Power Improvement Using DVT Report

ABSRACT
Now a day power quality problem has become a major issue to deal with, in order to
maintain quality supply. Modern generation greatly depends on electrical energy for
improving their life style. Modern equipment like computers, electric motors etc. cannot run
without electricity. In order to improve the performance, the equipment demands quality
supply.
The power quality is affected by various factors of the electrical network. Power quality
problems such as voltage and frequency variation, harmonic contents affect the performance
of electrical utility and shorten its life time. Such problem has to be compensated to ensure
the quality supply.
This project describes the effectiveness of using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in order
to mitigate voltage sags and swells in low voltage distribution systems. Dynamic Voltage
Restorer can provide the most cost effective solution to mitigate voltage sags and swells that
is required by customer. The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a rapid, flexible and
resourceful solution to power quality problems. Power quality is closely related issues of
most directly affect nowadays. It can be clear that electrical power quality is the degree of
any deviation from the nominal rate of the voltage magnitude and frequency. Voltage sag is
one of the most significant power quality problems challenging at present time. This paper
discussed modeling of a with PI controller, Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type
Fuzzy Logic using Mat lab/SIMULINK in order to mitigate voltage sag. Then analyze the
performance of DVR in order to solve the problem of voltage sag by installed DVR between
the supply voltage and a sensitive load, DVR has injected the current to the distribution
network during voltage sag.
Consequence showed that PI control was able successfully to overcome the voltage by
93.00, 86.50, and 80.25 percents in single-phase, two-phase and three-phase respectively.
Logic was able successfully to overcome the voltage 98.05, 96.40 and 94.20 percents in
single-phase, two-phase and three-phase respectively. Mamdani-type was able successfully to
overcome the voltage 97.6, 93.3 and 91.60 percents in single-phase, two-phase and three-
phase respectively. showed to be better perfomance for solving voltage sag problem of power
quality than Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic. Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic showed to be better for
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solving voltage sag problem of power quality than PI control. The analyze of the performance
proved that
DVR is the most efficient and effective modern customer power device used in
distribution network which able to keep the customer on-line with high quality. It can be seen
by the preceding information. DVR was able to mitigate voltage sag on distribution networks
due voltage sag.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is the simple and well regulated form of energy, can be easily
transformed to other forms. Along with its quality and continuity has to maintain for good
economy. Power quality has become major concern for todays power industries and
consumers. Power quality issues are caused by increasingly demand of electronic equipments
and non-linear loads. Many disturbances associated with electrical power are voltage sag,
voltage swell, voltage flicker and harmonic contents. This degrades the efficiency and
shortens the life time of end user equipment. It also causes data and memory loss of
electronic equipment like computer.
Due to complexity of power system network voltage sag/swell became the major power
quality issue affecting the end consumers and industries. It occurs frequently and result in
high losses. Voltage sag is due to sudden disconnection of load, fault in the system and
voltage swell is due to single line to ground fault results in voltage rise of unfaulted phases.
The continuity of power supply can be maintained by clearing the faults at faster rate. Other
power quality issues i.e. voltage flickering, harmonics, transients etc has to be compensated
to enhance the power quality.
Power electronic devices i.e. Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) and

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) been recently used for voltage sag/swell compensation. In
this project DVR is proposed which can protect the end-consumer load from any unbalance
of voltage supply. It is a series compensating device, can maintain the load voltage profile
even when the source side voltage is distorted. One of the most frequently occurring power
quality problems in transmission network I voltage sag/swell. Such problems can cause heavy
flow of current reduces the life time of the equipment or can cause over voltage affecting the
insulation level of the equipment. Many modern custom devices are present in order to
mitigate such problems. Among them, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is efficient and cost
effective. In this paper, an overview of and control scheme used to control the DVR is
presented. The simulation result with the proposed control.
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Power quality is one of major problems in the todays scenario. It has become important
with the introduction of complex devices, whose performance is very sensitive to the quality
of power supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence developed as a nonstandard
voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipments. Some of the
major problems dealt here is the power sag and swell.
Power quality is of great importance in all modern environments where electricity is

involved, power quality can be essentially influenced by an important factor like quality
service. One of the major concerns in electricity industry today is power quality problems.
Presently, most of the power quality problems are due to different fault conditions. These
conditions cause voltage sag, voltage swell, transients, voltage interruption and harmonics.
These problems may cause the apparatus tripping, shutdown commercial, domestic and
industrial equipment, and miss process of drive system. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can
provide the lucrative solution to mitigate voltage sag by establishing the appropriate voltage
quality level, necessary. It is recently being used as the active solution for mitigation of
power quality problems.

involved. It has become important with the introduction of complex devices, whose
performance is very sensitive to the quality of power supply. Power quality problem is an
occurrence developed as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure
of end use equipment. These problems may cause the apparatus tripping, shutdown
commercial, domestic and industrial equipment, and miss process of drive system.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
Dynamic Voltage Restorer are now becoming remarkably well-established in industry to
mitigate the impact of voltage sag in distribution system. According to the IEEE standard,
voltage sag is increase of o.1 to 0.9 per unit in RMS voltage level at the system frequency
and with duration of half cycle to One minute. Voltage swell is not as important as voltage
sag. This is because voltage swell is less than voltage sag in distribution system. Voltage sag.
might caused by change in loading conditions or remote faults. DVR is discussed in this
paper is one of the customer power devices that can deal perfectly with voltage sag in
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distribution system by injection current into system. The control method of DVR is also
important issue as it has to immediately the voltage at point of common coupling (PCC).
The main objective of this paper analyze the result of PI controller, sugno-type fuzzy
logic, mamdani-type fuzzy logic in order to mitigate thr voltage sag. The modeling of DVR
has been carried out using MATLAB with its Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. The rest of paper is
organized as follows: Definition of power quality is presented in section. Dynamic voltage
Restorer is presented in section III. Result and discussion is presented in section . And finally,
conclusion is presented. Power quality is a term that means different things to different
people. IEEE Standard IEEE 1100 defines power quality as the concept of powering and
grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a manner suitable for the equipment In fact, all
electrical devices are susceptible to breakdown or malfunction when exposed to one or more
power problems.
The electrical device could be a computer, an electrical motor, or household appliance. All of
these devices can have an adverse effect on the power quality problem. That depends on
extensive number of electromagnetic phenomena in power system with its broad the range of
time. With the increasing use of non-linear loads and complexity of the network, the power
system network faces challenges to deliver quality power to the consumers.
Electric power been is affected by many factors at the distribution network which has to
be compensated to improve the quality and quantity of power been delivered. This chapter
discuss about the power quality, its necessity, power quality issues and consequences. Power
Quality concerns about the utility ability to provide uninterrupted power supply. The quality
of electric power is characterized by parameters such as continuity of supply, voltage
magnitude variation, transients and harmonic contents in electrical signals. Synchronization
of electrical quantities allows electrical systems to function properly and without failure.
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CHAPTER 2
EXISTING SYSTEM
2.1 EXISTIND SYSTEM
Usually PID controller is used in all closed loop control systems, but owing to
difficulties in tuning the parameters with the existing conventional methodologies like
Ziegler Nicholas, Cohen-coon etc there is always a need to develop a unique algorithm for
PID controller. The existing methods tune controller parameters on trial and error basis. The
study includes three different methods for controller tuning namely RST, IMC, and pole
placement technique. The proposed control strategies are implemented in cascaded multilevel
inverter (CMLI) type dynamic voltage restorer for power quality improvement. Disturbance
rejection capability, set point tracking and stability aspects are discussed in the proposed
strategies.
The case studies are presented to test the performance of the proposed control strategies.
The test circuit is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are presented to
validate the proposed strategy. For decades, power quality has been an exciting research topic
for many scientists. Especially in the developing countries like India much research on this
area is going on. The term power quality may be defined The powering and grounding of
electrical equipment so as to maintain the safe operation of that equipment. Power quality
assets are voltage sags, swells, interruption, transients, flickers and harmonics. Faults at
distribution level, sudden increase of load, motor starting are some of the causes of the
voltage sags.
Such sudden variations of voltage are undesirable to sensitive loads. Some methods have
been proposed in recent times to classify the power quality problems .These assets are very
vital especially in distribution system. Among this power quality assets, voltage sag is the
most frequently occurring problem. Voltage sags are usually caused due to faults in
distribution system, motor starting and sudden increase of the loads etc. Voltage sags is
defined as reduction of rms voltage to less than 1per unit for duration of 0.5 cycles to 3mins.
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2.2 DISADVANDAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM
While energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources, they provide valuable
added benefits to improve stability power quality, and reliability of supply. Battery
technologies have improved significantly in order to meet the challenges of practical electric
vehicles and utility applications. Flywheel technologies are now used in advanced
nonpolluting uninterruptible power supplies. Advanced capacitors are being considered as
energy storage for power quality applications. Superconducting energy storage systems are
still in their prototype stages but receiving attention for utility applications.
The latest technology developments, some performance analysis, and cost considerations
are addressed. This paper concentrates on the performance benefits of adding energy storage
to power electronic compensators for utility applications Electric power systems are
experiencing dramatic changes in operational requirements as a result of deregulation.
Continuing electric load growth and higher regional power transfers in a largely
interconnected network lead to complex and less secure power system operation. Power
generation and transmission facilities have not been able to grow to meet these new demands
as a result of economic, environmental, technical, and governmental regulation constraints.
At the same time, the growth of electronic loads has made the quality of power supply a
critical issue. Power system engineers facing these challenges seek solutions to allow them to
operate the system in a more flexible, controllable manner
2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the modern devices used in distribution
systems to protect consumers against sudden changes in voltage amplitude. In this emergency
control in distribution systems is analyzed by using the proposed multifunctional DVR
control strategy. Also, the multi loop controller using the Posicast and P+Resonant
controllers is proposed in order to improve the transient response and eliminate the steady-
state error in DVR response, respectively. The proposed algorithm is applied to some
disturbances in load voltage caused by induction motors starting, and a three-phase short
circuit fault. Also, the capability of the proposed DVR has been tested to limit the
downstream fault current. The current limitation will restore the point of common coupling
(PCC) (the bus to which all feeders under study are connected) voltage and protect the DVR
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itself. The idea here is that the DVR acts as a virtual impedance with the main aim of
protecting the PCC voltage during downstream fault without any problem in real power
injection into the DVR. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB software show the
capability of the DVR to control the emergency conditions of the distribution systems.
Modern power systems are complex networks, where hundreds of generating stations and
thousands of load centers are interconnected through long power transmission and
distribution networks. The main concern of consumers is the quality and reliability of power
supply at various load centers where they are located. Even though power generation in most
of the developed countries is fairly reliable, the quality of the supply is not so reliable.
Power distribution systems, ideally should provide their customers with an uninterrupted
flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level and frequency.
However in practice, power systems, especially the distribution systems have numerous
nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the quality of power supply. As a result of the
nonlinear loads, the purity of the waveform of supply is lost. This ends up producing many
power quality problems. Apart from nonlinear loads some system events; both capacitor
switching, motor starting and unusual faults could also inflict power quality problems. Now a
day power quality problem has become a major issue to deal with, in order to maintain
quality supply.
Modern generation greatly depends on electrical energy for improving their life style.
Modern equipment like computers, electric motors etc. cannot run without electricity. In
order to improve the performance, the equipment demands quality supply. The power quality
is affected by various factors of the electrical network. Power quality problems such as
voltage and frequency variation, harmonic contents affect the performance of electrical utility
and shorten its life time. Such problem has to be compensated to ensure the quality supply.
One of the most frequently occurring power quality problems in transmission network is
voltage sag/swell. Such problems can cause heavy flow of current reduces the life time of the
equipment or can cause over voltage affecting the insulation level of the equipment. Many
modern custom devices are present in order to mitigate such problems.
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2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Power distribution systems, ideally should provide their customers with an uninterrupted flow
of energy at smooth sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level and frequency.
However in practice, power systems, especially the distribution systems have numerous
nonlinear loads, which significantly affect the quality of power supply. As a result of the
nonlinear loads, the purity of the waveform of supply is lost. This ends up producing many
power quality problems. Apart from nonlinear loads some system events; both capacitor
switching, motor starting and unusual faults could also inflict power quality problems. Now a
day power quality problem has become a major issue to deal with, in order to maintain
quality supply.
2.5 LITRATURE SURVEY

The electrical power supplied to the end consumer should be of high quality. Low power
supply to the consumer adversely affects the performance of the equipment. Factors like
voltage disturbance, frequency alternation and harmonic contents result in poor power quality
of supply. Voltage variation is one of the most frequent disturbances occurring in the power
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system network. Such disturbance has to be compensated in order to maintain power quality.
Recently developed power electronic devices helps in mitigating such problem.
Many custom devices such as DVR, D-STATCOM and Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) are proposed. Among them, DVR is the most effective device used for
voltage disturbance problems. Hence, appears to be a better solution for current situation.
DVR was firstly installed in North America in 1996, in Anderson at 12.47 KV substation.
Since then, it is
being used to protect the sensitive loads. Design and study of DVR is presented in It gives an
overview of DVR control scheme and its modeling. It shows that DVR provide efficient
voltage restoration capability.
The basic structure and the operating principle of DVR are shown. Different
compensation technique of DVR is discussed. Different control technique commonly used for
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is presented in. Different control scheme is shown and are
discussed. The performance of various techniques are evaluated and compared.
The performance evaluation of DVR with Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is presented in Two PWM based
control techniques are shown to control the VSI. SVPWM technique is compared with
SPWM technique and shows that SVPWM has better DC utilisation and lesser harmonics are
produced as compared SPWM. Simulation of SVPWM and its application in three phase
inverter is presented in.The project gives an idea of SVPWM algorithm and its simulation.
The simulation result shows that SVPWM techniques are best suited for high power
applications.
New scheme to control the two level VSI is presented in Detailed study of one of the
SVPWM scheme i.e. seven segment space vector modulation (SVM) is done. Determination
and realization of different switching states, sector value calculation, approximation of
reference.
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CHAPTER 3
DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORATOR
3.1 POWER QUALITY
Power Quality concerns about the utility ability to provide uninterrupted power supply.
The quality of electric power is characterized by parameters such as continuity of supply,
voltage magnitude variation, transients and harmonic contents in electrical signals.
Synchronization of electrical quantities allows electrical systems to function properly and
without failure or malfunction of an electric device. Power quality is a significant tool of an
electrical power system network. Now a days equipment are more sensitive to power quality.
In power system there may be fluctuation in power quality at the sensitive load due to faults
and switching operation of breakers.
This disturbance may result in failure of the equipment. Recent development in power
electronic devices helps us to mitigate such problem. In this project DVR is used to maintain
the power quality. This device can compensate the voltage unbalances efficiently. For an
economic operation of power system power quality should be maintained properly. Voltage
sag/swell has been concerned as major power quality issue. The main objectives of
this project are:-
1. Detection of voltage sag/swell in the power system network.

2. To mitigate the power quality issue using DVR and its behavioral study.
3. To select the best suitable control technique for DVR.
4. To control the device in order to obtain desired performance.
With the increasing use of non-linear loads and complexity of the network, the power
system network faces challenges to deliver quality power to the consumers. Electric power
been delivered is affected by many factors at the distribution network which has to be
compensated to improve the quality and quantity of power been delivered. This chapter
discuss about the power quality, its necessity, power quality issues and consequences. Power
Quality concerns about the utility ability to provide uninterrupted power supply. The quality
of electric power is characterized by parameters such as continuity of supply, voltage.
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variation, transients and harmonic contents in electrical signals. Synchronization of
electrical quantities allows electrical systems to function properly and without failure or
malfunction of an electric device.
3.2 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORATOR

A DVR is a series connected custom device that injects the appropriate/desired voltage to
the load bus in order to maintain the voltage profile. However, in standard condition it is in
stand-by mode. The compensating voltage is injected by three single phase transformers
whose property can be controlled. These voltages are in synchronism with the load voltage.
DVR has three mode of operation now a days electrical equipment are more sensitive to
PQ problems. Voltage sag/swell are one of considerable problem that our power system
network is facing today. Without proper mitigation, such problem can cause severe problem
and may result in failure of equipment. Modern development in custom devices can solve
such problem. DVR is one of the effective solutions for compensation voltage sag/swell. This
chapter gives an overview of DVR, its basic structure and operating principle. A DVR is also
referred as the Series Voltage Booster, is a device that utilizes solid state power electronic
components.
DVR is a device that injects dynamically controlled voltage in series to the bus voltage by
booster transformer. DVR injected the missing current in series with line that load voltage
maintained at sinusoidal normal situation in power system. The general configuration of the
DVR consists of injection voltage transformer, DC energy storage, Voltage source inverter,
and Control unit as depicted the basic function of booster transformer is injected current in
distribution network. Voltage source inverter can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any needed
Magnitude, Frequency, and phase angle.
The DC energy storage provides the real power requirement of DVR during occurrence
of voltage sag. And finally, the goal of Sugeno type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy
Logic which controls the inverter of DVR, has been discussed in place of conventional PI
controller in order to maintain voltage magnitude at the load where a sensitive load is
connected in power system. Enhancement power quality with sugeno-type fuzzy logic,
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mamdani-type fuzzy logic, and PI controller based on DVR was tested using MATLAB
SIMULINK.
The SIMULINK of PI controller. System parameters are listed in Voltage sag is created in
SIMULINK via single-phase, two-phase, three-phase fault. MATLAB SIMULINK of
Sugeno-type fuzzy logic and Mamdani-type fuzzy logic of DVR is shown in figure 3 which is
display at the of this Sugeno-type fuzzy logic controller have been of great attention in the
industrial applications. The main idea is based on the use of sector nonlinearity concept,
which decomposes a complex nonlinear system into a set of linear subsystems using fuzzy
IF-THEN rules. A fuzzy logic controller or model uses fuzzy logic rules, which are linguistic
if-then statements involving fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy inference. Fuzzy rules play a
key role in representing expert control/modeling knowledge and experience and linking the
input variables of fuzzy controller/ models output variable.
In this two major type of fuzzy logic rules have been carried out on DVR in order to
mitigate voltage sag, namely, Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic and Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic. The
most essential difference between Mamdni-type Fuzzy Logic and Sugeno-type Fuzzy Logic
is the way of the crisp output generated from the fuzzy inputs. While Mamdani-type Fuzzy
Logic required the technique of defuzzication of fuzzy output on DVR Simulation and
combined using aggregation operator from the consequent of each rule of the input that have
been used in Simulation. A single if-then rule.
One of the most frequently occurring power quality problems in transmission network I
voltage sag/swell. Such problems can cause heavy flow of current reduces the life time of the
equipment or can cause over voltage affecting the insulation level of the equipment. Many
modern custom devices are present in order to mitigate such problems. Among them,
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is efficient and cost effective. In this paper, an overview of
and control scheme used to control the DVR is presented. The simulation result with the
proposed control.
voltage, current.
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3.3 PRODUCTION MODE
In order to isolate DVR from the system during overload current caused by short circuit
or large inrush current, bypass switches are provided. The current is supplied to the system
using other path. The first simulation was done without dynamic voltage restorer and a three
phase fault is applied to the system for a time duration of 400 ms The second simulation is
carried out at the same scenario as above but using DVR with PI controller.
The simulation is carried out at the same scenario as above but has different usage of M
DVR with and logic. Below is the result of the reduction of sag on a network system with the
application of the three methods, the PI controller, ] fuzzy logic and on the same distribution
network logic and have the function in order to mitigate the value of voltage sag during
single, two, and three phase distribution with a level of handling most perfect way.
Single phase comparison of logic, , PI controller, and without DVR. the protection
devices which include such solid state devices can be purchased at a reasonable price with
superior performance than the conventional electrical or pneumatic devices available in the
market. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) and Active
Power Filters (APF) are examples for commonly used custom power devices. Among those APF
is used to mitigate harmonic problems occurring due to non-linear loading conditions, whereas
UPS and DVR are used to compensate for voltage sag and surge conditions.
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2.5 STAND BY MODE
In this mode, Low Voltage winding of injection transformer is shorted. No switching

operation occurs in this mode The electrical power system is considered to be composed of
three blocks-generation, transmission, distribution. For a reliable power system, the
generation unit must produce adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission
system must transport bulk power over long distance without overloading or jeopardizing
system stability and distribution system stability and distribution system must deliver electric
power to each customers premises from bulk power system. Distribution system locates the
end of power system and is connected to base the customer directly, so the power quality
mainly depends on distribution . The reason behind this is that the electrical distribution
network failures account for about 90% of the average customer interruptions days, the major
focus for power system reliability.
2.6 INJUCTION MODE
In this mode, DVR injects the compensating voltage through injection transformer. in
injection mode is carried out in following steps:
1. To find any voltage unbalance in the distribution network. This can be done by comparing
the terminal voltage with load reference voltage. The difference is the desired voltage.
2. To initiate switching signals for Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), to track the desired voltage
generated above by using satisfactory switching techniques such as SVPWM.
3. To filter harmonics by using passive filter, present in injected voltages.
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4. To inject the filtered voltage using single phase transformers either connected in
series with the load bus. Most of the commercially available DVRs use either the in-phase
compensation technique or energy optimization technique considering the minimum
requirement of real power injection thereby reducing the capacity of the energy storage
needed. In simple terms it detects the occurrence of voltage sag. Some common control
techniques used by DVR manufacturers are described over here.
Irrespective of the compensation techniques used, there should be a method to track the
phase angle and the magnitude of the supply voltage during normal operation and to detect
the occurrence of voltage sag. In other words there should be a voltage sag detection
technique. Following are the common voltage sag detection techniques described: In the
combined technique the system initially restores the load voltage to the same phase and
magnitude of the nominal pre-sag voltage (pre-sag compensation) and then gradually changes
the injected voltage towards the sag voltage phasor.
Ultimately the compensated voltage is in same magnitude and phase angle with the
pre-sag voltage and slowly its phase angle transferred to to the sagged voltage. Generally the
DVRs use Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to keep a track of the frequency and the phase angle of
the healthy supply voltage, and thereby any change from the normal operating condition can
easily be detected . Phase locked loop is a closed loop feedback control system, that generates
a signal with the same frequency and the phase angle of the input signal.
It consists of an oscillator which provides the output signal. The PLL can function as a
phase detector, as a variable oscillator and as a feedback path. PLL responds to frequency
changes and phase angle changes of the input signal by increasing or decreasing the
frequency of the oscillator until it is matched with those of the reference input signal.
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CHAPTER 4
THE BASIC STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE OF DVR
DVR is series connected compensating devices that restore/maintain the voltage profile
at the sensitive loads under voltage unbalance. It is usually connected in the distribution
network between Common Point of Coupling (PCC) and load the location of DVR in power
system network
The disturbance in the system is detected by control scheme used which generates the
triggering pulses for VSI. Passive filters are used to filter out the harmonic content of injected
voltage. DVR injects the filtered output voltage through injection transformer. Most of the
commercially available DVRs use either the in-phase compensation technique or energy
optimization technique considering the minimum requirement of real power injection thereby
reducing the capacity of the energy storage needed. In simple terms it detects the occurrence
of voltage sag. Some common control techniques used by DVR manufacturers are described
over here.
Irrespective of the compensation techniques used, there should be a method to track the
phase angle and the magnitude of the supply voltage during normal operation and to detect
the occurrence of voltage sag. In other words there should be a voltage sag detection
technique. Following are the common voltage sag detection techniques describedGenerally
the DVRs use Phase Locked Loop (PLL) to keep a track of the frequency and the phase angle
of the healthy supply voltage, and thereby any change from the normal operating condition
can easily be detected .
Phase locked loop is a closed loop feedback control system, that generates a signal with the
same frequency and the phase angle of the input signal. It consists of an oscillator which
provides the output signal. The PLL can function as a phase detector, as a variable oscillator
and as a feedback path. PLL responds to frequency changes and phase angle changes of the
input signal by increasing or decreasing the frequency of the oscillator until it is matched
with those of the reference input signal.
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4.1 LOCATION OF DVR
The basic structure of DVR consists of following blocks:

1. VSI
2. Injection transformer
3. Passive filter
4. Energy storage unit
5. Control circuit
The electrical power system is considered to be of three blocks-generation, transmission,

distribution. For a reliable power system, the generation unit must produce adequate power to
meet customers demand, transmission system must transport bulk power over long distance
without overloading or jeopardizing system stability and distribution system stability and
distribution system must deliver electric power to each customers premises from bulk power
system. Distribution system locates the end of power system and is connected to base the
customer directly, so the power quality mainly depends on distribution system. The reason
behind this is that the electrical distribution network failures account for about 90% of the
average customer interruptions. In the earlier days, the major focus for power system
reliability was on generation and transmission only, as more capital cost is involved.
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4.2 BASIC STRUCTURE OF DVR
Among the power quality problems like sag, swell harmonic etc, voltage sag is the most
severe distribution system. To overcome these problems the concept of custom power devices
introduced lately. One of those devices is dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), which is most
efficient modern custom power device used in power distribution networks. DVR is a
recently proposed series connected solid state device that injects voltage into the system in
order to regulate the load side voltage . it is generally installed in a distribution.
The electrical power system is considered to be composed of three blocks-generations,

transmission, distribution. For a reliable power system, the generation unit must produce
adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission system must transport bulk power
over long distance without overloading or jeopardizing system stability and distribution
system stability and distribution system must deliver electric power to each customers
premises from bulk power system. Distribution system locates the end of power system and is
connected to base the customer directly, so the power quality mainly depends on distribution.
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4.3 VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
VSI converts fixed supply voltage stored into variable supply voltage. The converted
voltage is boosted through the transformer. The rating is usually low voltage and high current
since step up injection transformer is used. The output voltage of VSI should be:
i. Balanced and pure sinusoidal
ii. Same phase sequence as that of system
iii. Desired magnitude
iv. For particular time duration
v. Should be instantaneous
It is used to protect the inverter from High current in the presence of unwanted
conditions. During the occurrence of a fault or a short circuit, DVR changes it into the bypass
condition where the VSI inverter is protected against over current flowing through the power
semiconductor switches. The rating of the DVR inverters is a limiting factor for normal load
current seen in the primary winding and reflected to the secondary winding of the series
insertion transformer. Interruptions are classified as short-duration or long-duration variation.
The term interruption is often used to refer to short-duration interruption, while the latter
is preceded by the word sustained to indicate a long-duration. They are measured and
described by their duration since the voltage magnitude is always less than 10% of nominal.
Filters convert the inverted PWM waveform into a sinusoidal waveform easily. This is
achieved by eliminating the unwanted harmonic components generated VSI action. Higher
orders harmonic components distort the compensated output voltage.

industrial equipment, and miss process of drive system.
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can provide the lucrative solution to mitigate voltage
sag by establishing the appropriate voltage quality level, necessary. It is recently being used
as the active solution for mitigation of power quality problems.
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4.4 VOLTAGE INJUCTION TRANSFORMER
The AC voltage supplied by VSI is stepped up by using injection transformer to the
desired voltage level. The winding connection of injection transformer depends on step down
transformer connected in distribution line. It is either connected in star/open star winding or
delta/open star winding. The former connection allows injection of zero sequence
components as well whereas the latter connection does not allow it. Here three phase single
transformer is used. The amount of voltage sag/swell compensated by DVR depends upon the
rating of injection transformer and inverter.
In a three-phase system, either three single-phase transformer units or one three phase
transformer unit can be used for voltage injection purpose. Basic principal of DVR is to
transfer the voltage sag compensation value from DC side of the inverter to the injected
transformer after filter. The compensation capacity of a particular DVR depends on the
maximum voltage injection capability and the active power that can be supplied by the DVR.
When DVRs voltage disturbance occurs, active power or energy should be injected from
DVR to the distribution system A DC system, which is connected to the inverter input,
contains a large capacitor for storage energy. It provides reactive power to the load during
faulty conditions. When the energy is drawn from the energy storage capacitors, the capacitor
terminal voltage decrease. Therefore, there is a minimum voltage required below which the
inverter of the DVR cannot generate the require voltage thus, size and rating of capacitor is
very important for DVR power circuit.
voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end use equipments. Some of the
major problems dealt here is the power sag and swell. This paper describes the effectiveness
of using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in order to mitigate voltage sags and swells in low
voltage distribution systems. Dynamic Voltage Restorer can provide the most cost effective
solution to mitigate voltage sags
21
4.5 PASSIVE FILTER
It filters out the harmonics present in the output of the VSI. It can be kept either at the
inverter side or at the HV side of the transformer. If filter is placed at the inverter side,
switching harmonics are prohibited to enter the injection transformer thereby reduces rating
and voltage stress on it. If the filter is placed at HV side of injection transformer, harmonics
can enter into HV side hence rating of transformer increases.
One of the major concerns in electricity industry today is power quality problems.
industrial equipment, and miss process of drive system.
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can provide the lucrative solution to mitigate voltage
sag by establishing the appropriate voltage quality level, necessary. It is recently being used
as the active solution for mitigation of power Basic principal of DVR is to transfer the
voltage sag compensation value from DC side of the inverter to the injected transformer after
filter.
The compensation capacity of a particular DVR depends on the maximum voltage

injection capability and the active power that can be supplied by the DVR. When DVRs
voltage disturbance occurs, active power or energy should be injected from DVR to the
distribution system A DC system, which is connected to the inverter input, contains a large
capacitor for storage energy. It provides reactive power to the load during faulty conditions.
22
4.6 DVR CONTROL SCHEME
The main objective is to maintain voltage profile on the load bus where sensitive load is
connected. Here only active power is measured. The switching pulse generated for VSI is
based on SVPWM. It is a simple method and better than other PWM techniques. Normally,
three phase inverters use SPWM technique. However, problem like large noise peak at carrier
frequency are present in such technique. Hence, SVPWM has an advantage over such
technique such as better dc utilization and easy implementation with digital signal processor.
In this way, SVPWM is used as a control method for DVR. The proposed control technique
for DVR is shown in fig.3.6. The Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuit used here is used to
generate a unit sinusoidal wave which is in phase with main supply voltage.
Block 1 converts three phase voltage into - coordinates given in and - coordinates
transformed into d-q plane given in The d-q coordinates are compared with the reference
signals. The d-q error generated is converted back to - coordinates and given to SVPWM
generator to generate switching signals for VSI. Space vector modulation is an advanced
PWM technique and better than other PWM techniques. It has find wide application in
present years. SVPWM effectively generates six PWM pulses for a two level inverter.
Typical circuit model of three phases VSI is shown in The two level VSI consist of six
power electronic switches S1 to S6, by switching variables to control the inverter output.
23
When an upper switch is on then the corresponding lower transistor is off. In this way, the
states of the power electronic switches can be controlled by using different switching pattern
for switching variables and hence the inverter output can be controlled.
4.7 THREE PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER
24
The electrical power system is considered to be composed of three blocks-generations,
transmission, distribution. For a reliable power system, the generation unit must produce
adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission system must transport bulk power
over long distance without overloading or jeopardizing system stability and distribution
system stability and distribution system must deliver electric power to each customers
premises from bulk power system.
Distribution system locates the end of power system and is connected to base the customer
directly, so the power quality mainly depends on distribution system. The reason behind this
is that the electrical distribution network failures account for about 90% of the average
customer interruptions. In the earlier days, the major focus for power system reliability was
on generation and transmission only, as more capital cost is involved in these. A VSC is a
power electronic system consists of storage device and switching devices, which can generate
a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency, magnitude, and phase angle. It could be a 3
phase- 3wire VSC or 3 phase 4 wire VSC.
Either a conventional two level converter or a three level converter is used. For DVR
application the VSC is used to momentarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the part
of the supply voltage which is absent .there are four main types of switching devices; metal
oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), gate turn off thyristors (GTO) ,
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) ,and integrated gate commutated thyristors (IGCT).
Each type has its own benefits and drawbacks. the function of storage devices is to supply the
required energy to the VSC via a dc link for generation of injected voltages. the generation
unit must produce adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission system must
transport bulk power over long distance without overloading or jeopardizing system stability
and distribution system stability and distribution system must deliver electric power to each
customers premises from bulk power system. Distribution system locates the end of power
system and is connected to base the customer directly, so the power quality mainly depends
on distribution system.
The reason behind this is that the electrical distribution network failures account for about
90% of the average customer interruptions. In the earlier days, the major focus for power
system reliability was on generation and transmission only, as more capital cost is involved.
25
4.8 THE EIGHT INVERTER VOLTAGE VECTOR

industrial equipment, and miss process of drive system. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) can
provide the lucrative solution to mitigate voltage sag by establishing the appropriate voltage
quality level, necessary. It is recently being used as the active solution for mitigation of
power quality problems.
26
The three phase voltage can be represented by a reference voltage vector (Vref), which
rotates in space at an angular speed . The task is to evaluate the reference vector by using
the eight possible switching pattern. Out of eight vectors, six are non-zero vectors (V1 to V6)
and two are null vectors (V0 and V7). The angle subtended by any two adjoining non-zero
vectors is 600. V0 and V7 exist at the origin and provide no output. It can be easily
implemented by generating average inverter output for small time duration, T equal to the
reference voltage vector for the same duration.
The test system employed to take out the simulations regarding The DVR actuation this
system is composed by a 13KV ,50 Hz generation system, represented by a Thevenins
equivalent feeding two transmission lines through a three winding transformer connected in
// 13/7/7 KV. such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two
transformers connected / , 7/2 KV.
27
CHAPTER 5
SWITCHING VECTOR AND SECTOR
5. 1 SWITCHING VECTOR AND SECTOR
SVPWM can be executed by:

i. To evaluate reference voltage (Vref) and angle ().
ii. To evaluate the time duration T1, T2 and T0.
iii. To evaluate the switching time of the transistors.
Voltage dip occurs due to sudden disconnection of load or faults in the system whereas
voltage swell occurs due to connection of capacitive load. Voltage unbalance occurs for
certain duration in the system due to faults in the network. During this period voltage
disturbance occurs at PCC (Point Of Coupling) and DVR operates to restore/maintain the
voltage profile. Here all voltages are taken in per unit values, whenever disturbance occurs it
can be observed that the magnitude voltage profile increases/decreases from its rated value.
DVR operates and inject the desired voltage to compensate this voltage rise/dip. After
28
compensation, there is slight disturbance at the start and end point of sag/swell occurs
addition of compensating voltage during this period.
5.2 VOLTAGE SAG COMPENSATION

A three phase fault is generated in the system to create balanced voltage sag for time
duration of 0.04s to 0.1s. The PCC voltage after the sag occurs for the duration of 0.06s .The
DVR respond to this disturbance and injects the compensating voltage.. After sag
compensation, the load voltage regains its previous profile. The load voltage after
compensation.
29
5.3 COMPENSATION OF UNBALANCED VOLTAGE SAG
Unbalanced voltage sag occurs due to SLG fault in the network for time duration of 0.04s
to 0.1s. The PCC voltage after the sag occurs for duration of 0.06s is DVR injects the desired
voltage for this duration. The compensating voltage injected by DVR is After the successful
operation of DVR and sag compensation, the compensated load voltage.
The demand for quality power has become a challenging issue for industrial area and
consumers. Among them voltage unbalance is considered as the major affecting problem
leads to degradation in performance of electrical equipments. FACTS devices used for
compensation are the best method to overcome such problem. Among them DVR considered
the most efficient and cost effective. Voltage unbalances such as voltage sag/swell are
considered here. Voltage unbalance under both balanced and unbalanced condition is
considered and simulation results.
30
5.4 AMPLITUDE LIMIT OF VOLTAGE SAG
The duration and amplitude value limits that are likely to cause problems with equipments
are already defined by both the ANSI C84.1-1989 Utility Power Profile and the CBEMA
(Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association) curve. The smaller the
amplitude of a sag or higher the value of a swell, the shorter the duration should be for
equipment to follow through the disturbance, as in the following table derived from such. The
typical industrial utility power after building line losses is in the range of +6%, -13% from
the nominal value.
The required energy during sags has to be supplied by an energy source. The necessary
amount of energy that must be delivered by the energy source depends on load MVA
requirement, control strategy applied, deepest sag to be protected. Under normal conditions,
the short circuit impedance of the injection transformer determines the voltage drop across
the DVR. This impedance must be low and has an impact on the fault current through the VSI
on secondary side caused by a short-circuit at load side.
The filter design is also affected by the impedance of the injection transformer. In case of
fault or over current exceeding the rating of DVR on the load side, solid state bypass switches
or electromechanical bypass switches must be added as a measure to protect DVR from
getting damaged. As an overview the following main design criteria influence the rating and
the performance of the DVR.
5.5 VOLTAGE SAG AND SWELL DEFINITION

The simulation of various 1 phase and 3 phase faults are done using MATLAB. The
present project deals with only voltage sag, voltage swell can be simulated in same way. The
simulation results show the very good performance of the controller theoretically. The
performance of DVR theoretically is tested. Therefore this project has contributed a strong
knowledge to the research and development.
Targeting industrial application to compensate the single-phase voltage sags and 3 phase
balanced voltage sags. Over the last fifteen years, based on how the power quality
instruments measure voltage sags and swells the definitions have been developed. Power
system communities state sags or dips as a reduction in voltage below a user- defined low
limit for between one cycle and 2.55 seconds. Surges are now called as swells, except that the
voltage exceeds a particular user-defined high limit. While different definitions pertaining to
31
the amplitude and duration are still in use, Recommended Practice on Monitoring Electric
Power Quality.
5.6 GENERAL CAUSES AND VOLTAGE SAG
The prime interest about voltage sags is their effect on sensitive electrical devices, such
as personal computers, adjustable speed drives, programmable logic controllers, and other
power electronic equipment. The least sensitive loads failed when the voltage dropped to 30
% of the specified voltage. On the other hand, the most sensitive components failed when the
voltage dropped to 80-86 % of rated value.
From the test results, the calculated sag threshold to affect production at the utility PCC -
point of common coupling was 87 % of the nominal voltage for more than 8.3 ms. There are
various causes of voltage sags in a power system. Voltage sags can be caused by lightning
faults on the transmission or distribution system or by switching of loads with large amounts
of initial starting or inrush current such as motors, transformers, and large dc power supply.
The reason for demanding high quality un-interruptible power during production process
is mainly because of the modern manufacturing and process equipments that operate at high
efficiency requires stable and defect free power supply for the successful operation of their
machines. Machines, sensitive to power supply variations are to be designed more precisely.
For instance, some instruments like adjustable speed drives, automation devices, power
electronic components etc. fall into the above category.
Cessation to provide the required quality power output may sometimes cause complete
shutdown of the industries which will make a significant financial loss to the industry
concerned. However blame due to degraded quality cannot be simply put on to the hands of
the utility itself. It has been observed that in industries, most of the conditions.
32
CHAPTER 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DVR
6.1 WORKING
One of the major factors that determine the quality of power supply is the voltage
magnitude. For various reasons frequent voltage sags are often experienced by loads at
distribution level. For some sensitive loads such as those in high-tech industries voltage sags
are highly undesirable. It is a challenging task to maintain the load voltage requirements with
proper magnitude and correct the voltage sag during voltage disturbances and fluctuations.
Generally voltage sag can be very expensive and cause severe problems for the customers as
it may lead to production damage and downtime.
By using power electronics devices also known as customer power device a certain
amount of voltage and power can be injected into the distribution system and this severe
problem of voltage sag can be minimized. Out of the various approaches that have been have
been proposed to limit the cost causes by voltage sag, dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one
of the best methods to address voltage sag problems. This method is briefly discussed in our
thesis and it can be used to correct voltage sag at distribution level.
the DVR is series connected to the power line, while APF is shunt connected. Among the
custom power devices, UPS and DVR can be qualified as the devices that inject a voltage
waveform to the distribution line. The UPS is always supplying the full voltage to the load
irrespective of whether the wave form is distorted or not unlike DVR. This property of the
UPS leaves it always operating at its full power whereas the DVR injects only the difference
between the pre-sag and the sagged voltage and that also only during the sagged period.
Therefore as compared to UPS, DVR operating losses and the required power rating are very
low. Hence DVR is considered as a power efficient device compared to the UPS.
33
6.2 PRINCIPLE OF DVR
A DVR is a solid state power electronics switching device which comprises of either
GTO or IGBT, a capacitor bank as energy storage device and injection transformers. From
the figure it can be seen that DVR is connected in between the distribution system and the
load. The basic idea of DVR is that by means of an injecting transformer a control voltage is
generated by a forced commuted convertor which is in series to the bus voltage.
A regulated DC voltage source is provided by a DC capacitor bank which acts an energy

storage device. Under normal operating conditions when there is no voltage sag, DVR
provides very less magnitude of voltage to compensate for the voltage drop of transformer
and device losses. But when there is a voltage sag in distribution system, DVR will generate a
required controlled voltage of high magnitude and desired phase angle which ensures that
load voltage is uninterrupted and is maintained. In this case the capacitor will be discharged
to keep the load supply constant.
Note that the DVR capable of generating or absorbing reactive power but the reactive
power injection of the device must be provided by an external energy source or energy
storage system. The response time of DVD is very short and is limited by the power
electronics devices and the voltage sag detection time. The expected response time is about
25 milliseconds, and which is much less than some of the traditional methods of voltage
correction such as tap-changing transformers.
34
A greater awareness of voltage quality has been created with the recent growth in the use
of digital computers and PWM adjustable speed drives. Voltage dips and its associated phase
angle jumps can cause equipment to fail or malfunction which in turn can lead to production
downtime. Since a very long time interval is needed to restart industrial processes, these
effects can be greatly expensive for the clients/customers who are continuously seeking for
cost effective sag mitigation techniques. These interests have resulted in the development of
power electronics based devices with sag mitigation capability. These devices can be
classified into two classes, namely Custom Power Devices and Power Line conditioners.
6.3 CONSTRUCTION OF DVR

Power circuit and the control circuit are the 2 main parts of the DVR. There are various
critical parameters of control signals such as magnitude, phase shift, frequency etc. which are
injected by DVR. These parameters are derived by the control circuit. This injected voltage is
generated by the switches in the power circuit based on the control signals. Furthermore the
basic structure of DVR is described by the power circuit and is discussed in this section. The
5 main important parts of power circuit, their function and requirements are discussed ahead.
Manufacturing cost and the reliability of those solid state devices have been improved as
new technologies emerged. So, the protection devices which include such solid state devices
can be purchased at a reasonable price with superior performance than the conventional
electrical or pneumatic devices available in the market. Uninterruptible Power Supplies
(UPS), Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) and Active Power Filters (APF) are examples for
commonly used custom power devices. Among those APF is used to mitigate harmonic
problems occurring due to non-linear loading conditions, whereas UPS and DVR are used to
compensate for voltage sag and surge conditions. Voltage sag may occur from single phase to
three phases. But it has been found that single phase voltage sags are routine and most
frequent in the power industry. Thus, the industries that use single and three phase supply
will undergo several interruptions during their production process and they are forced to use
some form of voltage compensation equipment .
35
The industries may undergo burned-out motors, lost data on volatile memories, erroneous
motion of robotics, unnecessary downtime, increased maintenance costs and burning core
materials especially in plastic industries, paper mills & semiconductor plants as an outcome
of the above irregularities.
The solutions put forth as a consequence of the above mentioned anomalies are called as
utility based solutions and customer based solutions respectively. The finest examples for
those two types of solutions are FACTS devices (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) and
Custom power devices that are based on solid state power electronic components. FACTS
devices are controlled by the utility, whereas the Custom power devices are operated,
maintained and controlled by the customer itself and installed at the customer premises.
the utility itself. It has been observed that in industries, most of the conditions that can disrupt
the process are generated within the industry itself. For example, most of the non-linear loads
cause transients which can affect the reliability of the power supply.
6.4 PASSIVE FILTER
passive filters are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to eliminate the higher
order harmonic components during DC to AC conversion in Voltage Source Inverter which
will also distort the compensated output voltage. These filters which play a vital role can be
36
placed either on high voltage side i.e. load side or on low voltage side i.e. inverter side of the
injection transformers. We can avoid higher order harmonics from passing through the
voltage transformer by placing the filters in the inverter side.
Thus it also reduces the stress on the injection transformer. One of the problems which
arise when placing the filter in the inverter side is that there might be a phase shift and
voltage drop in the inverted output. So this could be resolved by placing the filter in the load
side. But this would allow higher order harmonic currents to penetrate to the secondary side
of the transformer, so transformer with higher rating is essential.
6.5 VOLTAGE INJUCTION TRANSFORMER

The primary side of the injection transformer is connected in series to the distribution line,
while the secondary side is connected to the DVR power circuit. Now 3 single phase
transformers or 1 three phase transformer can be used for 3 phase DVR whereas 1 single
phase transformer can be used for 1 phase DVR. The type of connection used for 3 phase
DVR if 3 single phase transformers are used is called Delta-Delta type connection as If a
winding is missing on primary and secondary side then such a connection is called Open-
Delta connection which is as widely used in DVR systems.
37
Basically the injection transformer is a step up transformer which increases the voltage
supplied by filtered VSI output to a desired level and it also isolates the DVR circuit from the
distribution network. Winding ratios are very important and it is predetermined according to
the required voltage at the secondary side. High winding ratios would mean high magnitude
currents on the primary side which may affect the components of inverter circuit.
When deciding the performance of DVR, the rating of the transformer is an important
factor. The winding configuration of the injection transformer is very important and it mainly
depends on the upstream distribution transformer. In case of a -Y connection with the
grounded neutral there will not be any zero sequence current flowing into the secondary
during an unbalance fault or an earth fault in the high voltage side. Thus only the positive and
negative sequence components are compensated.
38
CHAPTER 7
ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER
CONFIGURATIONS OF DVR
7.1 ACTIVE AND REACTIVE CONFIGURATION

Depending upon the compensation that DVR provides, various modes of operation can be
designed. The figure below shows the mode which only deals with the reactive power. From
the phasor diagram we can see that minute control in voltage magnitudes difficult and V
desired and V obtained are somewhat deviating. Now on the other hand when we observe the
phasor diagram it can be seen that V desired and V obtained can be accurately same. Thus we
can conclude by saying the DVR with active and reactive mode of conversion is a efficient
way of controlling the DVR operation.
The injected voltages are introduced into the distribution system through an injection
transformer connected in series with the distribution feeder. The primary side of the injection
transformer is connected in series to the distribution line, while the secondary side is
connected to the DVR power circuit. Now 3 single phase transformers or 1 three phase
transformer can be used for 3 phase DVR whereas 1 single phase transformer can be used for
1 phase DVR. The type of connection used for 3 phase DVR if 3 single phase transformers
are used is called Delta-Delta type connection. If a winding is missing on primary and
secondary side then such a connection is called Open-Delta connection which is as widely
used in DVR systems. In order to carefully select a suitable injection transformer the
following issues should carefully be addressed.
39
7.2 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF REACTIVE CONFIGURATION
One of the methods that are widely used in DVR is briefly discussed in this section. We
can see from the figure 4.3 that the phasor diagram for pre fault and post fault conditions are
illustrated. When the system behaves normally the pre fault voltage is Uo whereas in
abnormal conditions the voltage locus lies anywhere in the range of Uo. We can also see that
when there is an effect of voltage sag, Us is a post fault voltage. Furthermore there is also
reduction in phase angle and magnitude. Voltage injected by DVR for compensation is Uin
and Uon is the pre fault voltage obtained from Us and Uin.
Also there is phase angle advancement of Uin which is done in minute steps. The simplest
process is to compare the Uin voltage and the max injection limit of DVR termed as Uinj. If
injection is less compared to max limit than the system conditions will be restored. On the
other hand when limit is exceeded the pre fault magnitude is more than the output voltage.
This method is highly accurate and hence widely used.
The previous method described is good but it is not the best. As discussed earlier the
existing method is good but not the best. Now if the active voltage is minimal then more
voltage can be fed to the load area from the source. So active voltage should be minimum and
reactive voltage should be dominating. We can see from the figure 4.4 that Uin is the
compensated voltage generated by DVR to maintain the pre sag voltage. The active voltage
Uia1 is given to produce Ui1. Similarly Uia2 is the voltage injected to produce the desired
output.
40
7.3 ENERGY STORAGE UNIT
Various devices such as Flywheels, Lead acid batteries, Superconducting Magnetic energy
storage (SMES) and Super-Capacitors can be used as energy storage devices. The main
function of these energy storage units is to provide the desired real power during voltage sag.
The amount of active power generated by the energy storage device is a key factor, as it
decides the compensation ability of DVR. Among all others, lead batteries are popular
because of their high response during charging and discharging. But the discharge rate is
dependent on the chemical reaction rate of the battery so that the
injected voltages are introduced into the distribution system through an injection
are used is called Delta-Delta type connection.
If a winding is missing on primary and secondary side then such a connection is called
Open-Delta connection which is as widely used in DVR systems. In order to carefully
select a suitable injection transformer.
41
CHAPTER- 8
MULTIPLE PHASE SAGS AND SINGLE PHASE SAGES
8.1 SINGLE PHASE TAGS

The frequently occurring voltage sags are single phase events which are basically due to
a phase to ground fault occurring somewhere on the system. On other feeders from the same
substation this phase to ground fault appears as single phase voltage sag. Typical causes are
lightning strikes, tree branches, animal contact etc. It is common to see single phase voltage
sags to 30% of nominal voltage or less in industrial plants.
Considering this, a transition process is proposed such that voltage restoration is achieved
by injecting the voltage difference between the pre sag and the in sag (source side) voltages
during the initial first cycle or so the sag. When the sag voltage phasor is available, the
injection voltage is controlled to move progressively from the in phase injection point to the
corresponding minimum active voltage injection point. The initial voltage injection
magnitude and phase angle of DVR can be categorized into different cases considering the
injection limit that will be discussed further.
8.2 PHASE TO PHASE TAGS

The 2 Phase or Phase to phase sags may be caused by tree branches, adverse weather,
animals or vehicle collision with utility poles. These types of sags typically appear on other
feeders from the same substation. The industries may undergo burned-out motors, lost data
on volatile memories, erroneous motion of robotics, unnecessary downtime, increased
maintenance costs and burning core materials especially in plastic industries, paper mills &
semiconductor plants as an outcome of the above irregularities.
42
8.3 THREE PHASE SAGS
These are caused by switching or tripping of a 3 phase circuit breaker, switch or reclose
which will create three phase voltage sag on other lines fed from the same substation.
Symmetrical 3 phase sags arise from starting large motors and they account for less than
20% of all sag events and are usually confined to an industrial plant or its immediate
neighbors.
The reason for demanding high quality un-interruptible power during production process
is mainly because of the modern manufacturing and process equipments that operate at high
efficiency requires stable and defect free power supply for the successful operation of their
machines. Machines, sensitive to power supply variations are to be designed more precisely.
For instance, some instruments like adjustable speed drives, automation devices, power
electronic components etc. fall into the above category.
the utility itself. It has been observed that in industries, most of the conditions that can disrupt
the process are generated within the industry itself. For example, most of the non-linear loads
cause transients which can affect the reliability of the power supply.
8.4 HARMONIC FILTERS
To convert the PWM inverted pulse waveform into a sinusoidal waveform, low pass passive
filters are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to eliminate the higher order harmonic
components during DC to AC conversion in Voltage Source Inverter which will also distort
the compensated output voltage.
These filters which play a vital role can be placed either on high voltage side i.e. load side
or on low voltage side i.e. inverter side of the injection transformers. We can avoid higher
order harmonics from passing through the voltage transformer by placing the filters in the
inverter side. Thus it also reduces the stress on the injection transformer. One of the problems
which arise when placing the filter in the inverter side is that there might be a phase shift and
voltage drop in the inverted output. So this could be resolved by placing the filter in the load
43
side. But this would allow higher order harmonic currents to penetrate to the secondary side
of the transformer, so transformer with higher rating is essential.
The injected voltages are introduced into the distribution system through an injection
are used is called Delta-Delta type connection. I
if a winding is missing on primary and secondary side then such a connection is called
Open-Delta connection which is as widely used in DVR systems. In order to carefully
select a suitable injection transformer the following issues should carefully be addressed. As
soon as the fault occurs the action of DVR starts. On event of fault which results in voltage
sag, the magnitude reduction is accompanied by phase angle shift and the remaining voltage
magnitude with respective phase angle shift is provided by the DVR. Employing minimum
active voltage injection mode in the DVR with some phase angle.
8.5 EFFECT OF VOLTAGE SAGS
The prime interest about voltage sags is their effect on sensitive electrical devices, such
as personal computers, adjustable speed drives, programmable logic controllers, and other
power electronic equipment. The least sensitive loads failed when the voltage dropped to 30
% of the specified voltage. On the other hand, the most sensitive components failed when the
voltage dropped to 80-86 % of rated value.
From the test results, the calculated sag threshold to affect production at the utility PCC -
point of common coupling was 87 % of the nominal voltage for more than 8.3 ms. The power
system voltage can be given by a sine wave. A reduction in the amplitude of the waveform
indicates a Voltage Sag. Figure 3.3 shows the voltage waveform during voltage sag. The sag
magnitude is characterized by the amplitude of the instantaneous voltage.
44
Over the last fifteen years, based on how the power quality instruments measure voltage
sags and swells the definitions have been developed. Power system communities state sags or
dips as a reduction in voltage below a user- defined low limit for between one cycle and 2.55
seconds. Surges are now called as swells, except that the voltage exceeds a particular user-
defined high limit. While different definitions pertaining to the amplitude and duration are
still in use, the Recommended Practice on Monitoring Electric Power Quality has defined
them as follows.
corresponding minimum active voltage injection point. The initial voltage injection
magnitude and phase angle of DVR can be categorized into different cases considering the
injection limit that will be discussed further.
8.6 PROTUCTION AND OPERATION CIRCUIT OF DVR
The protection and short circuit operation of DVR is implemented by properly switching
the semiconductors of the VSIs. By this way additional thyristors needed during short circuit
operation are eliminated. Since DVR is rated to compensate for 50% voltage sags, the current
rating of the semiconductor switches must be enough to handle full load current which makes
45
them suitable for continuous operation during non-sag condition. The intention is only to
protect one consumer or a group of consumers with value added power.
Applying a DVR in the medium or low voltage distribution system would often be
possible and a radial grid structure is the only type of system Considered here. In Europe
three wire systems are common in the medium voltage systems and four wires in low voltage
systems. In both systems the main purpose is to inject synchronous voltages during
symmetrical faults and in some cases inject an inverse voltage component during non-
symmetrical faults.
A main difference between a Low Voltage (LV) connection and a Medium Voltage (MV)
connection is the flow of zero sequence currents and the generation of zero sequence
voltages. In the four-wire system, the DVR must secure low impedance for zero sequence
currents and the zero sequence must either flow in the power converter or in a delta winding
of the injection transformer.
8.7 THE MVA RATING
Modulation scheme used on the VSI switches has also impact on the harmonics
produced. The required energy during sags has to be supplied by an energy source. The
necessary amount of energy that must be delivered by the energy source depends on load
MVA requirement, control strategy applied, deepest sag to be protected. Under normal
conditions, the short circuit impedance of the injection transformer determines the voltage
drop across the DVR.
This impedance must be low and has an impact on the fault current through the VSI on
secondary side caused by a short-circuit at load side. The filter design is also affected by the
impedance of the injection transformer. In case of fault or over current exceeding the rating
of DVR on the load side, solid state bypass switches or electromechanical bypass switches
must be added as a measure to protect DVR from getting damaged.
46
8.8 PRIMARY WINDING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATING
corresponding minimum active voltage injection point.
The initial voltage injection magnitude and phase angle of DVR can be categorized into
different cases considering the injection limit that will be discussed further. The simulation of
various 1 phase and 3 phase faults are done using MATLAB. The present project deals with
only voltage sag, voltage swell can be simulated in same way. The simulation results show
the very good performance of the controller theoretically.
The performance of DVR theoretically is tested. Therefore this project has contributed a
strong knowledge to the research and development targeting industrial application to
compensate the single-phase voltage sags and 3 phase balanced voltage sags. The name
power quality has become one of the most productive concepts in the power industry since
late 1980s. Power Quality concept mainly deals with 3 factors namely Reliability, Quality of
Supply and Customer service. Some industries like Manufacturing Business machineries,
Computers and Semiconductors are very sensitive to slightest change in the power supply.
It is very important for them to take care of the frequently occurring power quality
defects in order for production and revenue to not suffer. Over the last fifteen years, based on
how the power quality instruments measure voltage sags and swells the definitions have been
developed.
Power system communities state sags or dips as a reduction in voltage below a user-
defined low limit for between one cycle and 2.55 seconds. Surges are now called as swells,
except that the voltage exceeds a particular user-defined high limit. While different
definitions pertaining to the amplitude and duration are still in use, Recommended Practice
on Monitoring Electric Power Quality has defined.
47
8.9 CONTROL OF DVR
The control of a DVR is not straight forward because of the requirements of fast
response, large variation in the type of sags to be compensated and variation in the type of
connected load. The DVR must also be able to distinguish between background power
problems and the voltage sags to be compensated. Sags are often nonsymmetrical and
accompanied by a phase jump. The possibility of compensation of voltage sags can be limited
by a number of factors including finite DVR power rating, different load conditions,
background power quality problems and different type of sags.
If the DVR should be a successful device, the control may be able to handle most sags
and the performance must be maximized according to the equipment inserted. Otherwise, the
DVR may not be able to avoid load tripping and even cause additional disturbance to load.
A control strategy for voltage sags with phase jump should be included, to be able to
compensate this particular type of sag. The control strategy can depend on the type of the
load connected. Some loads are very sensitive to phase.
jump and the load should be protected from them. Other types of loads are more tolerant to
phase jump and the main task is to maintain the nominal voltage on all three phases. Three
basic control strategies for a DVR can be stated as
Method 1: Pre-sag compensation; the supply voltage is continuously monitored and the load
voltage is compensated to the pre-sag condition. The method gives nearly undisturbed load
voltage, but can often exhaust the rating of the DVR.
Method 2: In-phase compensation; the generated DVR voltage is always in phase with the
measured supply voltage regardless of the load current and presage voltage. Method 3:
Energy optimal compensation; to fully utilize the energy storage, information about the load
current is used to minimize the depletion of the energy storage.
The required energy during sags has to be supplied by an energy source. The necessary
amount of energy that must be delivered by the energy source depends on load MVA
requirement, control strategy applied, deepest sag to be protected. Under normal conditions,
the short circuit impedance of the injection transformer determines the voltage drop across
the DVR. This impedance must be low and has an impact on the fault current through the VSI
on secondary side caused by a short-circuit at load side.
48
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUTION
The main purpose of using DVR in industries is to maximize efficiency in production.

Our project has proposed an improved progressive phase changing scheme of post fault
voltage. For any fault situation of Voltage Sag this method is effective which is proved from
the analysis and MATLAB simulation results. We chose MATLAB programming because it
is easy and can be easily fed in any microprocessor chip.
The sag transients can be easily mitigated and pre fault voltage can be established. For
real time applications, this may necessitate the application of the microcontroller/processor
with fast speed. The analysis done in this paper is done for Voltage sag affecting Single
Phase supply only. Similarly simulations can be carried for Voltage swells and Three-Phase
Supply Fault. We have not shown Voltage Swell and Three-phase Simulation because that is
out of scope as far as this project is concerned. Hereby, the effectiveness of proposed method
is tested and is proven error free. This proposed method is tested theoretically only however,
exact practical testing is left.
The effect of harmonic induction and voltage drop due to connection of DVR are to be
tested in actual experimental setup. Lab Testing of DVR can be implemented as a part of
future research work. With the development of more complicated process control equipment
in the industry, more sensitive devices to the changes on the incoming supply voltage takes
place on the market. This increase the severity of the power quality problems caused by non-
ideal bus voltages.
These non-idealities can be under-voltage, over-voltage, harmonics, shortages or sags.

Although it does not seem so severe, every year large cost of lost production is paid by
different manufacturers in the industry due to voltage sag, short periods of under-voltage, up
to a few hundreds of milliseconds. This paper introduces detailed overview of Dynamic
Voltage Restorer so that young electrical engineers come to know about such a modern
custom power device for power quality improvement in future era.
49
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
[1] Tarek I El-Shennawy, Abdel-Monem Moussa, Mahmoud A El-Gammal and Amr Y

Abou-Ghazala A Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Voltage Sag Mitigation in a Refinery with
Induction Motors Loads 2010 Science Publications available from
http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajeas/ajeas31144-151.pdf
[2] Chellali Benchaiba,Brahim Ferdi Voltage Quality Improvement Using DVR Electrical
Power Quality and Utilization,Journal Vol.XIV no.1,2008 available from
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_send/972
[3] Shairul Wizmar Wahab and Alia Mohd Yusof Voltage Sag and mitigation Using
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) System Faculty of Electrical Engg,University Of
Malaysia available from
http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/2489/1/paper6dec06_shairul_wizmar.pdf
[4] Brice J Quirl,Brain K Johnsom,Senior member IEEE Mitigation of voltage sags with
phase jump using Dynami Voltage Restorer
[5] Paosan Boonchaiam and Nadarajah Mothulananthan Understanding Dynamic Voltage
Restorers through MATLAB simulation Electrical Power system.
Management ,enerfy Field of Studey,Asian Institute of Technology,Thailand available from
www.tijsat.tu.ac.th/issues/2006/no3/2006_V11_No3_1.PDF
[6] B H Lai,S S Choi D M Vilathgamuwa A New Control Strategy for Energy-Saving
Dynamic Voltage RestorationSchool of Electrical and Electronic Engg. Nanyan
Technological University Singapore 639798.
[7] Mehmet Tumay ,Ahmet Teke , K Cagatay Baymdr and M Ugras Cuma Simuation and
Modelling of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Departmetn of Electrical and Electronics Engg.
Turkey available from http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/ee5605917626676_ek.pdf
[8] ELECTROTEK Concepts, Voltage Sag Studies Date : 10/03/2009
http://www.electrotek.com/voltsag.htm.
[9] C S Chang, Y.S. Ho, P.C. Lo Voltage Quality Enhancement with Power Electronics
Based Devices.
[10] Glanny M Ch Mangindaan, M Ashari Mauridhi HP Control of Dynamic Voltage
Restorer For Voltage Sag Mitigation ICTS 2008 available from
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ebooks/5270869/5271123.pdf
50

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ABSRACT

Power electronic devices i.e. Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) and

Power quality is of great importance in all modern environments where electricity is

Power quality is of great importance in all modern environments where electricity is

2.1 EXISTIND SYSTEM

2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.5 LITRATURE SURVEY

DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORATOR

3.1 POWER QUALITY

1. Detection of voltage sag/swell in the power system network.

3.2 DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORATOR

In this mode, Low Voltage winding of injection transformer is shorted. No switching

2.6 INJUCTION MODE

The basic structure of DVR consists of following blocks:

The electrical power system is considered to be of three blocks-generation, transmission,

The electrical power system is considered to be composed of three blocks-generations,

Power quality is of great importance in all modern environments where electricity is

The compensation capacity of a particular DVR depends on the maximum voltage

4.7 THREE PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

Power quality is of great importance in all modern environments where electricity is

5. 1 SWITCHING VECTOR AND SECTOR

SVPWM can be executed by:

5.2 VOLTAGE SAG COMPENSATION

5.5 VOLTAGE SAG AND SWELL DEFINITION

5.6 GENERAL CAUSES AND VOLTAGE SAG

A regulated DC voltage source is provided by a DC capacitor bank which acts an energy

6.3 CONSTRUCTION OF DVR

6.4 PASSIVE FILTER

6.5 VOLTAGE INJUCTION TRANSFORMER

7.1 ACTIVE AND REACTIVE CONFIGURATION

8.1 SINGLE PHASE TAGS

8.2 PHASE TO PHASE TAGS

8.4 HARMONIC FILTERS

8.5 EFFECT OF VOLTAGE SAGS

8.6 PROTUCTION AND OPERATION CIRCUIT OF DVR

8.7 THE MVA RATING

8.8 PRIMARY WINDING VOLTAGE AND CURRENT RATING

The main purpose of using DVR in industries is to maximize efficiency in production.

These non-idealities can be under-voltage, over-voltage, harmonics, shortages or sags.

[1] Tarek I El-Shennawy, Abdel-Monem Moussa, Mahmoud A El-Gammal and Amr Y

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