels from one medium to an
optically denser or rarer medium.
16. The wavelength of yellow light is shorter than that of orange light.
17. The critical angle of glass is smaller than that of diamond.
18. In refraction of light, the light rays do not obey the principle of
reversibility of light.
19. An optical medium is sufficient for refraction to take place.
20. The total internal reflection can take place for all angles of incidence.
21. The violet is deviated the most; the refractive index of the prism
material for this color has the smallest value.
22. The velocity of light is an important physical constant.
1. Write down the names of the two theories concerning the nature of light that were introduced
by the middle of seventeenth century. How do they differ?
2. Are the incident ray and the refracted ray in the same plane? in the same medium?
3. Compare and contrast the laws of reflection and laws of refraction of light.
4. What are the optical phenomena that cannot be explained by Newtons corpuscular theory?
5. Why did the majority of scientists hesitate to accept wave theory of light when it was first
introduced?
6. Why can the bending of light not be seen although the bending of water waves can be seen?
7. Why did Galileo not succeed in measuring the velocity of light?
8. Can an object move with a velocity greater than the velocity of light?
9. Explain the statement "the refractive index of glass is 1.5".
10. Write out the refractive index of the medium in which an object is placed in terms of the real
and apparent depths. (OR) Express the refractive index in terms of real depth and apparent
depth.
11. Draw a ray diagram showing the object O the image I and the real depth and the apparent
depth. (Observer is viewed from less dense medium.)
12. In the electromagnetic wave spectrum visible light wave lie between 400 nm and 700nm.
Where will you place the UV and IR in the electromagnetic spectrum? (UV stands for
ultraviolet and IR stands for infrared).
13. Draw the diagram of dispersion by prim. How many colours are in the spectrum? what are
they?
14. Why is the smaller the velocity of light v in a medium, the greater its refractive index n?
Is it true that nv = constant? What is the value of this constant?
15. How much is the percent of light reflected? Where are they used?
16. What type of prism can be used as total reflecting prism. What prism are used in periscopes
and binoculars.
17. (i) Write the formula of the refractive index of the prism. (ii) Describe the expression for the
angle of deviation D of a thin prism and explain the symbols used.
(iii) State the condition for which the angle of deviation of a thin prism is constant.
18. Write two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to take place. Give a diagram to
illustrate how to occur total internal reflection when the light passes a pair of media, glass and
ice.
19. When light passes a less optically dense medium into more dense medium, will the total
internal reflection occur? Give any two uses of the concept of total internal reflection.
20. Draw diagrams to show how a 45 - 45 - 90 prism can be used (i) to turn a ray of light
through 90 (ii) to turn a ray of light through 180 (iii) to invert a beam of light.
21. Complete the ray diagram to illustrate the formation of image by two totally reflecting prisms
(90-45-45 prism). Name the optical instrument which employ this concept.
O
'
O
22. In the figure, the refractive index of glass prism is 1.5. Will the ray emerge from the
hypotenuse surface of the prism? State some application of total internal reflection with
diagrams.
23. What is meant by light pipe? Illustrate your answer with a neat diagram. Where are light
pipes used? Give important use of light pipe.
26. A narrow beam of white light is incident upon a triangular glass prism. Draw a clear diagram
to illustrate what is meant by (a) deviation (b) dispersion.
27. Draw ray diagram that shows the refraction through a glass slab with parallel sides.
28. Why is the smaller the velocity of light in a medium the greater its refractive index.
29. Draw a ray diagram to illustrate total internal reflection and critical angle.
30. Give a drawing showing how refraction takes place when the ray is incident at the critical
angle. Where is the refracted ray? Obtain a relation between the critical angle and the
refractive index.
31. When the light passes through two different media, the change in direction of light occur.
Why?
CHAPTER (6) REFRACTION, DIFFRACTION AND INTERFERENCE
OF LIGHT
Definition
1. Lens 8. Principle focus of a 15. Real image
concave lens
2. Convex lens (OR) 9. Focal length of a lens 16. Virtual image
Converging lens
3. Concave lens (OR) 10. The principle rays 17. Lens-makers equation
Diverging lens and their properties
for a lens
4. Thin lens 11. Magnifying glass 18. Lens equation
5. Principle axis 12. Magnification 19. Sign convention for R
6. Centre of a lens 13. Power of a lens (OR) 20. Real image
Dioptic power of a
lens
7. Principle focus of a 14. One dioptre 21. Sign Convention for
convex lens Lenses
True or False
1. The object and its virtual image are on the same side of the convex
lens.
2. The focus of diverging lens is real.
3. A convex lens can converge parallel beam of light.
4. A projector lens produces an enlarged virtual image.
E
F +
19. Represent the electric field intensity by the lines of force, illustrate by drawing in the lines of
force a region of high electric field intensity and a region where the electric field intensity is
low.
20. Using the electric lines of force illustrate the electric field of a charged conducting sphere.
21. Draw the electric lines of force (i) around two unlike charges, (ii) around two positive
charges.
22. Describe the use of the lightning conductor by means of a diagram.
23. Explain how lightning conductor can prevent from lightning discharge when a charged cloud
passes over a building.
24. Using Coulomb's law, define electric field intensity.
25. Is the coulomb constant K a universal constant like G.Explain.
26. How is electric field determined?
CHAPTER (8) ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Definitions
1. Electric potential energy 4. Electric potential difference
2. Electric potential 5. One volt ( electric potential difference)
3. One volt (electric potential) 6. Equipotential surface
TRUE or FALSE
1. Voltage is a scalar quantity.
2. The unit watt is the same as joule per coulomb.
3. The points on an equipotential surface have the same electric field
intensity.
4. A proton moves from a point of higher electric potential to a point of
lower potential.
5. On an equalpotential surface, the charges are stationary.
6. Electric potential can also be measured in Vm.
7. Electric lines of force are parallel to an equipotential surface.
8. The electric potential inside a conductor of any shape is zero.
10. Electric potential energy and mechanical potential energy have the
same unit.
11. The unit joule is the same as volt per metre.
12. The earth can receive as well as give out quite a number of electrons.
13. There is no electric field around a charged conducting sphere.
14. Work done is independent of a path taken by the charge.
15. The potential difference is measured in joule.
16. The electric potential of the earth is taken as one.
CONCEPTUALQUESTIONS FROM TEXT AND OLDQUESTIONS
1. (a) Why is electric potential a scalar quantity? (b) Can electrons by themselves move from a
point of lower electric potential to a point of higher electric potential?
2. Explain how work is done in carrying a unit positive charge from a point of higher electric
potential to a point of lower electric potential and how work is done in carrying a unit
positive charge from a point of lower electric potential to a point of higher electric potential.
3. If the electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is zero, is the electric potential at
that point necessarily zero?
4. Draw the equipotential surfaces and electric lines of force a charged conducting sphere and
between two parallel plates having charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign.
5. Why can the earth be regarded as a body having zero electric potential?
6. Is the earth a good conductor of electricity? Is the electric potential at an infinite distance
from a charge Q, zero?
7. Illustrate your answer by means of diagrams for a negatively charged body and positively
charged body connected to the earth.
8. The figure shows the equipotential surfaces. What is the work done in bringing a charge + q
from A to B? from A to C? and from B to C?
A
C
B
Q
+
Equipotential
surface
9. Does the work done in an electric field depend on the path taken by the charge?Can you say
that the surface of a charge conducting sphere is an equipotential surface? Why?
10. What is the electric potential of a conductor if it is connected to the earth?
11. What sign of the potential is at a point near a negative charge? What is the value of electric
potential at infinity due to a point charge?
12. How much work is done in moving a charge of + 1.6 10-19 C from one point to another on
an equipotential surface of 200 V?
13. Show that 1 NC-1 = 1 Vm-1. Prove V=Ed.
14. Why is the surface of charged conducting sphere is an equipotential surface?
CHAPTER (9) CAPACITANCE
Definition
True or False
1. The dielectric constant of air is close to 1.
2. The dielectric constant of vacuum is two.
3. Capacitances are used in radios and televisions.
4. A dielectric material is a conductor.
5. Capacitors are of different types and shapes.
6. One unit of capacitance is microfarad.
7. Capacitance is a vector quantity.
8. The dielectric constant of air is less than that of glass.
9. A capacitor consists of two insulators separated by a small distance.
10. The unit farad is the unit of capacitance.
11. The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is doubled if the distance
apart of the plates is halved.
12. The electric field between two conductors of a parallel plate capacitor
is uniform.
13. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on charge and potential
difference.
14. The value of dielectric constant for glass is greater than that for air.
15. The capacitance of a capacitor is directly proportional to the surface
area of the plate.
16. When capacitors are connected in parallel, its equivalent capacitance
will increase.
17. A capacitor stores electrical energy.
18. When two capacitors are connected in series with a battery, they have
the same charge.
19. When the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor are pulled apart, the
capacitance increases.
20. Capacitors are connected in series to get the higher capacitance.
I I
15. If the potential difference between two ends of a conductor is increased, does its resistance
increase? Why?
16. What are the three main effects of electric current and their uses? (OR) What are the three
main effects produced by a current on a substance when the current passes through the
substance? Give at least one example for each effect.
17. Find the current through the equivalent resistance for the case of two resistors (R1, R2)
connected in parallel.
18. If three resistors are connected in series, is the current flowing through each resistor
different? Compute the voltage across the equivalent resistor.
19. If three resistors [R1, R2, R3] are connected in series, compute the voltage across each of
them. Does the same current I flow through each?
20. Is electric current a scalar quantity? Why?
21. Draw the symbol of an ammeter and show how to use an ammeter in a circuit consisting of
resistors R1 and R2 connected in series.
22. What are the sources of electromotive force? Explain the converted energies for these
sources.
23. Write out the expression for the temperature coefficient of resistance. Explain the symbols
used? Carbon has negative temperature coefficient. Why?
24. Describe the dependence of resistance of a conductor on its length and its cross-sectional
area. Can you use Ohm's law in electronics?
25. Draw an I-V graph and Rt t graph for a conductor.
26. Describe the dependence of resistance (i) on length and area (ii) on temperature. What is the
unit of constant in each dependence?
27. How many definitions are there for the electromotive force (emf)? State the definitions of
emf using circuit diagrams.
28. In which connection of batteries in the circuit will the electric current reduced?
29. How must a voltmeter be connected to a battery to measure the emf of the battery? Illustrate
with a suitable diagram.
30. Explain what is meant by an e.m.f of 6.0V?
31. Draw illustration the electron flow in a conductor.
32. What is meant by charging a battery? How much electrical energy is required for a unit
positive charge in this case? What is the potential difference between the terminals when
charging the battery?
33. What is meant by resistivity of copper is 1.710-8m.
34. Why is e.m.f scalar quantity?
35. Is the e.m.f really a force? Explain.
36. Distinguish between a voltmeter and ammeter.
37. Explain how to measure the current and voltage in the circuit.
38. How does the resistance of (i) metal and (ii) semiconductor vary with temperature?
39. A wire of resistivity is stretched to double its length. What will be its new resistivity?
CHAPTER (11) ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER
Definition
C
A B E
D
Defintion
1. Magnet and bar magnet 6. Flemings 11. Moving coil galvanometer
left-hand-rule
2. Magnetic field 7. Torque 12. shunt
3. Magnetic lines of force 8. Couple 13. Moving coil ammeter
4. Right-hand-rule 9. Electromagnet 14. Moving coil voltmeter
(Temporary magnet)
5. Solenoid 10. Permanent magnet 15. Electric bell
(b) What is the difference between the magnetic lines of force around a bar magnet and those
around a current-carrying wire?
3. How will you know which is the north and which is the south pole of a current-carrying
solenoid?
(b) Write down the name of three devices which use the electromagnet.
8. Why is it necessary for the shunt of an ammeter to have a very low resistance?
9. What is meant by "a.c." and "d.c."? What type of current is produced by the following?
10. Suppose you sprinkle iron filings on a sheet of paper placed on a current carrying solenoid
what kind of lines of force would you see? Illustrate using a schematic diagram.
11. When a compass needle is brought near a straight wire carrying current it is deflected.
Explain this effect of electric current by drawing diagrams. Who discovered it in 1820?
12. What is a solenoid? What kind of field exists in its vicinity when a current flows through it?
Does one need a current to flow through it for it to become a bar magnet?Give your
explanations with the aid of simple diagrams.
13.What effect was discovered by Oersted? Who discovered the reverse effect of that discovered
by Oersted? Name the two devices which use the electromagnet.
14. Draw a solenoid together with its magnetic field. Is it different from that of a bar magnet?
Are solenoids used in simple electromagnets?
15. Draw the magnetic lines of force around a bar magnet and around a current carrying wire.
What are their differences?
16.Draw diagrams to show the pattern of the magnetic field (i) around a bar magnet. (ii) of a
solenoid.
17. Can a soft iron be made a permanent magnet? Can a soft iron be made a permanent magnet?
18. How would you construct (make) a voltmeter from a moving-coil galvanometer? Answer
with a suitable diagram.
19.How would you construct (make) an ammeter from a moving-coil galvanometer? Answer
with a suitable diagram. Obtain an expression for the shunt resistance in terms of other
quantities such as RG, I and i.
20.How must a wire of resistance R be connected with the coil of resistance RG to convert the
galvanometer into a voltmeter?
21. On which principle is construction of ammeter based. Write down the equation for the
resistance of the shunt to be used and explain the symbols.
22. What is voltmeter? Does it have a low or high resistance?
What instruments would you use to measure a current? a voltage?
23. What electrical instrument is shown in the figure? What physical quantity can you measure
using it? Explain how it can be constructed from moving-coil galvanometer?
Volts
. R1
moving coil R2
24. How do you find the direction of magnetic field from the magnetic line of force?
25. Discuss how a powerful magnetic field can obtain for a solenoid and how can make a
permanent magnet.
Formula Derivation
CHAPTER 1
1. Show that the power exerted on a body is equal to the product of the force and
velocity.(OR) Derive the expression of power in term of force.
2. Show that the efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the mechanical advantage to the
velocity ratio.
CHAPTER 2
1. Show that the pressure of mersury in a barometer is P=gh.
2. Prove that the pressure exerted by the liquid is directly proportional to the height of the
liquid column and the density.
3. Prove the upward thrust is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
4. For a body floating in a liquid derive the volume ratio and density ratio formula,
VS . (OR) Prove the ratio of the densities is equal to the ratio of the volume of the
V 0
immersed portion to the volume of the whole body.
CHAPTER 5
1. Show that nxx = nyy for a ray of light passing through two media x and y.
2. Show that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence for a ray passing
through a glass slab will parallel sides.
3. Show that the refractive index of the medium y with respect to x is equal to the reciprocal
of the refractive index of medium x with respect to y. (OR) Show that for the refraction
1
of light through two media x and y, xny =
y nx
4. Show that the refractive index of medium z with respect to y is the ratio of the refractive
index of z with respect to air to the refractive index of y with respect to air. Lateral
Displacement of a Ray passing through a Glass Slab with Parallel Sides.
5. Show that the refractive index of medium y with respect to medium x is equal to
reciprocal the sine of the critical angle. (OR) Show that the refractive index n and the
1
critical angle iC of a medium are related by n .
sin i c
x
6. apparentdepth
Show that y n x .
real depth
7. apparent depth
Show that x n y .
real depth
8. Derive the formula for the refractive index of prism.
9. For thin prism or small-angled prism show that D = (n-l)A
CHAPTER 6
1. n1 n 2 n 2 n1
For refraction at curved surface, show that
u1 v1 R1
2. 1 1 1
For a lens, show that .
u v f
3. Derive the magnification formula for the formation of images by lens.
CHAPTER 7
1. Find the electric field intensity at a distance r from a charge Q using Coulombs law.
(OR) Calculate the electric field intensity at a point at some distance from a charge +Q
using Coulomb law.
CHAPTER 8
1. Show that the work done does not depend on the path taken by the charge in moving it
from one point to another.
2. Prove V=Ed
CHAPTER 9
1. 0 A
Derive the capacitance formula C for the parallel-plate capacitor. (OR)
d
Show that for a given medium the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is directly
proportional to the area of the plate and inversely proportional to the distance between
the plates.
2. Show that the energy of a capacitor or the energy stored by a capacitor is W = QV
Q2
(or) W = CV (or) W=
2
C
3. Show that when three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2 C3 are connected in series the total
1 1 1 1
capacitance C is .
C C1 C 2 C 3
4. Show that when three capacitors of capacitances C1, C2 C3 are connected in parallel the total
capacitance C is C= C1+ C2+ C3
CHAPTER 10
1. Show that when three resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series, the
total resistance R is R=R1+R2+R3
2. Show that when three resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series, the
1 1 1 1
total resistance R is
R R1 R 2 R 3
3. Derive the circuit equation and the available voltage formula.
CHAPTER 11
1. Show that the work done by a battery in bringing a charge through a resistor R in a
circuit is W=VIt.
CHAPTER 12
1. Derive formula for the resistance of the shunt to be used can be calculated from the
i
above equation. (OR) Show that r R G
( I i)
2. Derive formula for the resistance of the wire which must be used in order that the voltmeter may
CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6
1. Electromagnetic spectrum 1. Three types of convex lens or
=3.276106J Win=133333.33 J
The waste energy=Win-Wout
efficiency = output work 100 %
input work =33333 J
3.276 106 6 GCE deffort= 7m, dload=1m
70 100 Win=4.6810 J
Win 5 efficiency= 70%
Minimum power rating load=W=? , effort=P=150 N
Win 4.68 106 d effort 7
P 1300W VR 7
t 3600 d load 1
efficienty = MA 100%
GCE Efficiency=75%, MA=?, VR
MA 7 By Hooke's law, F=kx
70 100
7 F2 x 2
MA=4.9 F1 x 1
W
MA x2=5 cm
P
W
4.9
150
W=735 N
GCE Extension of spring=54 mm
6
GCE F1=1N, x1=1cm,F2=5N,x2=?
CHAPTER II
Eg.1 h1= 96-50=46 cm , Hg h Hg
hw 13.6 0.76
h2 =96-20=76 cm, w
h3 = 96-10=86 cm hw=10.336 m
The space above A is a vacuum. Ex.13 In the same pressure,
Pressure at A, pA =0 pressure of = pressure of
Pressure at B, pB = 46 cm Hg turpentine column mercury column
Pressure at C, pC = 76 cm Hg turghtur=merghmer
Pressure at D, pD = 86 cm Hg pmer h mer 13600 5
h tur
Ex.11 Patm=75 cmHg, PHg =70 cmHg p tur 840
Patm=P air+PHg = 80.95 cm = 81 cm
P air = Patm - PHg Ex.12 The pressure fall= Psea - Pmoutain
= 75 - 70 = 5 cmHg =76-70.5=5.5cmHg
Eg.2 2 atm = 2 (760 mm Hg) 10 mmHg=1cmHg
= 1520 mm Hg Pressure fall by
2 atm =2 (1.01 b) =2.02 b 1 cmHg per 120 m ascent
Eg.3 The force acting is F = pA 5.5 cmHg=?
F =100 3 ( p =100 kN m ) -2
120 5.5
660m
= 300 kN 1
Ex.4 Patm=1.01105 Pa, w=1000 kgm-3 The height of mountain= 660 m
g = 10 ms-2 , h = ? OQ.1 V = 3 cm 3 cm 3cm =27 cm3,
-3
pressure of water= atmospheric =9 gcm ,m = ?
column pressure
m = V= 9 27 = 243 g
wgh=Patm
Patm 1.01 105 OQ.2 Volume of water,
h 10.1m
w g 103 10 V=Ah= r2h = 22 7 7 10
7
Ex.5 Hg 13.6 w V= 1540 cm 3
P5m Patm
P2 km Patm
Pw
Pw
= 1 + 2050 10
4
Pw
1.01 10 5
p 2km = 1 + 202.97 =203.97 The pressure on the man is
p atm Pman= Patm + Pw
Eg.6 w = 1000 kgm , g = 10 ms , h=?
-3 -2
2atm = 1atm + w gh
patm = 1 atm = 1.01 10 Pa 5
1atm = 1000 10 h
Ptotal = 3 atm
1.01 105 =104h
Ptotal Patm h = 10.1 m
Land Pw Dam Eg.8 h=1 m, P1m=1.01105Pa,
air=1.29 kgm-3, g=10 ms-2,
The total pressure at the botton of the
Pfloor-P1m=?
tank is
P1m=Patm
Ptotal= Patm + Pw Pfloor
3 atm= 1 atm + w gh
Pair
2 atm = 1000 10 h
1000 10 h = 2 1.01 105
The pressure on the floor is
h = 2 1.01 10 = 20.2 m
5
Pfloor=P1m+Pair
10 10
3
= P1m+ air g h
Eg.7 h=5 m, w = 1000 kgm-3,
Pfloor-P1m=1.29101=12.9 Pa
Eg.11 air =1.3 kgm-3, m=1000kg Upwart thrust
It is in equilibrium,
WL+ WH Upward thrust = Total weight
wHe mass wL total of air
weight
air gV = WH + Wb + T
air gV = H gV + mbg + T
It is in equilibrium,
1.310100=0.0910100+3010+T
Upward thrust = Total weight
1300 = 90 + 300 +T
of air
T = 910 N
air gV = WHe + Wb
OQ4 F =900 N,V= 100m3, H = 0.09kgm-3
1.310V=He gV +mg
It is in equilibrium,
13V=1.8V+104
Upward thrust = Total weight
V=900.9 m3
of air
OQ3 m=30 kg, air=1.3 kgm-3, V=?
air gV = WH + Wb + F
X= 0.2 kgm-3
It is in equilibrium, air gV = H gV + mbg + F
Upward thrust = Total weight 1.310100=0.0910100+m10+900
air gV = Wt+ T Vs 2
= =
V 0 3
air gV = mtg + T
2
1.3 10 110 = 50 10 + T =
3 0
1430 = 500 + T
Density of wood is
T = 930 N
2
= 1000 = 666.67 kgm-3
Eg.10 ice = = 0.9210 kgm ,3 -3
3
w= 0 = 1000 kgm-3 Vs
In oil, = 0.9
V
Vs 920
Vs
V 0 1025 = = 0.9
V
0
= 0.898100%=89.8%
=740.74 kgm-3
0
Nearly 90% of the ice block will be
This is Archimedes law.
immersed in water.
OQ.6 =20 cm, m=7200 g
(OQ) Yes, about 90% of the ice block
is immersed V=3=8103 cm3
(OQ) downward
m 7200
0.9gcm3
Ex.21 V = 1 cm3, == 0.9 gcm-3, VF = ? V 8000
ice
V
w>
0 = 1gcm -3
m = 100 in2
(w i m g )
V Fin = 20 lb
A out 100
wi 10 Fout Fin 20 =2000 b
5 103 kgm 3 A in
g V 10 2 10 4
Ex.23 din = 1cm, dout = 5cm
Ex.20 wi=300 N,wf =200 N, = ?,V= ?
(a) din 1
Upward thrust of water= wi wf rin = = = 0.5cm
2 2
w gV = 300 200
d out 5
rout = = = 2.5cm
1000 10 V = 100 2 2
100 Fin = ?, Fout = 10N
V= 4
= 10-2 m3
10 Fin A
= in
m Fout A out
(w i m g )
V
rin 2
Fin = Ain Fout = Fout
wi 300 A out rout
2
= = = 3000 kgm-3
gv 10 10-2
2
= 1 10 = 1 10 wha Tension T mass
5 25
wb total weight
Fin = 0.4 N
It is in equilibrium,
Ex.23 Lout = ?, Lin = 0.1m
Upward thrust = Total weight
(b) Fin L
= out of air
Fout Lin
air gV = wb+ wha+T
F Lin
Lout = in = 0.4 0.1
Fout 10 air gV =mbg+ hagV+T
Lout = 0.004 m 1.3101200=400100.8101200+T
GCE The pressure fall= Psea - Pmoutain T=15600-13600=2000 N
1 =75-65=15 cmHg Fup=upward thrust of air
15
1.013 105Pa
Fnet=m a=(mb+mha) a
=
76 Fup-wha-wb=(400+960) a
=1.99 10 Pa
4
2000=1360 a
psea-pmoun=air g h a=1.47 ms-2
1.99 104 1.25 10 h GCE Weight of boat= Upward thrust=
1.99 104 4 weight of water displaced=10000 N
h 1599 m
12.5 GCE =2 cm=210-2 m
Height of mountain= 1599 m 5 V=3=810-6 m3, wi=0.56 N,
ws=0.85gcm-3=0.85103 kgm-3
GCE2 The maximum load=3000 N (a) wf=?
GCE V=1200 m3, ha= 0.8 Upward thrust of = wi - wf
white sprit
3 mb=400 kg, air=1.3 kgm3 ws gV =0.56-wf
(b) T=? (c) a=? 0.8510310810-6=0.56-wf
(a) If the balloon is not tethered, it 6.810-2=0.56-wf
wf=0.56-0.068=0.492 N
will rise because upward thrust of air
is greater than the total weight. (b) =?
w i Vg )
Upwart thrust
w
i
gv
T +Wb +Wha 0.56
7 103 kgm3
10 8 106
CHAPTER III
Eg.1 5 -3
A = 1.5 m2, = 0.03 m = 1.412 10 4 102
T2 T1 0.25 1 36 10
H A
= 1.417 4 102
H
T2 - T1 = 0.25 1 36 102
A
= 0.03 0.07 = 0.6276 Wm-1K-1
5 105 1.5
OQ.3 H=3038 W
= 28 K or 28 C
OQ.1 T2 - T1 =28 K or 28C Ex.17 A = 25m2, = 0.04m
Ex.15 A = 0.25 m2, =4 mm= 410-3m T2 = 20C+273=293 K,
T1 = 25C+273=298 K, T1 = -10C+273=263 K
T2 = 26C+273=299 K T2 - T1 = 293 -263 = 30K
T2-T1 = 299 - 298 = 1K H=?
Q = ?, =8.3710-5 kJs-1m-1K-1
t = 1 hour = 3600s =8.3710-2 Js-1m-1K-1
= 0.6276 Wm-1K-1
H = A T2 - T1
T - T1
H = A 2 = 0.62760.25 1
4 10-3
= 8.37 10-2 25 30
H = 39.22 W 0.04
Q H = 1569 W
H=
t OQ.4 A=30 m2, =8 cm= 810-2 m
Q = H.t = 39.22 3600= 141192J t= 1 min=60 s,
OQ.2 A = 0.25 m2, = 4 10-3m =8.3710-5 kJs-1m-1K-1
=8.3710-2 Js-1m-1K-1
t = 3600 s, Q= 1.412 105 J T2 = 30C+273=303 K,
T1 = 20C+273=293 K
T2= 26C+273=299 K, T2 - T1 = 303 -293 = 10K
T1 = 25C+273=298 K, = ? A (T2 T1 )
H
T2 -T1=299-298= 1 K
Q = A(T2 -T1 )
H = k A(T2 -T1 ) t
A (T2 -T1 )t
Q=
Q = A(T2 -T1 )
2
t Q= 8.37 10 30
2
10 60
Q 8 10
=
A(T2 -T1 )t Q= 18.83103 J
Eg.2 T1 = 33C+273=306 K,
T2 = 29C+273=302 K T = 3000K
H = AeT4= deT4
T2-T1= 306 - 302 = 4 K H
d =
q = 1.7 10-3 Wm-2 K-1 eT 4
H = q A (T2-T1) = 100
4
= 1.7 10-3 1.5 4 = 0.01 W 3.140.20.35.68510-8 3103
Ex.16 mw = 1.3kg, mice = 0.6kg d = 1.153 10-4m
5 -1 -1
Lf =3.33510 Jkg ,H=35.564Js t = ? Ex.19 K = 2500 K = 2.5 103 K
d=0.1 mm = 110-4m, e = 0.35
H= Q H = 40 W, = ?
t mass mass H = AeT4 =deT4 (A=d)
H = mice Lf (Q = miceLf)
H
t deT 4
40
t = mice Lf 0.6 3.335 10
5
3.140.110 0.355.68510-8 2.5103
-3 4
H 35.564
40
t = 5626.47 s
3.140.13.55.685 2.5
4
3v 3 130ms 1 1
f3 nearest antinode is = =0.25 m
2 2 1.98m 4 4
f3=98.4 Hz Eg.3
For n = 1(fundamental)
Eg.2 v=435 ms-1, =0.33 m,
fL=32.8 Hz, L=1.98 m
The harmonic produced in the string
is third harmonic. n=3 fH=4186 Hz, H=0.051 m
f3=? n T
fn
2 2
3
3
T
v=f (2f1 ) 2
3 v 3 435 T T
f3 1977 Hz L , H
2 2 0.33 (2 L f L ) 2
(2 H f H ) 2
Ex.3 The distance between two successive
L T/ (2 L f L ) 2 ( H f H ) 2
=
H T/ (2 H f H ) 2 ( L f L ) 2
node is = 0.4 m
2
= (0.051 41862) = 10.8
2
v = ?, = 0.8m
(1.98 32.8)
f = 105 Hz Ex.7
=1m
v=?
m = 0.3g = 0.3 10-3kg
v=f
m= 3 10-4kg
= 105 0.8
T = 48 N
v = 84 ms-1
f1 = ? (fundamental)
n T
fn = for open organ pipe,
2
nv
=
m
=
310-4
= 310-4 kgm-1
fn
2
340 340
f1 = 1 48 f1 = =
21 310-4 2 4.5 9
1
= 4 102= 2 102 f1 = 37.8 Hz
2
f1 = 200 Hz for close organ pipe,
nv
Ex.8 fn =
T = ?, = 0.33m 4
340 340
f1 = 440 Hz (fundamental) f1 = =
4 4.5 18
d = 0.05cm = 0.0510-2 m
f1 = 18.89Hz
d= 510-4m
510-4 Ex.10
d
r= = = 2.5 10-4m = 04 m, v = 340 ms-1
2 2 for closed organ pipe,
= 3.5103kgm-3 nv
m V A fn =
= = = r 2 4
340 340
f1 = = = 212.5 Hz
n T 40.4 1.6
fn =
2 f2 = 3f1 = 3 212.5
1 T f2 = 637.5 Hz
f1 =
2
f3 = 5f1 = 5 212.5 =1062.5 Hz
1 T
f12 = Ex.13
4 2
T = 20C + 273 = 293 K
T= f12 4 2 r 2 (T
)
= (440)24(0.33)23.51033.14
v = 332 + 0.6 (T - 273)
(2.5104)2
= 332 + 0.6 (293 - 273)
= 5.796 106 10-5
T = 57.96 N = 332 + 0.6 20 = 332 + 12
OQ.2 T=57.34 N v = 344 ms-1
nv
fn =
OQ.3 T2=134.52 N 4
fb = f2 - f1 = 516 512 = 4 Hz
d=
4 sin 60 - 35 16' sin r1
cos 35 16' sin i1
ng
sin 18 11'
4 sin 24 44'
d= = 2.049 cm sin i1 = 1.5 sin 18 11
cos 3516'
sin i1 = sin 27 54
Eg.2 Real depth = 6 cm
i1 = 27 54
Apparent depth = 6 1.67
Ex.25 A = 60, Dm = 39, ng = ?
= 4.33 cm
A + Dm
real depth sin
ng = ng = 2
apparent depth A
sin
6 2
= = 1.38
4.33 99
sin
OQ.8 n=1.5, ic=4149', = 2 = sin 49.5
appeared thickness=6 cm
sin 30 sin 30
r1+r2=60
1
n r1=16 24
sin i C
By Snell's law,
1
sin i C sin i1
1.35 n
sin r1
iC=47 48'
i1=2410
GCE. i=30, nx=1.4, ny=1.6, r=?
PP.1 w=511..3 nm
1
PP.2 v=1.895 108 ms-1, =4.295 10-7 m
r nx=1.4
PP.3 At the first interface
ny=1.6 By Snell's law,
30
sin i1 n g
sin i 1.6
By Snell's law, y n x sin r1 n a
sin r sin i1 sin 45
sin r1
n x sin 30 1.6 1.6
ny sin r r1=26
Since the plates are parallel, r1=i2
r=34 52 r At the second interface
GCE. r=60, n=? By Snell's law,
sin i 2 n a 1
2
i r sin r2 n g ng
sin r2 sin i 2 n g =sin 261.6
r++r=180 r
r2=45
r=60
since i=r=60
PP.4 By Snell's law, A + Dm
sin
ng 1.54 2
1.16 ng
w ng A
nw 1.33 sin
2
By Snell's law,
1 Dm=22 22
w ng
sin i c
1
sin i c sin 59 30
1.16
ic= 59 30
Eg.1 1 3 1
(a)
f =+ 10 cm, u = +30 cm
1 1 1 30 f
u v f f = - 15cm (concave lens, virtual
1 1 1 focus)
;
30 v 10
(b) 1 100
1
1
-
1 P =
v 10 30 f f (cm)
v = +15 cm (real image)
P = 100
the image is 15 cm from the lens. 15
v 15 1
m = = (inverted) P = - 6.67 D
u 30 2
(b) f = -10 cm, u = +30 cm Ex.2 OO = 10 cm, u = 100 cm
f = + 50 (convex lens, real focus)
1 1 1
v=?
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1
; 1 1 1
30 v - 10 = -
v f u
1 1 1
=
1
-
1
=
2-1
v 10 30 50 100 100
v = + 100 cm (real image)
v = - 7.5 cm (virtual image)
v
m=-
The image is 7.5 cm from the lens. u
II' 100
v =-
m = - (-7.5) = 0.25 (erect) OO' 100
u 30 II = - 10 cm (inverted)
correct answer is D.
Eg.2
u = + 30 cm, v = -10 cm OQ.1 v=90cm, II'=-5cm, the image is
(a)
inverted
1 1 1
Ex.3 u = 10 cm, v = - 20 cm, f = ?
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1
1 1 1
30 - 10 f = +
f u v
1 1 v
= + - 10 =
10 - 20 u
1 2-1 v=10 u
f 20 f=+10 cm (convex lens, real focus)
f = + 20 cm (convex lens) 1 1 1
correct answer is (c). u v f
OQ.2 f=+16 cm(convex lens), P=6.25 D 1 1 1
Ex.4 f = + 5 cm (convex lens, real focus),
u 10u 10
P=?
10 1 1
P=
100
f (cm) 10u 10
(a) u = 11 cm.
100
P= The object is 11 cm from the lens.
5 (b) v=1011=110 cm
P = + 20 D
the correct answer is (d). The screen is 110 cm from the lens.
OQ.3 f=-25cm (concave lens)
Eg.3 1 OQ.4 II 12 OO (inverted)
P =
f v
m= -12 =
1 u
+2 = v=12 u
f
1 1 f=+12 cm (convex lens, real focus)
f = m= 100cm 1 1 1
2 2
f = 50 cm (convex lens, real focus) u v f
II= 5 OO 1 1 1
II' u 12u 12
= 5
OO' 12 1 1
v 12u 12
m = +5=
u u = 13 cm.
v = -5 u
v=1213=156 cm
1 1 1
u v f The screen is 156 cm from the lens.
1 1 1
Ex.7 v = - 24 cm (virtual image)
u 5u 50
(a) f =+8cm (convex, real focus),u = ?
u = 40cm
1 1 1
Eg.4 II 10 OO (inverted), m= -10 + =
u v f
v
m = 1 1 1
u = -
u f v
1 1 - v OO'
= - II =
8 - 24 u
3+1 - 60 3
= =
24 30
1 4 II = - 6 cm (inverted image)
=
u 24 (b) u = 30 5 = 25 cm
u = 6 cm f = + 20 cm (convex)
(b) u = ?, f = 8 cm 1 1 1
+ =
v - 24 u v f
m=- =-
u 6 1 1 1
= -
m=+4 v f u
To be real, m = - 4 1 1
= -
v 20 25
- =-4
u 1 5-4
=
v=4u v 100
1 1 1 v = + 100 cm (real)
+ =
u v f the image move=100 60 = 40 cm
1 1 1 (away from the lens)
+ =
u 4u 8 Ex.13 u = 12 cm, II = - 3 OO(inverted),
5 1 m = -3
= v
4u 8 - = -3
4 u = 40 u
u = 10 cm v=3u
OQ.5 u=4cm, distanced move=4cm v
- = -3
Ex.8 OO = 3 cm, u = 30 cm u
(a) f = + 20 cm (convex lens) v = 3 u = 3 12 = 36 cm
II = ?, v = ? 1 1 1
+ =
1 1 1 u v f
+ =
u v f 1 1 1
+ =
1 1 1 12 36 f
= -
v f u 3+1 1
=
1 1 36 f
= -
20 30 36
f=
3-2 4
=
60 f = + 9 cm (convex lens)
v = + 60 cm (real) II = - 4 OO
II' v m = -4
=-
OO' u
v Ex.10 The magnifying glass is used as
m=-
u convex lens.
v F = + 9cm(convex lens, real focus),
-4 = - II = +3OO'(erect), m = 3, u = ?
u
v=+4u v
m=-
1 1 1 u
+ = v
u v f 3=-
1 1 1 u
+ = v=-3u
u +4u 9
1 1 1
4+1 1 + =
= u v f
4u 9
4u = 45 1 1 1
+ =
u = 11.25 cm u - 3u 9
The object must be moved 3-1 1
=
= 12 11.25 = 0.75 cm 3u 9
( toward the lens) 3 u = 18
Ex.9 u = ? , v = - 4 cm (virtual) u = 6 cm
f = -10 cm (concave, virtual focus) The magnifying glass should be
1 1 1 placed 6 cm from the object.
+ =
u v f OQ.6 u=7.5cm
1 1 1 Ex.11 u + v = 60 cm
= - f = + 15 cm (convex, real focus)
u f v
v = 60 u
1 1
= - 1 1 1
- 10 - 4 + =
u v f
- 4 + 10
= 1 1 1
40 + =
u 60 - u 15
6
= 60 - u + u 1
40 =
40 u (60 - u) 15
u= 50 1
6 =
2
u = 6.67 cm 60 u - u 15
60 u u2 = 900
u2 60u + 900 = 0
(u 30) (u 30) = 0
u = 30 cm
v = 60 u = 60 30 = 30 cm
v 30
m=- =- =-1
u 30
II' 1 1 1
=-1 + =
OO' u v f
II = - OO 1 1 1
+ =
No, it is impossible to obtain a sharp u 18 - u 4
image larger than the size of the 18 - u + u 1
object. =
u (18 - u) 4
When the object and the screen are
18 u u2 = 72
interchanged,
u2 18 u + 72 = 0
v=30cm, u=30cm
(u 12) (u 6) = 0
So, No change.
u = 12 cm (or) u = 6 cm
OQ.8 OO =1.08 cm, II =-0.36 cm(inverted
The lens must be placed 12 cm or 6
u + v = 80 cm, f = ?
cm from the object.
II 1.08 108
m OQ.7 Ex.12
OO 0.36 36
v
3 For a sharp larger image,
u v=12 cm, u=6 cm
v=3u v
m=-
u+v=80 u
4 u=80 cm 12
u=20 cm, v=60 cm m 2
6
1 1 1
+ = II
u v f 2
1 1 1 OO
So, it is possible to obtain a sharp
20 60 f
image larger than the size of the
1 1
object.
f 15
Ex.14 OO = 1.05 cm, u + v = 80 cm
f= +15 cm(convex lens, real focus)
II = - 0.35 cm (inverted), f = ?
When the object and the screen are
II' - 0.35 1
interchanged, m= = =-
v=20cm, u=60cm OO' 1.05 3
v 20 1 v
m m=-
u 60 3 u
II 1 1 v
- =-
OO 3 3 u
So, the size of the image can change. u = 3v
3v + v = 80
Ex.12 u + v = 18 cm , v = 18 u 4v = 80
f = + 4 cm(convex lens, real focus) v = 20
real image u (screen (or) wall) u + 20 = 80
ay:w,f
u = 60 cm II v
m 2
1 1 1
+ = OO u
u v f v=2u,
1 1 1 v+u=30
+ =
60 20 f u=10 cm, v=20 cm
1+3 1 -The light source is placed 10 cm
= from the lens. f=+6.67cm(convex)
60 f
4f = 60 GCE II =1 cm. It is virtual image.
f = +15cm(convex lens, real focus) PP R =+10 cm, R =-15 cm, n=1.5
1 2
OQ.9 P=+5 D, v= + 60 cm, m=?
1 1 1
= (n-1) ( - )
1 100 f R1 R 2
P
f (m) f (cm)
f=+12 cm
f=+ 20 cm (convex)
PP R1=+30 cm, R2=, n=1.5
1 1 1
+ = f=+60 cm
u v f
1 1 1 1 1 1
u f v 20 60 30
u=30 cm
v 60
m 2 (inverted image)
u 30
u=30 cm, P = -5 D
1 100
P
f (m) f (cm)
f= - 20 cm (concave)
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
1 1 1 1 1 1
v f u 20 30 12
(b) F = q E F = 50 10-5 N
(b) KE = ?, s = 1 m E1r12 105 22 = 25000 NC-1
E2
KE = W = Fs = 50 10-5 1 r22 42
KE = 50 10-5 J Ex.22 r = 0.4 m
Eg.7 E = 2 103 N C-1, r = 9 m Q = + 7 10-5 C , E = ?
(c) Q
Q E=K
EK 2 r2
r
Q 7 10-5
2 103= 9 109 = 9 109
92 0.4 0.4
Q = 2 103 9 10-9 =3.937106 NC-1
Q = 18 10-6C = 18 C (away from the charge)
OQ.12 E=?, r=0.4 m, Q=4 0 10-5C
(c) r = 18 m
1 Q Q
E E=K
4 0 r 2 r2
1 4 0 105
6 = =6.2510-5 NC-1
E =9 109 18 102 =500 NC-1 4 0 0.42
(18)
(away from the charge)
(away from the charge)
OQ.10 Q=18C, E=405NC-1 Ex.29 Q = + 92e = 92 1.6 10-19 C
Ex.17 r1 = 2 cm = 2 10-2 m (a) E = ?, r = 10-10 m
E1 = 105 NC-1 E=K
Q
r2 = 1 cm = 10-2 m, E2 = ? r2
E2 r22 = E1 r12 92 1.6 10-19
= 9 109
E1 r12 4 10-4 10-20
E2 = = E = 1324.810 NC-1
10
r2 2 105 10-4
(away from the nucleus)
E2 = 4 10-5 NC-1
(b) F = ?, q = - 1.6 10-19 C
The correct answer is (d).
F = Eq=1324.8 10101.610-19
OQ.11 r1=2 cm, E1=105 NC-1, r2=1 cm, E2=?
F = 2119.68 10-9 N
1 (toward the nucleus)
E
r2 OQ.13 E=8.631010 NC-1
(away from the nucleus)
E1r12 E 2 r22
E1r12 105 22 = 4105 NC-1 Eg.9 m=10-6 kg, g=9.8 kgms-2
E2
r22 12
F
5 -1
r1=2 cm, E1=10 NC , r2=4 cm, E2=? w
E1r12 E 2 r22
Since the body is in equilibrium
w= F
2 10 6
mg = qE = 9 109
mg 32
E
q = 2 103 NC-1(toward Q2)
10 6 9.8 the electric field intensity at P due
E= = 9.8 NC-1
10 6 toQ2
(directed upward) 1 Q2
OQ The direction of motion of the E2
4 0 r 2
body is upward.
PP 5 10 6
= 9 109
32
= 5 103 NC-1 (toward Q2 )
E E1 E 2
E=9.8 NC-1 (directed downward) E1 and E 2 are in the same
direction.
Ex.20 E
E1 5E 2 , E 2 3 E = E1 + E2 = 2 103 + 5 103
4
E=7 103 NC-1(toward Q2).
E3 4 E 2 , E = ? Ex.23 Q1 = + 4 10-6 C, Q2=+810-6 C
E E1 E 2 E3 5E2 E2 4E2 Q1
E 2 E1 Q2
=0 + +
r1 p r2
Ex.33 Q1 = Q2= Q3 =Q4 = + 1 10-8 C
r1 = r 2 = r3 = r4 r = 2 m, r1 = r2 = 1 m, E = ?
E1 = E2 = E3 = E4 (in magnitude) The electric field indensity at P due
In direction to Q1,
E1 E 3 , E 2 E 4 , E = ?
-6
Q 4 10
E1 = K 21 = 9 109
E E1 E 2 E 3 E 4 r1 1
= 36 103 NC-1 (toward Q2)
E E 3 E 4 E 3 E 4 =0
The electric field intensity at P due
Eg.6 Q1 = + 2 C = + 2 10-6 C, to Q2,
Q2 = -5 C = -5 10-6 C 8 10 -6
Q2
E2 = K 2
= 9 109
r1 = 3 m, r2 = 3 m r2 1
E2 = 72 103 NC-1 (toward Q1)
E E1 E 2
The electric field intensity at P due E1 and E 2 are oppostie direction.
to Q1 E = E2 E1
= 72 103 36 103
1 Q1 E = 36 103 NC-1 (toward Q1)
E1
4 0 r 2 OQ.14 Q1 = + 2 10-6 C
Q2 = + 8 10-6 C, r = 3 m E = E1 + E2
0.5
Total electric potential at P, = 90 000 V
V = V1 V2 The electric potential at B,
+
1 Q
VB
V= 720 + (-540) 4 0 rb
V= 180 V
(b) q = +3.0 10-9 C (5.0 106 )
9 109
1
If W is the work done in bringing = 45 000 V
the charge q from infinity to P The electric potential difference
between A and B,
W = V (the electric potential at
VAB = VA - VB
P) q (the charge)
= 90 000 - 45 000
= 180 3.0 10-9
= 45 000 V
W= 0.54 10-6 J
Eg.6 q = + 2.0 10-6 C
Ex.15 Q1 = + 1 10-12 C,
VA - VB = the work done in
Q2 = - 4 10-12 C
bringing a unit positive charge from
r = 5 m, V = ?
B to A
The electric potential at P due to Q1,
Q1 If W isthe work done in bringing
1 10-12
V1 = K = 9 109 the charge q from B toA,
r1 2.5
V1 = 3.599 10-3V W = ( VA - VB) q
The electric potential at P due to Q2,
W= 45 000 2.0 10-6 = 0.09 J The electric potential at A due to Q2,
1 Q2
OQ.3 VBA=1.8104V, V2
4 0 r2
WAB=3.610-2J at A , V=0
V1 + V 2 = 0
Ex.17 q1 = q2 = q3 = + 5 10-9 C
V1 = - V 2
r22 = 102 + 102 =200 =2102 cm
1 Q1 1 Q2
r2= 2 10=14.14 cm 40 r1 40 r2
= 14.14 10-2 m
1 10 6 (3 10 6 )
r1 = 10 cm = 10 10-2 = 10-1 m
x (1 x )
r3 = 10-1 m
The electric potential at P due to q1, 1-x=3x, 4x=1, x = 0.25 m
q1 -9 Q1 Q2
V1 = K = 9 109 510-1 B
+ -
r1 10 r1
r2
V1 = 450 V r1=y, r2=1+y
The electric potential at P due to q3,
The electric potential at B due to Q1.
q
V3 = K 3 = 450 V
r3 1 Q1
V1
The electric potential at P due to q2, 4 0 r1
q2 510-9 The electric potential at B due to Q2,
V2 = K = 9 109
r2 14.1410-2 1 Q2
V2
4 0 r2
2
V2 = 3.183 10 V
Total electric poteritial, at B, V=0
V = V1 + V2 + V 3
= 450 + 318.3 + 450 = 1218.3 V V1 + V2 = 0
OQ.4 2.82106V V1 = - V2
GCE 3
W=Vq =5010 3.210 -19
1 Q1 1 Q1
=1.610-14J
4 0 r1 4 0 r1
The energy 1.610-14J is acquired.
1 10 6 (3 10 6 )
Eg.4 Q1 = + 1 10-6 C
Q2 = - 3 10-6 Cz y (1 y)
Q1 Q2 1+x=3x
A
+ - 2y=1
r1 r2 y = 0.5 m
r1=x, r2=1-x Ex.16 Q1 Q2
The electric potential at A due to Q1 (b) A
+ -
1 Q1 r1 r2
V1
4 0 r1
4 10 9 (9 10 9 )
r1=x, r2=0.5-x
y 0.5 y
The electric potential at A due to Q1,
9y = 2 + 4y
Q1
V1 = K 5y = 2
r1 y = 0.4 m
The electric potential at A due to Q2, Eg.7 V = 6 V, d = 0.5 cm = 0.005 m
Q
V2 = K 2 V = Ed
r2
V 6
at A, V = 0 E = =
V1 + V2 = 0 d 0.005
V1 = - V2 E = 1200 NC-1 or Vm-1
Q1 Q Ex.10 E = 200 NC-1, V = 10 V, d = ?
K =-K 2
r1 r2 V = Ed
410-9 910-9 V 10
d= = = 5 10-2 m
= E 200
x (0.5 - x)
d = 5 cm
9x = 4 (0.5 - x) The correct answer is (b)
9x = 2 - 4x (a) V = 6 V, E = 300 V m-1
Eg.8
13x = 2
V = Ed
2 V 6
x= = 0.15 m
13 d 0.02m
E 300
B
Q1 Q2 (b) q = e = 1.6 10-19 C
+ - W = Vq = 6 1.6 10-19
r1
r2 W = 9.6 10-19 J
Eg.9 V=6V, q=1.6 10-19 C
r1=y, r2=0.5+y
m=9.1 10-31 kg, v=?
The electric potential at B due to
1
Q1, KE of the electron = mv2
Q1 2
V1 = K KE of the electron = W
r1
1
The electric potential at B due to Q2, mv2 = Vq
2
Q2
V2 = K 1 -31 2 -19
r2 (9.1 10 ) v =6 1.6 10
2
at B, V = 0
2 9.6 10-19
V1 + V2 = 0 v2
V1 = - V2 9.1 10-31
Q Q v = 1.45 106 ms-1
K 1 =-K 2 PP KE=W
r1 r2
1/2mv2=Vq
V=284.4V V = 2.5 103 V
Ex.11 q = + 1 10-9 C, d=1cm =1 10-2 m Ex.20 Vo = 0, V=106 ms-1 , s = 0.2 m,E = ?
F = 10-4 N, V = ? F
-4 E=
F 10 q
V = Ed = d = -9 10-2
q 10 ma
E=
V = 103 N q
The correct answer is (c)
v2 = vo2 + 2as
OQ.5 q = + 3nC=+3 10-9 C, 1012 = 0 + 2 a 0.2
d=1mm =1 10-3 m 1012 = 0.4 a
F = 10-4 N, V = ? 12
1012
F 10 -4 a = 10 = = 2.5 1013 ms-2
V = Ed = d= -2 0.4 4 10-1
-9 10
q 3 10 m a 9.110-310.251013
V = 0.33310 N 3 E= =
q 1.610-19
Ex.18 d = 0.5 cm = 0.5 10-2 m
E = 1.422 10
V = 0.5 103 V, F = ?
E= 14.22 NC-1
V = Ed
F
V= d
q
3 -19
V q 0.510 1.610
F= =
d 0.510-2
F = 1.6 1014 N
Ex.19 d = 4 10-2 m, F = 1 10-14 N, V = ?
F 10-14
V=Ed= d = -19
40 10-2
q 1.6 10
CHAPTER IX
Eg.1 K 0 A
Q = 0.002 C, V = 50 V C =
2d
Q 0.002C
C C =
1
C
V 50V 2
= 40F
OQ.1 C'=2C
Ex.7 C = 5 F, Q = ?, V = 40 V Ex.8 For original capacitance,
Q = CV = 5 40 = 200 C 0 A
C=K
200 C should be removed. d
(c) C = 2 10-6 F k 0 A
C=
d
(d) Q = CV
= 2 200 8.8510-12 5010-4
=
10-3
= 400 C
C = 4425 10-13 F
Ex.15 (1cm= 2 V, 1 cm=10 C
(b) V = 45 V, Q = ?
graph )
Q = CV = 442.5 10-3 45
V, Q
= 1.991 10-9 C
V=8-4= 4 V
(c) W=?
Q=60-30= 30 C
1 1
Q 30 W= QV= 1.99110-9 45
C 7.5 F 2 2
V 4
= 44.7975 10-9 J
2
Eg.2 (a) A = 2m .
OQ.3 C=7.0510-9F, Q=1.06210-5C
d = 4 mm = 4.0 -3
10 m,
V= 12 000 V, = 3 Ex.10 W=?
0A (a) C = 12 F = 12 10-6 F
C
d
V = 250 V = 25 10
3 2
= 8.85 10-12 1
CV2
4.0 10 3 W=
2
C= 13.275 10-9 F
1
C= 13.275 nF = 12 10-6 (25)2 102
2
(b) Q = CV = 6 625 10-4
= 13.275 x 10 12 000
-9
W = 3750 10-4 J
= 1.59 10-4 C
(b) 0 A
for original C = K
12 000 d
(c) E V
d 4.0 10 3 2
1 Q
E = 3.0 10 Vm 6 -1 W1 =
2 C
(d) W = QV
0 A
= 1.59 10-4 12 000 for new C = K
d'
K 0 A 1 5 F, Cp and 45 F are series,
C = = C
2d 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 = + +
W2 = 1 Q = 1 2 Q Cs' 5 4.5 45
2 C' 2 C
9 + 10 + 1 20
Q2 = =
W2 = 45 45
C
45
required work = W2 W1 Cs' =
20
Q2 1 Q2 1 Q2
= - = Cs' = 2.25 F
C 2 C 2 C
Cs' and 2 F are paralle,
Ex.16 C1 = 5 F, C2 = 10 F
C = 2.22 + 2 = 4.25 F
C3 = 15 F
***********************
C1, C2 and C3 are parallel,
For Fig.2
C = C1 + C2 + C3
C=1F
C= 5 + 10+ 15 = 30 F
OQ.5 C1 and C2 are in parallel
C1, C2 and C3 are series,
1 1 1 1 Cp = C1 + C2
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
Cp and C3 are in series
1 1 1
= + +
5 10 15 1 1 1 C3 +Cp
= + =
6 + 3 + 2 11 C Cp C3 Cp .C3
= =
30 30
30 C3 C p C3(C1 +C2 )
C= = 2.73 F C = =
11 C3 +Cp C1 + C2 +C3
Ex.23 2 F and 6 F are series,
OQ.6 Q Q
1 1 1 4 C= , V=
= + = V C
C3 2 6 6
Q
6 V1 =
C3 = = 1.5 F C1
4
C3 and 3 F are paralle, Q Q
V2 = , V3 =
C2 C3
Cp = C3 + 3 = 1.5 + 3
Cp = 4.5 F Yes, each posses the same amount of
charge. Ex.18 Cp = 10 F, C3 = 0.4 F, n = ?
Ex.17 C1 = C2 = C3 = 10 F C
Cs = , Cp = nC
C=? n
(1) C1, C2 and C3 are parallel, C3 C 1
=
C = C1 + C2 + C3 Cp n nC
= 10 + 10 + 10= 30 F 10
n2 = = 25
(2) C1, C2 and C3 are series, 0.4
1 1 1 1 n=5
= + +
C C1 C2 C3 Eg.3 C1 = 4 F , C2 = 12 F
1920 10 6 C p C1 C 2 C 3
Q
Va = 960
C1 2 106 Cp = 2 + 3 + 7 = 12 F
V Ex.10 R1 = 10 , 2= 21
V = A , =
A Since density of wire do not change,
A = r2 V1 = V2
V All = A22
R = 2 (V A )
A A All = A2(21)
V A1
R = A2 =
2r 4 2
V 1.7 10-8 10-4 2
r4 = = R2
2R 3.14 3.14 2 A2
r = 0.5419 10-3 m 2 1
-3 R2 4 1 4R1
d = 2r = 2 0.5419 10 1 A1
A1
d= 1.0838 10-3 m 2
Ex.9 r2 = 2r1 1
t= 9 = 2500 C
36 10-4
A2 = r22 = 4 r12 = 4A1
(b) Ex.11 R100 5
= , =?
wire has the same mass, R150 7
V1 = V2
Rt = R0 (1+t)
All = A22
R 0 1+100 6
All = 4 A12 =
R 0 1+150 7
1
2 = 6 + 900 = 7 + 700
4
200 = 1
1
For first wire, R1
A1
= 1 = 0.5 10-2 C-1
2 200
For second wire, R 2
A2 OQ.9 R150=5.918
PP1. 0.9998
1
1
R2 4 Eg.6 R1 = R2 = R3 = 6
4A1 16A1
(a) R1, R2 and R3 are series,
R 0.5159
R2 = 1=
16 16 R= R1 + R2 + R3=6+ 6+6=18
(c) 1 1 1 = 1 1 2
= + + Rp = = 0.67
R p R1 R 2 6 6 3
RP = 3 (iv) R1 and R2 are parallel,
RP and R3 are series, 1 1 1 = 1 1 = 2
= + +
R = RP + R3 = 3 + 6 = 9 Rp R1 R2 1 1 1
Rp=2 E = I (R + r) = 0.6 (2 + r)
When resistors are in series; E = 1.2 + 0.6 r --------- (1)
Rs = 50 , n = ? E = I (R + r) = 0.2 (7 + r)
E = 12 6n
I= = 12 = 3 A 1=
R+r 3.4 + 0.6 4 22 + 0.5n
6n = 22 + 0.5 n
IP = I3 = I = 3 A
5.5 n = 22
VP = IP RP = 3 2.4 = 7.2 V
n = 22 = 220 = 4
VP = V1 = V2 = 7.2 V 5.5 55
V1 = I1R1 The required batteries are 4.
V
I1 = 1 = 7.2 = 1.8 A Ex.18 E = 12 V, I = 3A, r = 0
R1 4
E
I=
I2 = V2 = 7.2 = 1.2 A R+r
R2 6
R 10 + 4r1 = 12
4 r1 = 2
3 = 12 I
R
r1 = 2 = 0.5
4
E, r
R=4 When battery are connected in
When battery are connected in parallel,
series,
r1 = r2 = 0.5 , R
I = 3A, E2 = 6V, r2 = ?
I = 1.5 E1,r1
E = E1 + E2 = 12 + 6 = 18 V I
E
R
I
r
R
2 E2, r2
I
1.5 = 6
R+0.25
E1,r1 E2, r2
6 = 1.5 R + 0.375
E
I 1.5 R = 6 0.375
Rr
1.5 R = 5.625
18
3
4 r2 R=
5.625
= 3.75
1.5
12 + 3r2 = 18
Ex.16 I = 0.1 A, V = 3.5 V
r2 = 2
Ex.19 E1 = E2 = 6V, R = 5 , I = 2 A, 0.1 A
A R1
r1 = r2 3.5 V
V = IR
When battery are connected in
R = 3.5 = 35
series, R
0.1
0.2 A
A R1
I R2
I= E = 20 = 5 A R2 = 0.5
R+r 4
V1 = I1 R1 = 52 = 10 V
The reading of ammeter A is 5A.
The reading of voltmeter V1 is
Ex.20 R1 = 4, R2= 4, E= 2 V, r = 0 10 V.
(i) R1 and R2 are series, V2 = I2 R2 = 50.5 = 2.5 V
R = R1 + R2 = 4 + 4 = 8 The reading of voltmeter V2 is
E 2 2.5 V.
I= = = 0.25A
R+r 8 OQ.18 (i) to give the minimum current, they
The reading of ammeter A is 0.25 are in series opposing.
A. E1 E 2
I 0
Ex.20 R1 = 4 , R2= 4, E= 2V, r= 0 R r1 r2
(ii) To give maximum, they are in The reading of ammeter A is 2A.
parallel. Ex.24 I = 3A, I2 = 1A
I = I2 + I3
E
I 3A I3 = I - I2 = 3-1 = 2A
r
R The reading of ammeter A3 is 2A.
2
I = I4 = 3A
(iii) Yes. Two batteries are The reading of ammeter A4 is 3A.
connected in series aiding to give
1
Since, I
I=2.4 A. R
E1 E 2 R2 has the greater resistance.
I 2.4A
R r1 r2 Ex.23 1
Since I , the current is inversely
OQ.19 I=0.3871 A R
I2 = I3 I1= 4 3 = 1 A decrease.
t = 10 h P = 60W, V = 240 V
Eg.3
W = Pt = 226010
(a) P = VI
W = 22600 Wh = 22.6 kWh
P 60
I= = = 0.25 A
1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh V 240
cost of using 22.6 kWh Eg.3 P = I2 R
= 1022.6 (b) P 60
R 2
=226 kyats I (0.25) 2
I3 15 I 2 Rt (0.25) 2 960 60
H= =
J 4.2
V H = 857.14 cal
In parallel, the potential difference
OQ.10 I=0.2A, R=1000
across each resistors are the same.
2
Since P = V , the 5 resistor W=0.667 kWh
R
OQ.11 I=0.5 A , R=480
must be used to find the maximum
potential difference. Q=60C
Ex.5 I=3A, V=240V, t=1 min=60 s,
0.5 = V2
5 J=4.2 J cal-1, H=?
V I t 240 3 60
V = 1.58 V H 10290 cal
J 4.2
V = 1.58 H=10.29 kcal
I1 = 0.32 A
R1 5
OQ.12 P=1150W, H=985.7kcal
(b) I=?, E 6 6
I 2A
R r 2 1 3
P= VI
t=1s, J=4.2 Jcal-1, H=?
P 1200
I 5V
V 240 I 2 R t 2 2 2 1
H 1.904 cal
(c) t=1 s, J= 4.2 Jcal-1, H=? J 4.2
V3 = I3R3
E,r
V3 4.8
I3 0.8 A R1=2, R2=3, V=12 V
R3 6
R=R1+R2=2+3=5
I2R t
H E 12 12
J I 2.4 A
R r 50 5
Rate of production of heat by R1,
I1=I2=I=2.4 A
H I 2 R 1 2.4 2 2
2.743 cals 1 I12 R1 t I2 R2 t
2
t J 4.2 H 2 , H 3
J J
Rate of production of heat by R2,
H 2 I12 R1 t J 2
2 1.5
H I 2 R 2 1.6 2 3 H 3 J I2 R2 t 3
1.829 cals 1
t J 4.2
3
H I 2 R 3 0.82 6
0.914 cals 1
t J 4.2
E,r
Ex.11 E=12 V, r=2, R1=1 , R2=1,
R1 and R2 are in parallel,
R3=1.5 , I=?
V1=V2=V=12 V
1 1 1 1 1
V12 t
R p R1 R 2 1 1 H 2 ,
R 1J
Rp= 0.5
V22 t
R=Rp+R3= 0.5+ 1.5=2 H 3
R 2J
E 12 12
I 3A H2 V12 t R 2 J 3
R r 22 4
H3 R1J V22 t 2
I2R t
H
J H 2
1.5
Rate of production of heat by H 3
Ex.6 R1=2, R2=3, V=12 V H2 V12 t R 2 J 3
3
2
H3 R1J V22 t 2
H 2
E,r 1.5
H 3
R=R1+R2=2+3=5 H2 I1s2 R1 t J
2 0.16
E 12 12
H 2 J I1p R1 t
I 2.4 A
R r 50 5
H3 I2s2
R1 t J
I1=I2=I=2.4 A 2 0.36
H3 J I 2p R1 t
I12 R1 t I2 R2 t
2
H 2 , H 3
J J
H 2 I12 R1 t J 2
2
H 3 J I2 R2 t 3
H 2
0.67
H 3 2
E,r
V22 t
H 3
R 2J
CHAPTER XII
Eg.1 (a) RG = 2 5 10 3
r 20
i = 1 mA = 1.0 10-3 A 1000 10 3 5 10 3
I = 10 A
100 10 3
i r 0.1005
r RG 995 10 3
I-i
To obtain the ammeter reading up
1.0 103
2 to 1A, 0.1005 must be connected
10 1.0 103
in parallel to the galvanometer.
= 2.0 10-4
V
To obtain the ammeter reading up (b) R RG
to 10 A, 2.0 10-4 resistor i
(b) R
V
RG R 20 103 20 19980
i
To obtain the voltmeter reading up
50 2
1.0 10 3 to 100V, 19980 resistor must be
connected in series with the
= 49 998
galvanometer.
= 50 k
To obtain the voltmeter reading Ex.11 (a) RG = 25
up to 50V, 50 k resistor must be i = 0.02 A, I = 5 A
connected in series with the i
r RG
galvanometer. I-i
Ex.10 (a) RG = 20 0.02
i = 5 mA = 5 10 A -3 r 20
(5 0.02)
I =1A
0.02
r 25 0.1004
i 4.98
r RG
I-i
To obtain the ammeter reading up
3
5 10 to 5A, 0.1004 resistor must be
r 20
1 5 10 3 connected in parallel with the
galvanometer. 1.5r=35
r=23.33
V
(b) R R G Potential difference across the first
i
resistor
150
R 25 V=5r=523.33=116.65
0.02
V1 5
R I 2.5 10 4 A
r R V 2 10 4
A For the resistor,
I=5 A
V2=IR
V=Ir
V2 115
R 46 104 V
V=5r -----------(1) I 2.5 104
PP.1 r=23.33
10
R=78
PP.2 V=105 V
V=I(R+r)
R2= 70
V=3.5 (10+r) --------(2)
From equation (1) and (2) PP.3 Reading of voltmeter is 5V.
5 r=3.5 (10+r)
5r=35+3.5r
Basic Units
Derived Units