HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM

-USING RFID TECHNOLOGY

R.Ratna Sagar, N.T.S.Naga Raju
Department Of Electrical And Electronic Engineering,
Andhra Loyola Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Vijayawada, Krishna(district),
Andhra Pradesh
ratnasagar@rocketmail.com, nts.nts.2160009@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Now-a-days the heart failure as a cause of
death has become a major concern .The majority
of the deaths caused by heart failures is due to the
lack of timely and quick medical assistance. This
paper aims to introduce a wholly new frontier,
which is wireless enabled and uses RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification) technology wherein a
victim’s actual location is continually transmitted
to provide valuable medical services. The RFID
passive Tags collects information regarding body-
function and transmits it wirelessly
integrated ground station via antenna and the
location of the individual will also be tracked using
GPS (Global positioning system). Both sets of data,
medical information and location will then be
wirelessly transmitted to the ground station and
made available to save lives by
monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk
patients and providing emergency rescue units
with the person's exact location. It also discusses
the Algorithm for converting the Analog pulse to
Binary data in the tag and the Algorithm for
1. INTRODUCTION
It is tough to declare convincingly what
is the most important organ of our body. Infact
every organ has its own importance contributing
and coordinating superbly to keep the wonderful
machine the human body functioning smoothly.
And one of the primary organs which the body
cannot do without is the heart, 72 beats a minute
or over a trillion in a lifetime.
The pump house of our body pumping
to an
the blood to every corner of our body every
moment, thus sending oxygen and nutrients to
each and every cell. Over a period of time, the
heart muscles go weak, the arteries get blocked
and sometimes because of a shock a part of the
remotely heart stops functioning resulting in what is called
a HEART ATTACK. Heart attack is a major
cause of death and in today’s tension full world
it has become very common.
Presently there is no mechanism by

Alerting the Location & Tracking Station. which a device monitors a person’s heart 24
hours a day, 7 days a week and gives him instant
protection in case of problem. Our primary focus
is on people with a history of heart problem as
they are more prone to death due to heart failure.
In the 1970s, a group of scientists at the
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) realized
that a handheld receiver stimulated by RF power
could send back a coded radio signal. Such a
system could be connected to a simple computer
and used to control access to a secure facility.
This system ultimately became one of the first
building entry systems based on the first
commercial use of RFID.
RFID or Radio Frequency identification
is a technology that enables the tracking or
identification of objects using IC based tags with
an RF circuit and antenna, and RF readers that
"read" and in some case modify the information
stored in the IC memory. RFID is an automated
data-capture technology that can be used to
electronically identify, track, and store
information about groups of products, individual
items, or product components. The technology
consists of three key pieces:
• RFID tags;
• RFID readers;
• A data collection and management system.
1.1 RFID TAGS:
RFID tags are small or miniaturized
computer chips programmed with information
about a product or with a number that
corresponds to information that is stored in a
database. The tags can be located inside or on the
surface of the product, item, or packing material
The RF tags could be divided in two major
groups:
• Passive, where the power to energize the
tag’s circuitry is draw from the reader
generated field.
• Active, in this case the tag has an
internal power source, in general a
battery that could be replaceable or not,
in some case this feature limited the tag
lifetime, but for some applications this is
not important, or the tag is designed to
live more than the typical time needed.
1.2 RFID READERS:
RFID readers are querying systems that
interrogate or send signals to the tags and receive
the responses. These responses can be stored
within the reader for later transfer to a data
collection system or instantaneously transferred
to the data collection system. Like the tags
themselves, RFID readers come in many sizes.
RFID readers are usually on, continually
transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags
that enter their field of operation. However, for
some applications, this is unnecessary and could
be undesirable in battery-powered devices that
need to conserve energy. Thus, it is possible to
configure an RFID reader so that it sends the
radio pulse only in response to an external event.
For example, most electronic toll collection
systems have the reader constantly powered
upon that every passing car will be recorded. The
smallest readers are the size of a postage stamp
and are designed to be embedded in mobile
telephones.

2. GENERAL MODEL FOR HEART FAILURE ALERT SYSTEM

Reader is placed into the Cellular Phone. The

RFID Reader sends a Command to the RFID Tag
which in turn sends these Voltage pulses in the
2.1 The Heart Failure Alert System consists
of:

• RFID Tag (Implanted into Human

body).
• RFID Reader (Placed in a Cellular
Phone).
• Global Positioning Satellite System.
Form of bits using the Embedded Software in the
Tag as Response which is a continuous process.
These bit sequence is then sent to Software
Program in the Cellular Phone as input and

• Locating & Tracking Station.
• Mobile Rescue Units.
The grain-sized RFID Tag is implanted into the
human body, which keeps track of the heart
pulse in the form of Voltage levels. A RFID
checks for the Condition of Heart Failure. If any
sign of Failure is sensed then immediately an
ALERT Signal will be generated and in turn
results in the AUTODIALING to the Locating &
Tracking Station. This station with the use of
GPS System comes to know the Whereabouts of
the Victim. The Locating & Tracking Station data, such as pulse and do not require line of
also simultaneously alerts the Rescue Units. sight. These tags are capable of identifying the
Heart pulses in the form of Voltage levels and
converts into a bit sequence. The first step in
A-D Conversion is Pulse Amplitude
Modulation(PAM).This takes an Analog signal,
3. WORKING OF IMPLANTED
samples it and generates a sequence of pulses
RFID TAGS
based on the results of the Sampling(measuring
Passive RFID systems typically couple the
the Amplitude at equal intervals) PCM(Pulse
transmitter to the receiver with either load
Code Modulation) quantizes PAM Pulses.ie the
modulation or backscatter, depending on whether
method of assigning integral values in a specific
the tags are operating in the near or far field of
range to sampled instances. The binary encoding
the reader, respectively. In the near field, a tag
of these integral values is done based on the
couples with a reader via electromagnetic
Algorithm BIN_ENC depending on the
inductance. The antennas of both the reader and
Average Heart pulse voltage of the Victim
the tag are formed as coils, using many turns of
(Avg_pulse).
small gauge wire. The reader communicates with
the tag by modulating a carrier wave, which it
does by varying the amplitude, phase, or
frequency of the carrier, depending on the design
3.1 Alg BIN_ENC:
of the RFID system in question. The tag
Step1: Read the Analog Signals from the
communicates with the reader by varying how
Heart.
much it loads its antenna. This in turn affects the
Step2: Sample the Analog Signal and
voltage across the reader’s antenna. By
generate series of pulses based on the
switching the load on and off rapidly, the tag can
Results of Sampling based on the Tag
establish its own carrier frequency (really a sub
Frequency.
carrier) that the tag can in turn modulate to
Step3: Assign Integral Values to each
communicate its reply.
Sampled Instances generated.
Step4: Consider every Individual Sampled
Unit and Compare with the Average Voltage
Level of the Heart.
Step5: If the Sampled Instance Value is in
between the avg_pulse Values
Fig: Grain sized RFID Tag Then Assign BIT=0
RFID Tags are smaller than a grain of rice and Otherwise Assign BIT=1
equipped with a tiny antenna will capture and
wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function
 Step6: Generate the bit sequence by
considering all the generated Individual
Sample Instances.
Fig: Analog-Binary Digit Conversion
in Tags
4. WORKING OF RFID READER
INSIDE CELLULAR PHONE
The RFID reader sends a pulse of radio energy to
the tag and listens for the Tag’s response. The
tag detects this energy and sends back a response
that contains the tag’s serial number and possibly
other information as well. In simple RFID
systems, the reader’s pulse of energy functioned
as an on-off switch; in more sophisticated
systems, the reader’s RF signal can contain
commands to the tag, instructions to read or
write memory that the tag contains. Historically,
RFID readers were designed to read only a
particular kind of tag, RFID readers are usually
on, continually transmitting radio energy and
awaiting any tags that enter their field of
operation.
Fig: RFID Reader in cellular phone.
The Reader continuously sends the Command to
the tags and in turn receives the Voltage levels in
the form of bit sequence as Response from the
tags with the help of the BIN_ENC algorithm.
The reader sends the received Bit Sequence to
software embedded in the cellular phone; In case
of detection of a weak heart pulse this software
automatically alerts the Tracking & Location
station. The software uses the Algorithm
ALERT.
4.1 Alg ALERT:
Step 1: Read the bit sequence from the Reader.
Step 2: Count for the no of bit zeros in the data
using a counter.
Step 3: If you encounter a bit one, then set
counter to zero.
Step 4: If the counter is equal to five then go to
Step 5 else go to Step 1.
Step 5: Send alert to the nearest Locating &
Tracking Station.
 STAGE 2:
5. STAGES IN HEART FAILURE
ALERT SYSTEM:

STAGE 1:

The bits obtained are sent to the ALERT()

program to check whether the bit is ’BIT 0’ or
’BIT 1’.If a ‘BIT 0’ is encountered, the counter
is incremented and again it checks for the next
bit. If a ‘BIT 1’is encountered then counter is set
to zero and it again checks for the next bit. If

The Tag continuously senses the Heart Pulses, counter=5 then it alerts the Locating & Tracking

when the Reader sends a Command it sends the Station.

output of the BIN_ENC () as the Response to the

Reader. /*Module for checking the Weak Pulse */
ALERT ()
{

/*Module for the Conversion of Analog if (bit==0)

Signals to Binary digits*/ { counter++; }

BIN_ENC () else

{ {counter=0 ;}

Scanf (“The Value of the generated Sample if(counter==5)

%f”, Value); {

If (+Avg_pulse<Value<-Ang_pulse) printf(“ Report ‘Weak Pulse Detected’

{Bit=0 ;} to Locating & Tracking System”);

else if (Value>+Avg_pulse || Value<- counter=0;

Avg_pulse) }

{Bit=1 ;} }

}
STAGE 3:
6. CONCLUSION:
This new technology will open up a
new era in the field of Biomedical
Engineering .The only drawback of this
technology is that, It doesn’t give the promise of
saving every person who is implanted with the
tag and using this technology. In the near future
we would like to extend the technology so that
every customer who is implanted with the tags
and those who have been using the technology
will be saved. The Worlds first GSM phone

A Special ALERT message is sent to the (NOKIA 5140)offering with RFID reading

Locating & Tracking System through the capability has already come into the market, In

Cellular Phone by making use of features like the near future the rfid readers would come into

AutoMessaging, Autodialling which will be the wrist watches, which would be handy than

provided by the Cellular Network Service the cellular phones. This new technology would

Provider. Then the Locating & Tracking Station probably become cheaper in the future. In the

simultaneously sends an ALERT to the Mobile near future we hope this new technology would

Rescue Unit and sends a request to GPS System probably reduce the deaths due to heart failures.

for the proper location of the RFID Reader (or

the Cellular Phone).The Locating & Tracking
Station sends an simultaneous ALERT to both
the GPS System & Mobile Rescue Unit in order
to alert the Rescue team in the Mobile Rescue
Unit to indicate a possible Heart Failure within
the radius of the Unit. The GPS System mean-
while tracks the exact location of the Victim and
it guides the Mobile Rescue Unit to the
destination in time and provides immediate Fig: Nokia 5140 Handset offering
medical assistance to the Victim.
RIFD Reader
7. WEB REFERENCES:
1.”Identity chip planted under the skin approved
for use in Health care”.
URL: http://www.spychips.com
2.”RFID Tags and RFID Chips”
URL: http://www.rfidjournal.com
3.”Latest Updates on RFID”
URL: http://www.rfidnews.com
4. "Fundamentals and Applications in Contact
less Smart Cards and Identification"
URL:http://www.rfid-handbook.de/index.html
5.”Annual review of Bio-medical Engineering:”
URL: http://www.ide.com
6.”Injectable Electronic Identification,
Monitoring and Simulating Systems”
URL: http://www.in-stat.com
7.”Changing the world for less than the price of a
cup of a coffee”
URL: http://www.line56.com
8. www.siliconchip.com.au
9. www.wdrg.com/news/currentPR/rfid.html
10. www.digitalangel.net