Sample problems

Discuss only the steps to be followed for selection skin thickness

number stringers on the tension and compression side of Wing

Calculate the stringers number and skin thickness required for the
fuselage section having diameter of 120 cm with the maximum bending
moment under design conditions equal to (Limit Load) 15x106N.m.
Assuming that the frame spacing to be taken is 59 cm. The bending
moment produces compression on lower half of fuselage cross-section
and tension over the upper half of the fuselage Cross-Section.
Use the following information

Consider Z-section stringers of the following size (selected from the

standard sections available):

A str= 0.7097sq.cm I str =0.7326 cm4 Compression side

A str= 0.0852sq.cm I str =0.1456 cm4 Tension side

The material chosen is 24ST aluminum alloy with

E=7x106 N/cm2. ultimate stress = 41000 N/cm2

Find out The R.F. for the upper and lower stringer using the following
a i 29.06cm 2 a z i i 291.37cm 3

a z i
2
i 41755.2cm 4

Limit load
Bending moment =10x105 Nm Torque =1.333x105 Nm shear force=
5
2x10 N
Ultimate tensile stress =440 MPa Shear stress=250 MPa Young's
modulus=72000 MPa
Wing chord=3.5 m
Front spar @15% of the chord from leading edge
Rear spar @ 70% of the chord from leading edge
The NACA 2412 (Stations and ordinates) given in per cent of airfoil chord)
X % Chord 0 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Y % Chord
... 5.63 6.61 7.26 7.67 7.88 7.8 7.24 6.36 5.18 3.75 2.08 ----
Upper
Y% Chord
0 -3.75 -4.1 -4.23 -4.22 -4.12 -3.8 -3.34 -2.76 -2.14 -1.5 -0.82 0
Lower
a) For above wing find out, the wing skin thickness ,number of stringers
assuming stringer spacing 15 cm, and, spar flanges area and
b) For above wing find out rib thickness and rib flange width for chord
wise load distribution is 82000N/m

a. Define proof and ultimate stress. What is the usual proof and ultimate
factors used for military and civil aircraft?
b. Explain why
The spar flange of wing are designed for bending moment

The spar webs are design for shear force

c. Discuss with necessary details the procedure for selection skin

thickness, number of stringer and their distribution over periphery of
fuselage section with diameter Df Design bending moment M and frame
spacing

d. Discuss with necessary details the procedure for selection skin

thickness, number of stringer and their distribution over side-line of
fuselage section with diameter Df Design bending moment M and frame
spacing l.

e. What is the function of skin?

a) Discuss assumption and steps to be followed for design spar webs.

b) For the Aircraft Wing Under design the estimated moments of inertia
INA =18000 cm4,and applied limit loads, Bending Moment =
1.39x108 N.cm and Torque =3.3x106 N cm,
Where Maximum distance of Stringer from neutral axis = 15 cm,
Rib spacing =60cm, width of wing box=160 cm , skin thickness
=1mm, average height =29 cm, Youngs modulus of Elasticity
=7.1x106 N/cm2, moment of inertia of stringer section =0.6 cm4 and
its area of cross section =0.99 cm2,

Find out reserve factor for stringer and skin due to bending stress only.
Give your comments
Some usefully empirical formulas
E
w 0.85 t

 0.9kE
cr r K 56
.
38
.
b t 2 a b 2
a length b width

2

2

max 2 max 2
2 2 2

a) [Using the appropriate thin wall torsion theory determine the minimum wall
thickness t in mm required to satisfy a maximum shear allowance of
|max|=50MPa if limit Torque =7400 Nm .

b) The bar shown is subjected to two vertical loads, F1 and F2 , of 13440 N.

each. The design factor is 4 based on the ultimate strength; h 3b and t=b/4.
Determine the dimensions h , b and t if the bar is made of Aluminum
alloy7175-T5
Fsu=275 MPa Ftu =413 MPa Fcy= 351 MPa
Fty=344 MPa

c) A solid circular shaft subjected to torque has 40 mm diameter is to be

replaced by a hollow circular tube made of the same material. The outside
diameter of the hollow tube is limited to 60 mm. Find: (a) the thickness of
the hollow tube if both