Protein Synthesis and Mutation

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)
The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis)
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp)
Chemical mutagens
Base pair changers (nitrous acid)
Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil)
Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)
Radiation
X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases
UV light causes knots in DNA strand
Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually
changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.
 Genes in Prokaryotes Are Grouped Together and Regulated Together

Inducible operon of genes (normally off) Repressible operon of genes (normally on)
Used in rainy day gene sets like for Used to regulate genes that are used all the time,
lactose utilization like amino acid making genes
 Mutation: Some Definitions

A heritable change in the genetic material

Mutations may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful
Mutagen: Agent that causes mutations
Spontaneous mutations: Occur in the absence of a
mutagen
Mutation: Base Substitution (Point Mutations)

Glu
(a) Silent mutation
(d) Run-on mutation
 Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression
Steps in Translation of mRNA
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)
The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis)
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp)
Chemical mutagens
Base pair changers (nitrous acid)
Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil)
Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)
Radiation
X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases
UV light causes knots in DNA strand
Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually
changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.
Mutation: Insertions and Deletions

THEBIGCATATETHERAT

THEBIGCBATATETHERAT

Figure 8.17a, d
Summary of Mutation Types

Run-on mutation
Stop codon lost so
protein is extra long

(can also produce

nonsense and run-ons)
 Protein Synthesis and Mutation
Steps in Translation of mRNA
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)
The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis)
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp)
Chemical mutagens
Base pair changers (nitrous acid)
Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil)
Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)
Radiation
X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases
UV light causes knots in DNA strand
Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually
changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.
 Spontaneous and Induced Mutation

Spontaneous mutation rate = 1 in 109 (a billion)

replicated base pairs or 1 in 106 ( a million) replicated
genes. Mistakes occur during DNA Replication just
before cell division. This is natural error rate of DNA
polymerase.

Mutagens increase mistakes to to 105 (100 thousand)

or 103 ( a thousand) per replicated gene
 Chemical Mutagens
Base pair altering chemicals
(base modifiers) deaminators
like nitrous acid,
nitrosoguanidine, or alkylating
agents like cytoxan
cytoxan Nitrous acid

Base analogues mimic

certain bases but pair with
others - E.g. 5-fluorouracil,
cytarabine

Incorporated as a T Acts like a C

cytarabine
 Chemical Frameshift Mutagens Intercalate into DNA

Carboplatin
(anti-cancer drug)
Benzpyrene in
cigarette smoke
Aflatoxin from
Aspergillus fungus
growing on corn

Daunarubicin
(anti-cancer drug)
AT AT
AT GC
GC
GC CG
TA TA TA
GC GC GC
Bleomycin (anti-cancer
drug produced by
CG CG CG Streptomyces)
 Protein Synthesis and Mutation
Steps in Translation of mRNA
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)
The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis)
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp)
Chemical mutagens
Base pair changers (nitrous acid)
Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil)
Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)
Radiation
X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases
UV light causes knots in DNA strand
Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually
changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.
 Mutation: Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma rays, UV light)

causes the formation of ions that can react with
nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone.

Nucleotide excision repairs mutations

X-rays and Gamma Rays Cause Breaks in DNA
 Ionizing Radiation: UV
UV radiation
causes thymine
dimers, which block
replication.

Light-repair
separates thymine
dimers

Sometimes the
repair job
introduces the
wrong nucleotide,
leading to a point
mutation.
Figure 8.20
Mismatch and SOS/Light Repair: Error Prone

RecA
 Protein Synthesis and Mutation
Steps in Translation of mRNA
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)
Point mutation (base substitutions)
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation (premature stop)
Silent mutation
Insertions/deletions
Frameshift mutation
Dramatic change in amino acids
Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)
The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis)
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp)
Chemical mutagens
Base pair changers (nitrous acid)
Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil)
Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)
Radiation
X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases
UV light causes knots in DNA strand
Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually
changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.