Verbal Symbols Types of Meaning

1. Phonological: sounds
2. Semantic: units
Barriers of Effective Listening
- Homonyms: same sound
- Heteronyms: same spelling 1. Physical: environment common in workplace
- Morphemes: units 2. Psychological: mental and emotional hang-ups;
- Affixes physically present, mentally absent
3. Syntactic: grammar and order of words 3. Physiological: bodily reactions caused by stress sick,
4. Pragmatic: context of the situation tired, hunger impairs listening skills
4. Semantic or Language: different beliefs, knowledge,
Non-Verbal Symbols education, upbringing = different meaning of words
5. Mental Barriers or Lack of Knowledge: no meeting of
1. Chronemics: time minds
2. Proxemics: distance 6. Cultural: misunderstanding caused by different culture
3. Tactile: touch
4. Kinesics: body movement Identifying and Overcoming Listening Barriers
5. Artifacts: objects 1. Internal noise: physiological and psychological
6. Silence 2. External noise: loud sounds, could affect auditory and
7. Paralanguage: stress on the message (sarcasm) visual perception of the message

Five Stages of Listening Listening Strategies by Rebecca Oxford

1. Receiving
2. Understanding
3. Remembering
4. Evaluating
5. Responding
Types of Listening
a. According to the Kind of Attention Given to the Talk
1. Attentive Listening: listen to everything, m-hmm
2. Marginal Listener: biased, should interest the
speaker at the start of the process
3. Selective Listening: getting important information
4. Critical Listening: understand and responsibly
appraise
5. Evaluative Judgement: respond correctly
6. Emphatic Listening: think and feel for the person
7. Appreciative Listening: music, poems, etc.
b. Types of Purposeful Listening
1. Discriminative: distinguish visual stimuli
2. Comprehensive: understand the message
3. Therapeutic: provide someone the opportunity to
talk through a problem
4. Critical: evaluate a message
- Ethos: speakers credibility
- Logos: logical arguments raised
- Pathos: emotional appeal of the argument
proposed
5. Appreciative: for enjoyment
1. Memory strategies: associate names with other names
that one is very familiar with and look for patterns
where a series of numbers is concerned
- Sensory memory: notes whats in the
environment only for a second
- Short-term memory: 15 seconds
- Long-term memory: how long the listener
wants to keep the message; may be returned
when needed again
2. Cognitive strategies: making sense of the
talk/exchanges
- Inferencing from other clues
- Predicting what is to follow
- Getting objective by noting what he is
repeating and what he mentions to support it
- Taking down notes for summary/concept map
3. Compensatory strategies: making up for noise that
interfered with the communication process
- Elaborating what one has said
- Using own personal knowledge and
experiences as support
4. Metacognitive strategies: planning, monitoring,
evaluating
- Advance organization
- Comprehension monitoring
- Auditory monitoring
- Double check monitoring
- Performance evaluation
- Problem identification
5. Affective strategies: keeping down feelings
6. Social strategies: get help from others and use them as
a resource when one meets difficulty in task