Pagaruyung Kingdom

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Malayapura
Pagaruyuang
13471833
Vertical tricolour (L to R black, red, yellow)
Marawa Minangkabau
Royal seal[1]
Royal seal[1]

Central Territorial of Pagaruyung now in West Sumatra Province of Indonesia (green

area)

Capital Pagaruyung, Sumatra

Languages Sanskrit, Minang, and Melayu
Religion Buddhism (First Era), Animism, Sunni Islam (Last Era)
Government Monarchy
Maharaja Diraja
1347-1375
(First King) Adityawarman
1789-1833
Last King) Sultan Tangkal Alam
History
Established 1347
Padri War 1833
Preceded by Succeeded by
Dharmasraya
Dutch East Indies
Today part of Indonesia
Part of a series on the
History of Indonesia
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v t e
Pagaruyung (also Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura)[2] was
the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra,[3] though little is known
about it. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar
regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia.

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Beginnings
1.2 Padri War
2 Notes
3 Sources
History[edit]

Adityawarman statue in the National Museum of Indonesia

Beginnings[edit]
Adityawarman is believed to have founded the kingdom and presided over the central
Sumatra region between 1347 and 1375,[4] most likely to control the local gold
trade. The few artefacts recovered from Adityawarmans reign include a number of
stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at
Bukit Gombak, a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was
located there.

There is a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between
the last date of Adityawarmans inscription in 1375 and Tom Pires Suma Oriental,
[5] written some time between 1513 and 1515.

By the 16th century, the time of the next report
royal power had been split into three recognised
of the World (Raja Alam), the King of Adat (Raja
(Raja Ibadat). Collectively they were called the
Tigo Selo).
after the reign of Adityawarman,
reigning kings. They were the King
Adat), and the King of Religion
Kings of the Three Seats (Rajo

The first European to enter the region was Thomas Dias, a Portuguese employed by
the Dutch governor of Malacca.[6] He travelled from the east coast to reach the
region in 1684 and reported, probably from hearsay, that there was a palace at
Pagaruyung and that visitors had to go through three gates to enter it.[7] The
primary local occupations at the time were gold panning and agriculture, he
reported.

An inscribed stone from Adityawarman's kingdom

Padri War[edit]
Main article Padri War
A civil war started in 1803 with the Padri fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict
with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagarruyung royals. The
original Pagaruyung Palace on Batu Patah Hill was burned down during a riot in
Padri War back in 1804. During the conflict most of the Minangkabau royal family
were killed in 1815, on the orders of Tuanku Lintau.

The British controlled the west coast of Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. Stamford
Raffles visited Pagarruyung in 1818, reaching it from the west coast, and by then
it had been burned to the ground three times. It was rebuilt after the first two
fires, but abandoned after the third, and Raffles found little more than waringin
trees.

The Dutch returned to Padang in May 1819. As a result of a treaty with a number of
penghulu and representatives of the murdered Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces
made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821.

The prestige of Pagaruyung remained high among the Minangkabau communities in the
rantau, and when the members of the court were scattered following a failed
rebellion against the Dutch in 1833, one of the princes was invited to become ruler
in Kuantan.[8]

Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gallop 2002.
Jump up ^ Casparis 1975.
Jump up ^ Bosch 1931.
Jump up ^ Coeds 1968.
Jump up ^ Corteso 1990.
Jump up ^ Ambler 1988.
Jump up ^ Colombijn 2005.
Jump up ^ Anon, (1893), Mededelingen...Kwantan. TBG 36 32542.
Sources[edit]
Ambler, John S. (1988). Historical Perspectives on Sawah Cultivation and the
Political and Economic Context for Irrigation in West Sumatra. Indonesia. Southeast
Asia Program Publications at Cornell University. 46 (46) 3977. JSTOR 3351044.
doi10.23073351044.
Bosch, Frederik David Kan (1930). De rijkssieraden van Pagar Roejoeng (in Dutch).
Batavia Oudheidkundig Verslag (Archaeological Report). pp. 49108.
de Casparis, J. G. (1975). Indonesian palaeography a history of writing in
Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500. Brill. ISBN 978-9004041721.
Coeds, George (1968). Vella, Walter F., ed. The Indianized States of Southeast
Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-
0824803681.
Colombijn, Free (2005). A Moving History of Middle Sumatra, 16001870. Modern Asian
Studies. 39 (1) 138. doi10.1017S0026749X04001374.
Pires, Tom (1990) [1513]. Corteso, Armando, ed. The Suma Oriental of Tom Pires.
Laurie. ISBN 978-8120605350.