PBL 1 REPORT

EXPLOSIONS AND BROMINATOR

GROUP 3

Baghaskara Surendra 1506710922

Muhammad Naufal Fadhila 1506712026

Raisya Afifah 1606862841

Muhammad Ivan Farhan 1606862854

Dian Ratri Cahyani 1606896981

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2016
I. Introduction

The problem states mostly about the elements in periodic table. Every element in the
periodic table have their own unique characteristics. For example, elements in the group
1A are highly reactive when they are not contained. Halogens are, located in group 7A,
fairly reactive due to their seven valence electrons. These lead to understanding the reaction
between those elements with other elements. Counting the reaction of elements requires
stoichiometry.

II. Theories

Periodic Table

There are around 120 known types of atoms or elements. Among those elements, about
9- elements can be found in nature. All matters are made of these elements. As to the rest,
usually those of heavier ones (from Uranium onwards) are no longer exist or are found only
in traces as intermediate decay products alongside with other radioisotopes. All known
elements are systematically arranged in a table called the Periodic Table of the Elements.

They are arranged according to the number of protons in atomic nuclei and grouped
according to their chemical properties. Below is the picture of a periodic table.
Atomic number is the number of proton in the nucleus of an atom. This number is
usually shown as a whole number in the periodic table, as shown above. It also
indicates equal number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Atomic mass is the total number of proton and neutron in an atom. However, since
an element may have several isotopes, the relative mass is more important which
 takes into consideration the natural proportion of isotopes present in nature
compare to the weighted average mass with other elements.
Standard reference of carbon-12, by knowing the relative mass we are able to select
amounts of elements needed for a chemical reaction, and calculate the expected
amount of product yields.
In this periodic table, instead of grouping the elements alphabetically, it is more
sensible that the elements are grouped vertically according to their chemical behavior.
As the periodic table shows, there are a lot of different colors in one table. Each color
represents different matter. The periodic table is organized like a big grid. Each element
is placed in a specific location because of its structure. Each row and column has
specific characteristic.

Periods
Even though they skipped some squares in between, all of the rows read left to
right. Each row is called a period. All of the elements in a period have the same
number of atomic orbitals. For example, every element in the top row (the first
period) has one orbitals for its electrons. As you move down the table, every row
adds an orbital. At this time, there is a maximum of 7 electron orbitals.

Groups
The periodic table also has a special name for its vertical columns, called group.
The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital.
Those outer electrons are also called valance electrons. They are the electrons
involved in chemical bonds with other elements. Every element in the first column
(group 1) has one electron in its outer shell. As you keep counting the columns, it
is just adding up one until the last column. There is exception to the order for
transition elements.

According to their shared physical and chemical properties, the elements can be
classified into the major categories of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.

Properties of an A Group

1. Alkali Metals Group 1A.

The elements in group 1A are called alkali metals.

They belong to the left-hand column in the periodic table.
They are very reactive and must be stored in oil to avoid
contact with air or water. The alkali metals are lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.

The alkali metals exhibit many of the physical

properties common to metals, although their densities are
lower than those of other metals. Alkali metals have one
electron in their outer shell, which is loosely to bound. This
gives them the largest atomic radii of the elements in their
respective periods.
 Their low ionization energizes result in their metallic properties and high
reactivity. An alkali metal can easily lose its valance electron to form the univalent
cation. Alkali metals have low electro negativities. They readily react with nonmetals,
particularly halogens.

The alkali metals have the following properties in common:

- They have low melting and boiling points compared to most other metals.
- Very soft and can be cut easily with a knife.
- Low densities (Li, Na, and K will float on water).
- React quickly with water.
- Hydroxides and oxides dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions.

As you go down the group, the atomic number of the alkali metals increases and
their properties change:
- Melting points decrease
- Densities increase
- Softer
- More reactive

Reaction between alkali metals with water:

All of these metals react vigorously or even explosively with cold water. In each case,
a solution of the metal hydroxide is produced together with hydrogen gas.

2. Halogens Group 7A.

Halogens are a group of elements on the periodic table. It is the only element
group that has elements existing in there of the four main states of matter at room
temperature and pressure (gas, liquid, solid). The word
halogens mean salt-producing), because halogens reacted
with metals produce many important salts.

These reactive nonmetals have seven valence electrons.

As a group, halogens exhibit highly variable physical
properties (solid, liquid, gas). As pure elements, the form
diatomic molecules with atoms joined by nonpolar covalent
bonds (F2, Br2, Cl2, I2).

The chemical properties are more uniform. They have

very high electro negativities. Fluorine has the highest
electronegativity of all elements. The halogens are particularly reactive with the
alkali metals and alkaline earths, forming stable ionic crystals.
 Summary of common properties:
- Melting and boiling point increases down the group
The melting and boiling points increase down the group because of the van der
Waals forces. The size of the molecules increases down the group. This increase
in size means an increase in the strength of the van der Waals forces.
F < Cl < Br < I < At
- Atomic radius increases down the group
The size of the nucleus increases down a group (F < Cl < Br < I < At) because
the numbers of protons and neutrons increase. In addition, more energy levels are
added with each period. This results in a larger orbital, and therefore a longer
atomic radius.
- Ionization energy decreases down the group
If the outer valence electrons are not near the nucleus, it does not take as
much energy to remove them. Therefore, the energy required to pull off the
outermost electron is not as high for the elements at the bottom of the group
since there are more energy levels. Also, the high ionization energy makes the
element appear non-metallic. Iodine and astatine display metallic properties,
so ionization energy decreases down the group (At < I < Br < Cl < F).
- Electronegativity decreases down the group
The number of valence electrons in an atom increases down the group due to the
increase in energy levels at progressively lower levels. The electrons are
progressively further from the nucleus; therefore, the nucleus and the electrons
are not as attracted to each other. An increase in shielding is
observed. Electronegativity therefore decreases down the group (At < I < Br < Cl
< F).
- Electron affinity decreases down the group
Since the atomic size increases down the group, electron affinity generally
decreases (At < I < Br < F < Cl). An electron will not be as attracted to the
nucleus, resulting in a low electron affinity. However, fluorine has a lower
electron affinity than chlorine. This can be explained by the small size of
fluorine, compared to chlorine.
- Reactivity of elements decreases down the group
The reactivities of the halogens decrease down the group ( At < I < Br < Cl <
F). This is due to the fact that atomic radius increases in size with an increase of
electronic energy levels. This lessens the attraction for valence electrons of other
atoms, decreasing reactivity. This decrease also occurs
because electronegativity decreases down a group; therefore, there is less
electron "pulling." In addition, there is a decrease in oxidizing ability down the
group.

Properties of each element:

- Fluorine the most powerful oxidizing agent, spontaneously oxidizes with other
elements, therefore, many substances ignite to contact with it. Most hot metals burn
vigorously in fluorine, however, it is possible to handle fluorine in copper, iron, or
nickel containers because an adhesive film of the fluorine salt passivates their
surfaces.
- Chlorine less active than fluorine but still dangerous. The oxidation reactions
usually require higher temperature. Generally, reacts with compounds that contain
only carbon and hydrogen by adding to multiple bonds or substitution.

- Bromine similar to those of chlorine, although bromine is the weakest oxidizing

agent and its reactivity is less than that of chlorine.

- Iodine the least reactive of the halogens. Weakest oxidizing agent, and the iodide
ion is the most easily oxidized halide ion. Require heat to react with metals. Iodine
reacts only slightly with water.

Reaction of halogens:
Halogens with alkaline earth
The alkaline earth metals react to form hydrated halides. These halides are
ionic except for those involving beryllium (the least metallic of the group).
 Because alkaline earth metals tend to lose electrons and halogen atoms tend to gain
electrons, the chemical reaction between these groups is the following:
M+X2 MX2
Where;
MM represents any metal from Group 2 and
XX represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

Anhydrous calcium chloride has strong affinity for water, absorbing enough to
dissolve its own crystal lattice. It can be produced directly from limestone, or as a
by-product by Solvay Process.

Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships
between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired
quantitative data. In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure,
so stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements. In order to use
stoichiometry to run calculations about chemical reactions, it is important to first
understand the relationships that exist between products and reactants and why
they exist, which require understanding how to balanced reactions.

Balancing
In chemistry, chemical reactions are frequently written as an equation, using
chemical symbols. The reactants are displayed on the left side of the equation and
the products are shown on the right, with the separation of either a single or double
arrow that signifies the direction of the reaction. The significance of single and
double arrow is important when discussing solubility constants, but we will not go
into detail about it in this module. To balance an equation, it is necessary that there
are the same number of atoms on the left side of the equation as the right. One can
do this by raising the coefficients.

Reactants to Products
A chemical equation is like a recipe for a reaction so it displays all the
ingredients or terms of a chemical reaction. It includes the elements, molecules, or
ions in the reactants and in the products as well as their states, and the proportion
for how much of each particle is create relative to one another, through the
stoichiometric coefficient. The following equation demonstrates the typical format
of a chemical equation:

2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

In the above equation, the elements present in the reaction are represented by
their chemical symbols. Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states
that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, every chemical
reaction has the same elements in its reactants and products, though the elements
they are paired up with often change in a reaction. In this reaction, elements on the
left side are the elements present in both reactants, so based on the law of
 conservation of mass, they are also present on the product side of the equations.
Displaying each element is important when using the chemical equation to convert
between elements.

Limiting Reactant

A limiting reactant or limiting reagent is a reactant that is completely used in

the reaction, thus determines when the reaction will stop. From the
reaction stoichiometry, the exact amount of reactant needed to react with another
element can be calculated. If the reactants are not mixed in the correct
stoichiometric proportions (as indicated by the balanced chemical equation), then
one of the reactants will be entirely consumed while another will be left over. The
limiting reagent is the one that is totally consumed; it limits the reaction from
continuing because there is none left to react with the in-excess reactant.

III. Solutions to the Questions

1. Do you have any ideas why there are explosions when alkali metals are
thrown into water? Why it is accused as being a fake when rubidium and
cesium produce explosions when they are thrown into water?
Reaction of A + H2O AOH + H2, with a being alkali,
the difference in activation energy between alkali metals isn't that pronounced
(455-680) which further proves that explosion is most likely exaggerated and
thus accused of being fake.

2. Predict the products you would expect from a reaction between five alkali
metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) with water. Write balanced equations for
each of the reactions considered products yields?
2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2 (gr Li= 2 gram)
nLi= gr/mr = 2/7 = 0.28 grH2O = 0.56 x 18 = 10.08 grams
n2Li = 0.56 grLiOH = grLi + grH2O = 12.08 grams

2Na + 2H2O 2 NaOH + H2

nNa= 2/23 = 0.086 mol grH2O = 0.172 x 18 = 3.096 = 3.1 grams
= 0.086.2 = 0.172 gr NaOH = grNa+ grH2O = 5.2 grams

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
nK=2/39 = 0.051 grH2O = 0.102 x 18 = 1.83 grams
= 0.051.2 = 0.102 mol grKOH = 2+1.83 = 3.05 gram

2Rb + 2H2O 2RbOH + H2

nRb= 2/85.5 = 0.023 grH2O = 0.046 x 18 = 0.828 grams
= 0.023.2 = 0.046 grRbOH= grRb + grH2O = 2+0.828 = 2.82
grams
3. How elements are grouped in the periodic table?
The elements which are in the same group, have the same number of electrons in
the outer orbitals. For example, all elements in group 1A have one electron in its
outer orbitals.

4. Does the reactivity of alkali metals correlate with the size and spectacle of
the resulting explosion when it reacts with water?
It is correlate because how big the explosion is depending on the amount of
energy that has been released.

5. If you have one kilogram of bromine (Br2) in the lab that should be sent to
other place, do you have any idea why bromine should be turned into a
bromide salt by reacting with Mg, Ca, and Sr before you send it?
Being a halogen, bromine atoms are one electron short of a complete outer shell,
which makes them highly reactive, readily bonding with other elements. That is
why pure bromine is so dangerous to handle. Another reason is that Br2 is not
stable. Br2 has -2 ions which need to be neutralized by reacting with elements
that have +2 ions which is the elements from group 2A. For example;
Mg (s) + Br2 (l) MgBr2
Magnesium bromide, in this case, has become neutral, it is safer and more stable.

6. What factors can impact the reactivity of halogen?

Halogens are highly reactive and can gain an electron through reaction with
other elements. On chemical properties, due to their high effective nuclear
charge, halogens are also highly electronegative, that's why it can be harmful for
us. while on physical properties, the temperature of surroundings and the
pressure is what affects

7. Why in the form oh halide, halogen is more stable than as elements?

Elements in the group 7A have 7 electrons in its outer orbitals. In order to
become stable, they need to gain at least 1 electron by combining or reacting
with other elements. The reaction produces salt in which we call it halide. Halide
has 8 electrons in its outer orbitals and does not need any more electrons because
they are stable.

8. How do you compare the chemical property of each element in halogen

family?
Halogens are highly electronegative, electronegativity means the tendency of an
atom to attract electrons to itself. All of the elements electronegativity are can be
compared by using periodic tables, the more up the element, the more higher the
electronegativity.

9. If you have Mg, Ca, and Sr what products obtained as the results from the
reaction with Br2? Write balanced equations for each reaction considered in
this question. What unit of amount related to this balanced chemical
reaction?
 Br2 (l) + Mg (s) MgBr2 (s)
Br2 (l) + Ca (s) CaBr2 (s)
Br2 (l) + Sr (s) SrBr2 (s)

Reaction between Br2 with Mg, Ca, and Sr, yields salt called halide.

10. How do you explain the behavior recorded in the figure, that comes from
reaction of fixed mass of bromine with increasing mass of metals (Mg, Ca,
and Sr)?
Because of its fixed mass, therefore limited, the bromine acts as a limiting
reactant in the metal bromide reaction. The reaction stays constant because the
reaction used up all of the available bromine.

11. Why the mass of metal bromide products is constant at different mass of
metals?
Because the limiting reactant, bromine, reacts with different amount of mass
to form the metal bromide, thus creating different points where they remain
constant.

12. In the labs you have 100g of Mg, 300g of Ca, and 500g of Sr. How much
amount of bromine required to form each metal bromide? If you have to use
up one kilogram of bromine to make only one type of metal bromide, which
of these metals will be the best choice, why?
Firstly, we must know each moles of each substances

Mol of Mg = 100 24
4.17 mol
Mol of Sr = 500 88
5.68 mol
Mol of Ca = 300 40
= 7.5 mol
We can get the amount of bromine required to form metal bromide from its
reaction

Mg (s) + Br (g) MgBr2 (aq)

Before reaction : 4.2 mol x mol -
Change : -4.2 mol -4.2 mol +4.2 mol

After reaction : - - 4.2 mol

x for example is the amount of bromine

x 4.2 mol = 0
x = 4.2 mol

Ca (s) + Br (g) CaBr2 (aq)

Before reaction : 7.5 mol x mol -
Change : -7.5 mol -7.5 mol +7.5 mol

After reaction : - - 7.5 mol

x for example is the amount of bromine
x 7.5 mol = 0
x = 7.5 mol

Sr (s) + Br (g) SrBr2 (aq)

Before reaction : 5.68 mol x mol -
Change : -5.68 mol -5.68 mol +5.68 mol

After reaction : - - 5.68 mol

x for example is the amount of bromine

x 5.68 mol = 0
x = 5.68 mol

Strontium will be the best choice because this metal has the biggest number of
molar mass among the other two metals, which are magnesium and calcium.
From that statement, strontium will produce the biggest amount of metal bromide
because of its molar mass. Mass of metal bromide is mol of the substances X
mass of the substances.
IV. References
- http://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Ele
ments_Organized_by_Block/2_p-
Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Prope
rties
- Chemistry: Principles and Practice Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W.
Ball)
- Chem.libretexts.org
- All images were taken from google images
- Chemistry.about.com
- Chemistry the Central Science 12th edition Theodore L. Brown 2012