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Review Article
Characteristics of Hemorrhagic Stroke following
Spine and Joint Surgeries
Correspondence should be addressed to Jianning Zhao; zhaojianning1957@163.com and Haidong Xu; xuhaidong1980@163.com
Received 18 October 2016; Revised 29 November 2016; Accepted 14 December 2016; Published 10 January 2017
Copyright 2017 Fei Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Hemorrhagic stroke can occur after spine and joint surgeries such as laminectomy, lumbar spinal fusion, tumor resection, and total
joint arthroplasty. Although this kind of stroke rarely happens, it may cause severe consequences and high mortality rates. Typical
clinical symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke after spine and joint surgeries include headache, vomiting, consciousness disturbance,
and mental disorders. It can happen several hours after surgeries. Most bleeding sites are located in cerebellar hemisphere and
temporal lobe. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage caused by surgeries may be the key to intracranial hemorrhages happening.
Early diagnosis and treatments are very important for patients to prevent the further progression of intracranial hemorrhages.
Several patients need a hematoma evacuation and their prognosis is not optimistic.
options of hemorrhagic stroke after spine and joint surgeries. 3.2. Risk Factors. The risk factors of a common stroke include
(2) Study assumptions and research methods are similar. (3) dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and
The patients diagnosis is clear. The exclusion criteria includes obesity. These risk factors also exist in patients after spine
repeated reports, incomplete data, and study defect. After and joint surgeries [13]. For patients after spine surgeries,
filtering these articles by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, hypertension and coagulopathy are considered as main risks
finally, 25 articles are included into this review. of hemorrhagic stroke [14]. And low intracranial pressure
(ICP) may contribute to intracranial hemorrhages especially
subdural hemorrhages [15]. Other important risks include
3. Results ages of patients and experience of surgeons, and these risks
3.1. Clinical Status. Postoperative intracranial hemorrhages are doubled if a patient once had an experience of a disc
may happen after spinal surgery in different places in the surgery [16]. For patients after joint surgeries, the main risks
brain, such as the epidural or subdural space and the include diabetes mellitus, cardiac diseases, renal diseases, and
supratentorial or cerebellar parenchyma. Although it is a rare pulmonary circulation disorders. A history of stroke is not
risk factor for contributing to stroke after joint surgeries [11].
complication, it can be related to permanent serious disability
There is also a higher incidence of first-ever stroke for patients
[4]. Chadduck reported the first case of remote cerebellar
who are over 65 years old after hip replacement surgeries,
hemorrhage (RCH) of a patient who had undergone a
and the incidence rate of ischemic stroke is nearly five times
cervical laminectomy in the sitting position. The clinical than that of hemorrhagic stroke [17]. It is worth mentioning
manifestations of this patient included headache, cerebellar that adiposity-associated risks of women are much greater for
neurological disorders, and altered level of consciousness [3]. ischemic stroke than for hemorrhagic stroke [18].
After that Mikawa reported the second case: a patient became
comatose almost 16 hours after cervical durotomy and revi-
sion C1-C2 fusion, as the cerebellar hemorrhage occurred 3.3. Pathologic Mechanisms. The exact pathophysiology of
within the first 10 hours after the surgery. From the first case intracranial hemorrhages after spine surgeries is still contro-
reported to the present, there are 44 published cases of remote versial. However almost all of the theories are associated with
hemorrhage reported after spinal surgery. Among these, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage which leads to intracranial
hypotension [19]. And dura mater tears which can cause
there are 11 cases undergoing cervical laminectomy, 19 cases
CSF leakage are the most common complications in a
undergoing lumbar laminectomy, 10 cases undergoing lum-
spine surgery [20]. One of these theories for hemorrhagic
bar spinal fusion, 3 cases undergoing tumor resection, and
stroke after CSF leakage suggests that a downward cerebellar
1 case undergoing Harington rod placement [510]. In these
displacement may happen following with the CSF leakage
cases, most patients had clinical manifestations of headache,
and intracranial hypotension. And the downward cerebellar
vomiting, consciousness disturbance, and mental disorders,
displacement can lead to the stretching and tearing of cerebral
and the CT scan of these patients showed subarachnoid
venous system which finally causes hemorrhagic stroke [21].
hemorrhage or hemorrhage of the brain parenchyma. Most
Another theory believes that the pressure in brain vessels
patients can recover after active treatment and rehabilitation
increases after CSF leakage and ruptures the vessels [22].
exercise among these cases; however there are also some
There are few studies on the pathophysiology of intracranial
patients becoming disabled and even dead (Table 1). In order
hemorrhages after joint surgeries because of its low occur-
to verify whether spine surgery is associated with stroke, Jau-
rence. So the pathophysiology of intracranial hemorrhages
Ching Wu conducted a cohort study in Taiwan. In this study,
after joint surgeries is not very clear now. With more research
a Taiwan-wide cohort of 1 million people from 2000 to 2005
conducted and more cases reported, the pathophysiology will
was divided into the lumbar spinal fusion group and they
be revealed finally.
were followed up for 3 years for stroke. The result shows
that patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion do not have a
higher incidence rate of stroke. And the author admits that 3.4. Prevention Strategies. According to the currently known
the result of this study is not convincing enough because risk factors, some prevention strategies can be implemented
of the database limits. So it is still unclear whether spine to prevent patients from hemorrhagic strokes after spine
surgery and stroke are related. Hemorrhagic stroke is also and joint surgeries. Firstly, blood pressure control must be
a disastrous complication after joint surgeries such as total performed throughout the perioperative period especially for
joint arthroplasty (TJA). Rasouli et al. made a database review those patients with hypertension, because hypertension not
which covered a total of 1,762,496 patients after TJA from only increases the risk of surgery but also increases the inci-
2002 to 2011. After doing a population-based trend analysis, dence of postoperative complications. Secondly, the operator
they found that the incidence rate of all perioperative stroke should try to avoid tearing the dura mater during the spine
after TJA was nearly 0.14%. And among these perioperative surgery. Once a CSF leakage happens, intracranial pressure
strokes, 20.55% of cases were hemorrhagic stroke. The in- monitor will be useful to evaluate the risk of hemorrhagic
hospital mortality rate was much higher for TJA patients stroke. And some measures such as dural repair should be
with stroke than patients without stroke (9% versus 0.15%) done before hemorrhagic stroke happens. For patients after
[11]. Although the epidemiological studies showed a low tumor resection, wound suction drainage is a double-edged
frequency of perioperative stroke, it is still the leading cause sword. On the one hand it can reduce intracranial edema,
of disability and death for patients after joint surgeries [12]. but on the other hand it causes CSF leakage and increases
Table 1: Clinical status of hemorrhagic stroke after different types of spine surgeries.
Brain parenchyma
Surgery types Clinical manifestations CT appearance Treatments Results Total case
BioMed Research International
hemorrhage location
4 cases locate unilateral
8 cases under conservative 9 cases completely recover
10 cases have a serious 3 cases show subarachnoid cerebellar hemisphere, 3
treatments, 2 cases under with no neurologic defect, 1
Cervical headache, 1 case has hemorrhage, and 8 cases cases locate unilateral
dural tear repairing, and 1 case recovers with lower 11
laminectomy aphasia, and 2 cases have show brain parenchyma temporal lobe, and 1 case
case under decompressive limbs spasticity, and 1 case
limb motor dysfunction hemorrhage locates bilateral cerebellar
craniectomy died
hemisphere
8 cases locate unilateral 11 cases under conservative
17 cases have headache and
4 cases show subarachnoid cerebellar hemisphere, 2 treatments, 4 cases under 15 cases completely recover
nausea, 6 cases have
hemorrhage, 12 cases show cases locate cerebellar dural tear repairing, 2 cases with no neurologic defect, 2
Lumbar consciousness disturbance,
brain parenchyma vermis, 1 case locates right under hemorrhage cases died, 1 case has left 19
laminectomy 3 cases have limb motor
hemorrhage, and 1 case temporal lobe, and 1 case evacuation, and 2 cases foot drop and diplopia, and
dysfunction, and 1 has gait
shows both of them locates parietooccipital under decompressive 1 case has cognitive deficit
ataxia
lobes craniectomy
All cases have headache 6 cases locate unilateral
1 case shows subarachnoid 7 cases under conservative
and nausea, 2 cases have cerebellar hemisphere, 1 8 cases completely recover
hemorrhage, and 7 cases treatments, 2 cases under
Lumbar spinal dysarthria, 1 case has a case locates bilateral with no neurologic defect, 1
show brain parenchyma dural tear repairing, and 1 10
fusion speech deficit, and 1 case cerebellar hemisphere, and case has speech deficit, and
hemorrhage, and 2 cases case under hematoma
has consciousness 2 cases locate unilateral 1 case died
show both of them evacuation
disturbance occipital lobe
2 cases show cerebellar 2 cases locate unilateral
All cases have headache,
hemorrhage, and 1 case cerebellar hemisphere, and All cases under 2 cases completely recover,
Tumor resection and 1 has dizziness and 3
shows cerebral hemisphere 1 case locates left conservative treatments and 1 case has a slight ataxia
vomiting
hemorrhage temporooccipital cortex
Right cerebellar
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Harington rod hemispheres, right
Headache and vomiting and cerebellum Suboccipital craniotomy Completely recovered 1
placement ventricle, and subarachnoid
hemorrhage
spaces
3
4 BioMed Research International
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