TheNegativeBranchImpedanceinthe

TransformerSequenceCircuitModel

ElmoPrice Krzysztof Kulasek GaryKobet

ABBInc. ABBInc. TennesseeValleyAuthority
 Introduction
H3 Y3

X3
IY0 ZH0 (+/-) ZX0
Y1
Y2 * H0 X0
IN
N H1
C S X
* IY0 ZY0
IC0 X1 X
* PolarizingCurrent
X2 N

H2
(a)Autotransformerwithdeltatertiary (b)Zerosequencecircuit

Commonassumption:IN andIY0 donotchangedirectionsfor

faultsoneithersideofthetransformer,thereforeagood
polarizingquantity
Currentreversalsoccurduetoaverysmallornegativelow
voltage(X)sidebranchimpedance
 Introduction
Aspectsoftransformerdesignthataffectthe
positiveandzerosequenceTbranch
impedancemodel
ThedevelopmentandeffectoftheTbranch
modelonpolarizingcurrentreversal.
Asurveyautotransformerapplicationsfrom
twoutilities
Discussmitigation
Makerecommendations
LeakageImpedance
 ParametersAffecting
LeakageImpedance
N * I DH DX t H t X
Z HX 2.48 *10 6 * f * * *( d HX ) * K R [%]
e * hW 2 3
t H t X d HX
KR 1
* hW
WindingPlacementaffects
onLeakageImpedance
ImpedanceTesting

SinglePhaseTesting
TBranchModel

2
 ThreephaseAutotransformer
PositiveSequenceImpedanceTesting

ZHX1 ZHY1
 ThreephaseAutotransformer
ZeroSequenceImpedanceTesting

ZHX0 ZHY0
 EffectofCoreTypeon
ZeroSequenceImpedance
 EffectofCoreTypeon
ZeroSequenceImpedance
PhantomTertiary
 EffectofCoreTypeon
ZeroSequenceImpedance
 TBranchModel

ZY0 mayvary0.5to1.0times
positivesequencemeasurement
RefertoIEEEStandard
C57.12.90 2010forzero
sequenceimpedancetesting
 ImpedancesforDifferent
WindingArrangements
WindingConfiguration PositiveSequence PositiveSequence
Impedance Impedance
H X H Y X Y H X Y
1 CoreTVLVHV 10.6 29.0 14.4 12.6 2.00 16.4
2 CoreLVTVHV 10.2 8.4 11.4 3.6 6.6 4.8
3 CoreLVHVTV 10.4 39.7 70.3 10.1 20.5 49.8
Allimpedancesarein%on0.6*280MVAbaseatratedwindingvoltage.ZBase =kV2/MVA,
ZW =ZBase xZ%/100,HVR regulatingwinding

280MVAAutotransformer
ZeroSequenceCurrentsforSingleG
GroundFaultonHVandLV
SCCase Winding HV(kA) LV(kA) TV(kA)
Configuration Line Series Line Common Line Winding
winding winding

1 fault 1 1.558 1.558 3.734 2.176 0.00 0.24

on HV
2 2.804 2.804 2.42 0.384 0.00 11.93
3 3.51 3.51 5.69 2.183 0.00 7.271

1 fault 1 1.82 1.82 7.69 5.87 0.00 9.844

on LV
2 1.132 1.132 4.957 3.826 0.00 6.625
3 2.64 2.64 5.01 2.365 0.00 3.53

280MVAAutotransformer
 Determiningk0

Perunit
Current

ZeroSequenceTBranchModel
RelativeAmpsinThreeWinding
YYDTransformers

Autotransformer Conventional
ApplicationCriteriaforPolarization

HighSideFault LowSideFault

Delta 1 1

Neutral / /
 FieldApplicationStudy
UtilityA UtilityB Both

Totalunitsinsurvey 57 28 85

#(%)withnegativehighsidebranch
0 0 0
impedance

# (%) with negative low side branch 42 17 60

impedance (72%) (61%) (71%)
# (%)notsuitablefortertiarycurrent
1(2%) 0 1(1%)
polarization,k0>1
#(%)notsuitableforneutralcurrent 38 10 48
polarization,k0 >VX/VH (67%) (36%) (56%)
Summaryofautotransformerapplicationdata
 FieldApplicationStudy
Autotransformersaredesigned,unlessotherwisespecified,
withtheirwindingconfigurationbuildfromcoresuchthat
negativelowvoltagebranchimpedanceisrathercommon
occurringin71%ofthecasesstudied.
Thenegativeimpedancesaregenerallysmallenoughsuch
thatthelowvoltagesourceimpedanceovercomesthe
effectofthetransformersnegativelowvoltagebranch
impedancemakingtheuseofthedeltatertiarysuitablefor
99%ofthecasesstudied.
Thetransformersneutralcurrentisnotsuitableasa
polarizingsource in56%ofthecases.
Thesenumberswillvarywithtransformerdesignand
likewisefromutilitytoutilitythatusethem
 FieldApplicationStudy
UtilityA
Mostapplicationsinvolving
newertechnologyusedvoltage
polarizing
Tertiarycurrentpolarizingwas
usedmostlyforlegacyproducts
whereavailable
Neutralcurrentpolarizingwas
notused
UtilityB
Mostapplicationsinvolving
newertechnologyusedvoltage
polarizing
Tertiarycurrentpolarizingwas
usedwheredualpolarization
(usingbothvoltageandcurrent)
wasdesired.
Polarizingcurrentderivedfrom
highandlowvoltagelinect
connectionswasusedinone
application.
Neutralcurrentpolarizingwas
usedinsomecaseswheretertiary
currentwasnotavailableand
therewerenoapplicationissues.
 Mitigation
AlternativetoNeutralCurrentPolarization
Usedeltatertiarypolarizationcurrentifctsareavailable.

BuriedorNonloadedTertiary LoadedTertiary
 Mitigation
AlternativetoNeutralCurrentPolarization
Useequivalentdeltatertiarypolarizationcurrentifdeltacts
arenotavailable.

NeutralandLowSideCts HighandLowSideCts
 Mitigation TransformerDesign
Deltatertiarycurrentreversalis
eliminatedbyavariednumberof
designschangingtherelative
impedancebetweenwindings.
Example:placingthetertiary
betweentheseriesandcommon
windings.
Effectsontransformersfirstand
operatingcostsareconsidered.
Specifiedbysomeutilities
Neutralcurrentmaystillreverse
asitisdependentonVX/VH ratio
forhighsidefault
 Mitigation
[Compensated]PolarizingVoltage
ZeroandNegativesequencevoltagesarefarmore
reliablepolarizationmethodsifsensitivityisnotan
issue.
Thisisparticularlytrueinapplicationswheremutual
couplingaffectsthereliabilityofbothzerosequence
voltageandcurrentpolarizationmethodsandnegative
sequencevoltagepolarizationneedstobeused.
Microprocessortechnologymethodshavebeen
developedthatreliablycompensatezeroandnegative
sequencepolarizingvoltageswiththerespectiveline
zeroornegativesequencecurrenttoaddress
sensitivityissues
 Mitigation
[Compensated]PolarizingVoltage
Zerosequencevoltagecompensatedwithzerosequencecurrent
 Conclusions
Voltagepolarizationandimpedancecompensatedvoltage
polarizationarerecommendedasfirstchoices.
Reliablepolarizationcurrentcangenerallybeobtainedfromthe
deltatertiarywinding.
Thereareafewexceptionswherezerosequencesource
impedanceisverysmallanddoesnotallowitsuse.
Schemesinvolvingtheneutralandlinectsareavailabletoprovide
aproportionalquantitywhentertiarywindingsarenotprovided
withcts.
Eachapplicationshouldbereviewedwithsystemchanges.
Polarizationcurrentfromtheneutralctisnotgenerallyreliable
and,therefore,notrecommendedwherealternativesare
available.
Usingtheneutralctconnectedtolinectswithanauxiliary
transformermayverywellbesuitable(above).
 Conclusions
Accuratezerosequencetestingisdesiredfor
developmentoftheTbranchmodel.
Differentwindingconfigurationscaneliminate
thenegativeimpedance.
Thepossibleextracosts,firstandevaluated,
shouldbeconsidered
Differentwindingconfigurationscanmovethe
negativeimpedancetothehighvoltageside.
PossiblefortransformerswithhighVH/VX turns
ratios(e.g.345/34.5kV).