Development of appropriate technologies for pollution

control and environmental restoration of solid waste landfill

Ken Kawamoto
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Japan
International Institute for Resilient Society, Saitama University, Japan

Waste Amount and

Composition Survey

University of Peradeniya Landfill gas monitoring

SATREPS Laboratory @ University of Peradeniya

What is Waste?
Solid Waste is unwanted and unrequired material arising
from human and animal activities, which is in solid form.

Municipal solid wastes-(MSW)

Industrial wastes
Agricultural wastes
Hazardous wastes
Construction & demolition wastes
 Very variety
% in wet
Category
basis
Kitchen Wastes 74.6

Garden Wastes 4.8

Paper & Cardboard 7.8

Soft Plastic 4.2

Hard Plastic 0.9

Textiles 1.0

Rubber & Leather 0.4

Metal 0.9

Glass 1.7

Ceramics 0.5

Hazardous Wastes 0.4

E Wastes 0.2

Miscellaneous 2.7
Source: Waste Amount and Composition Surveys (WACS) implemented in the Central and Southern Provinces of Sri Lanka, SATREPS report (May 2014)

Very huge

Daily discharge: 1~1.5 kg/day/capita

10,000 persons: 10~15 tons/day
 Very persistent

Dumped waste at Tokyo Bay area,

Japan, more than 40 years ago.
(Photo by Ken)

Six Fundamental Elements in MSW Management

1. Waste generation Recycling 2. Waste storage

4. Separation, Processing

Recycling
Composting Recycling

6. Final disposal 5. Waste transportation 3. Waste collection

& landfilling
 Proper and Environmentally Sound
Solid Waste Management

Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)

JST-JICA SATREPS Project (Apr 2011-Mar 2016)

Development of Pollution Control and Environmental Restoration Techniques
for Waste Landfill Sites in Sri Lanka

Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Environment

Sri Lankan Institutes Ministry of Local Government & Provincial Council

University of Peradeniya; UoP (Primary Institute)(Project Manager: G.B.B.Herath)

University of Ruhuna; UoR
Institute of Fundamental Studies Kandy; IFS
National Solid Waste Management Support Center; NSWMSC
Central Environmental Authority; CEA

Japanese Institutes
International Institute for Resilient Society, Saitama University (SU)

Waste Management Group, The Center for Environmental Science in Saitama (CESS)

Institute for Geo Resources and Environment, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST)

Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University

 SATREPS: Research Activities
1. Identify policy framework of SWM in SL and recognize and assess components of social capacity
+ Review on solid waste management (SWM) and policies in Sri Lanka
+ Survey on organization, human resources, budget, technical capacities related on SWM at local authorities
+ Define items and contents of the guide
Socio-economic analyses on SWM

2. Define methodology of appropriate site selection for new waste landfills

+ Technical, social, and economical conditions for appropriate new waste landfill site selection Site selection
+ Procedures for new waste landfill site selection

3. Monitor existing landfills and its surroundings

+ Monitoring plan, quality assurance and quality control (QA&QC)
+ Monitoring system and manuals, improvement of monitoring laboratories and staff capacity
+ Transport of pollution plumes and risk assessments
Environmental monitoring
4. Develop pollution control and environmental restoration
techniques for waste landfill sites
+ Site-specific pollution control and remediation techniques
Leachate treatment Surface lining, Seepage control
Geomechanics, slope stability Landfill capping
Permeable reactive barrier

Appropriate techniques
+ Field scale study for examining developed techniques

5. Finalize Guide for sustainable planning, management, and pollution

control of waste landfills

List of Contents

Solid Waste Generation and Management in Sri Lanka

Risk Related to Waste Open Dumping Site

Importance of Development of Appropriate Technologies

for pollution control and environmental restoration

Final Remarks
 List of Contents

Solid Waste Generation and Management in Sri Lanka

Risk Related to Waste Open Dumping Site

Importance of Development of Appropriate Technologies

for pollution control and environmental restoration

Final Remarks

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

1) The World Bank: http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2

2) Department of Census and Statistics2002, Sri Lanka http://www.statistics.gov.lk/misc/slmap.pdf
3) Database of Municipal Solid Waste in Sri Lanka
4) Statical pocket book2011 http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Pocket%20Book/chap15.pdf

Sato, N., K. Kawamoto, and L. Mangalika. 2012. Current condition and issues of municipal solid waste management in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the 7th Asian-Pacific Landfill
Symposium (APLAS 2012).

2013 (Source: World Bank, Waste Atlas)

Population, total: 24.83 million
GNI per capita: 3,170 USD (Lower Middle Income)
MSW Generation: 12,313 tons/day
MSW Generation per capita: 0.59 kg/day
Collection rate: 35%

MSW Generation 6,400 tons/day

(Sri Lanka: State of the Environment 2001) 65,610 km2
Collection of MSW 2,838 tons/day
(Sri Lanka ENIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 2009)
 Waste Generation in 2012 and 2025

Sri Lanka
0.59kg/cap-day,
Urban population
15% (2011)
Source: Waste Atlas,
?
World Bank
?
AFR: Africa
EAP: East Asia & Pacific
ECA: Eastern & Central Asia
2025 LAC: Latin America & the Caribbean
2014 MENA: Middle East & North Africa
SAR: South Asia

Source: Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012

Waste Collection Rate

Sri Lanka (2013) Sri Lanka (2013)

AFR: Africa
Low ($975 or less),
EAP: East Asia & Pacific
Lower middle ($976-$3,855)
ECA: Eastern & Central Asia
Upper middle ($3,856-$11,905)
LAC: Latin America & the Caribbean
High ($11,906 or more)
MENA: Middle East & North Africa
SAR: South Asia

Source: Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012

 Waste Amount and Composition Survey (WACS)
in 2012-2013
Central Province:
Kandy MC
Gampola UC
Udapalatha PS

Southern Province:
Galle MC
Hambantota MC

Will be soon uploaded in the SATREPS website

Kandy MC
Unit: tons/day

Total waste generation () = + + + + = 176 tons/day

Waste collection amount* () = ( + + + + ) - = 155 tons/day (Collection rate 88%)
Recycle amount () = + = 17.35 tons/day
Recycle rate () = / = 11%
Final disposal amount () = Collection amount except recycling amount= 159 tons/day
Source: Waste Amount and Composition Surveys (WACS) implemented in the Central and Southern Provinces of Sri Lanka, SATREPS report (May 2014)
 Galle MC
Unit: tons/day

Total waste generation () = + + + + = 50.9 tons/day

Waste collection amount* () = ( + + + + ) - = 43.2 tons/day (Collection rate 85%)
Recycle amount () = + = 6.9 tons/day
Recycle rate () = / = 16%
Final disposal amount () = Collection amount except recycling amount = 38.7 tons/day
Source: Waste Amount and Composition Surveys (WACS) implemented in the Central and Southern Provinces of Sri Lanka, SATREPS report (May 2014)

Results of WACS under SATREPS project

Waste composition (%) *Household waste

Waste Collection Recycling
LA Generation rate rate
(tons/day) (%) (%)
Kitchen Paper Plastic Others

Central Province
Kandy MC 176 88 11 75 8 5 12
Gampola UC 26 62 4 73 1 3 26
Udapalatha PS 43 11 24 69 4 5 22
Southern Province
Galle MC 51 85 16 68 6 6 20
Hambantota MC 23 43 13 54 3 3 40

Enable to set future estimate/action and target values:

Waste segregation method,
Capacity of new waste landfill,
Recycling rate, etc
Source: Waste Amount and Composition Surveys (WACS) implemented in the Central and Southern Provinces of Sri Lanka, SATREPS report (May 2014)
Results of Local Government Budget Survey
under SATREPS project
Central Province:
Kandy MC Nuwaraeliya MC Matale MC Gampola UC Wattegama UC
Kadugannawa UC Udapalatha PS Udunuwara PS Yatinuwara PS

Southern Province:
Galle MC Matara MC Hambantota MC Hikkaduwa UC Weligama UC Tangale UC
Habaraduwa PS Akuressa PS Weeraletiya PS

61,133,000 in 2002 (JICA) Will be soon uploaded in the SATREPS website

Summary (1)

Better evidence based approach is needed to develop

proper SWM action plan and strategy in LAs and
international co-operation activities.
 List of Contents

Solid Waste Generation and Management in Sri Lanka

Risk Related to Waste Open Dumping Site

Importance of Development of Appropriate Technologies

for pollution control and environmental restoration

Final Remarks

Six Fundamental Elements in MSW Management

1. Waste generation Recycling 2. Waste storage

4. Separation, Processing

Recycling
Composting Recycling

6. Final disposal 5. Waste transportation 3. Waste collection

& landfilling
Open Dumping Practice

Photos: Amano, Waste disposal and the concept of semi-aerobic landfill method, lecture material at JICA Country-Focused Training Program, 2010

Uncontrolled Open Burning or Fire Incidents

Photos: Amano, Waste disposal and the concept of semi-aerobic landfill method, lecture material at JICA Country-Focused Training Program, 2010
No Leachate Control or Treatment

Photos: Amano, Waste disposal and the concept of semi-aerobic landfill method, lecture material at JICA Country-Focused Training Program, 2010

Payatas landfill site, Philippine:

Landslide Occurred on July 10th, 2000 after two weeks of heavy rain
Killed at least 330 persons

Jafari et al., I JGCH, 2013

Distribution of Landfills Categorized by Waste Amount brought to in Sri Lanka Semi-Engineered landfills

(2005)
Class A (<10t/d)
PS: 200 LAs
UC: 50 LAs

Class B (10-50t/d)
PS: 30 LAs
UC: 35 LAs

Class C (50-200t /d) Anuradhapura

(a) Nuwara Elliy MC in Central province
Kandy ~105t/d
Kotte ~90t/d
Maharagama ~80t/d
Kaduwela ~55t/d
Kalmunei ~70t/d Kalmunei
Kurunegala
Katththankudi ~60t/d Katththankudi
Kurunegala ~50t/d Kandy
Anuradhapura ~50t/d Negombo
Negombo ~90t/d
Colombo Kaduwela
Panadura ~50t/d
Kotte Maharagama
Galle ~70t/d Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia
Moratuwa
Panadura

(b) Ampara district in Eastern Province

Galle

Class B Population: One dot represents 1,000 people

(10-50 t/d) Class A
(< 10 t/d)
Class D (>200t/d)
Colombo ~950t/d
Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia ~210t/d
Moratuwa ~210t/d

(c) Mawanella PS in Sabaragamuwa province

Source: Sato, N., K. Kawamoto, and L. Mangalika. 2012. Current condition and issues of municipal solid waste
management in Sri Lanka. 7th Asian-Pacific Landfill Symposium (APLAS 2012).

Open Dumping in Asia

Open dumping under unsanitary conditions causes:
+ Damage to human health surrounding the dumping sites (water-born infectious diseases)
+ Environmental Pollution (Water, Air, Soil, and Sea Pollution)
+ Disaster (Landslide, explosion)
+ Global warming (Emission of toxic and greenhouse gases)
+ and more Disposal methods of MSW in Asian countries (2004)
Disposal methods
Country Open Composting Landfilling Incineration Others
dumping
Japan 0 10 15 75 0
Singapore 0 0 30 70 0
Republic of Korea 20 5 60 5 10
Malaysia 50 10 30 5 5
Indonesia 60 15 10 2 13
Philippine 75 10 10 0 5
Vietnam 70 10 0 0 20
Pakistan 80 5 5 0 10
Bangladesh 95 0 0 0 5
Nepal 70 5 10 0 15
Sri Lanka 85 5 0 0 10
Source: Project report on Sustainable Solid Waste Landfill Management (SWLF) in Asia (SIDA 2001-2007)
 Leachate sampling from 11 open dumping sites

Sewwandi, B.G.N., T. Koide, K. Kawamoto, S. Hamamoto, S. Asamoto, and H. Sato. 2013. Evaluation of leachate contamination potential of municipal solid waste
dumpsites in Sri Lanka using leachate pollution index. Proceedings of Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium (Sardinia 2013)

Water quality of leachate inside open dumps

BOD5 COD NO3-N PO43- NH4-N
Sample location pH
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
Bandaragama 7.96 937.6 9279 2.2 8.8 1050
Gampola 8.60 41.0 1249 4.06 7.6 1605
Gohagoda 5.10 22432 61191 6.2 6.2 749
Rathnapura 5.70 37.5 13951 56.9 72.2 2726
Kolonnawa 6.24 49600 82577 2.2 ND 1630
Galle 7.55 137.0 5220 - 10.2 200
Wennapuwa 7.29 86.2 2405 76.8 55.3 444
Negombo 7.50 293.5 18328 132.0 87.1 1680
Matale 8.05 71.4 4236 29.7 83.6 2753
Hambantota 8.36 49.1 2475 4.9 10.0 81
Kataragama 7.82 37.6 1047 3.1 16.2 34

Max. permissible
level 6.5-8.5 30 250 10 5 50
Sewwandi, B.G.N., T. Koide, K. Kawamoto, S. Hamamoto, S. Asamoto, and H. Sato. 2013. Evaluation of leachate contamination potential of municipal solid waste
dumpsites in Sri Lanka using leachate pollution index. Proceedings of Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium (Sardinia 2013)

Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents Discharge into Inland Surface Waters , Sri Lanka Standard 652: 1984 (1984, Sri Lankan Standards Institution)
 Heavy metals in leachate (ppb)
Sample location Cr Fe Ni Cu Zn As Se Cd Pb
Bandaragama 329 7167 912 227 5362 722 2607 90 479
Gampola 220 5546 335 734 462 164 461 4 34
Gohagoda 470 77000 1900 190 6600 170 220 20 500
Rathnapura 439 56343 1311 627 1685 1551 4922 52 168
Kolonnawa 1968 346930 4473 55 11759 705 2443 15 421
Galle 486 15477 673 564 593 1796 5947 52 169
Wennapuwa 363 2501 399 431 409 939 2812 53 87
Negombo 330 20111 666 535 2062 846 2184 51 333
Matale 345 60762 115 573 6876 522 1935 100 1777
Hambantota 80 5341 226 166 19909 678 2522 172 492
Kataragama 11 1117 89 58 638 106 400 50 123
Max. permissible
100 3000 3000 3000 5000 200 500 100 100
level

Sewwandi, B.G.N., T. Koide, K. Kawamoto, S. Hamamoto, S. Asamoto, and H. Sato. 2013. Evaluation of leachate contamination potential of municipal solid waste
dumpsites in Sri Lanka using leachate pollution index. Proceedings of Fourteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium (Sardinia 2013)

Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents Discharge into Inland Surface Waters , Sri Lanka Standard 652: 1984 (1984, Sri Lankan Standards Institution)

Soil contamination surrounding waste landfills

Accumulation of heavy metals

surrounding waste dumping site
Surrounding Dumpsite

Wijesekara, S.S.R.M.D.H.R., S.S. Mayakaduwa, A.R. Siriwardana,

N. de Silva, B.F.A. Basnayake, K. Kawamoto, and M. Vithanage.
2014. Fate and transport of pollutants through a municipal solid
waste landfill leachate in Sri Lanka. Environmental Earth Sciences,
DOI 10.1007/s12665-014-3075-2.
 Seasonal variations in water quality of leachate and landfill
gases (Monitoring is on-going under SATREPS project)

Pb 100
CH4

PBH5
Methane PBH4
80

Concentration ( % )
PBH3
60
Max. permissible level
40

20

0
2013/1/26 2013/5/6 2013/8/14 2013/11/22 2014/3/2 2014/6/10

Jan 2013 Jun 2014 CH4

0.012 100
Old Site-Cd
Cd PBH1
Methane
0.01
80 PBH2

Concentration ( % )
0.008
60
Cd Concentration mg/L

BH5
0.006 BH6
BH7 40
PBH3
0.004 PBH4

20
0.002

0
0 2013/1/26 2013/5/6 2013/8/14 2013/11/22 2014/3/2 2014/6/10

Monitoring data from a closed dumpsite

Summary (2)

Evidence from science based approach is necessary to

identify potential risk and target chemicals from waste
landfills and to discuss pollution control and remediation
activities.
 List of Contents

Solid Waste Generation and Management in Sri Lanka

Risk Related to Waste Open Dumping Site

Importance of Development of Appropriate Technologies

for pollution control and environmental restoration

International Co-operation in Solid Waste Management

Final Remarks

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for final disposal

facility in Japan (1)

Initial investment (construction cost) for municipal

solid waste disposal facility
FY1999-FY2003
Landfill Water Unit cost of Unit cost of Unit cost of Total Ratio of water
capacity treatment construction water total construction treatment
m3 m3/day except for treatment construction cost facility cost to
water facility USD/m3 million USD total cost %
treatment USD/m3
facility
USD/m3
Average 83,528 55 163 159 322 26.9 49.3

Hokkaido 26,861 27 231 211 442 11.9 47.8

Honshu
(Main 117,011 69 125 117 242 28.3 48.4
land)
Shikoku 74,767 97 102 132 233 17.4 56.4
Kyushu 76,375 47 186 233 419 32.0 55.7
1 USD = 100 JPY

Source: Endo et al. (2010), Ito et al. (2005)

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for final disposal
facility in Japan (2)

Estimated LCC for municipal solid waste disposal facility

*Note that below calculations do not include maintenance and renewal costs, labor costs,
tax, interest charge 1 USD = 100 JPY
Landfill Initial investment Total initial Unit cost Water treatment cost* LCC on unit waste volume
capacity (construction cost investment of water Maintenance period after Maintenance period after
treatment landfill closure landfill closure
Unit cost of Unit cost 5 years 30 years 5 years 30 years
construction of water
except for treatment
water facility
treatment
facility
(USD/m3)/
m3 USD/m3 USD/m3 mil USD mil USD mil USD USD/m3 USD/m3
year

2 12 27 130 180
300,000 55 39 28
8 48 108 250 450
2 40 90 90 140
1,000,000 33 19 52
8 160 360 210 410
Upper: Normal water treatment
Lower: Advanced water treatment

How to reduce initial cost and operation/maintenance cost

Source: Endo et al. (2010), Ito et al. (2005)

Site-specific pollution control and remediation techniques

for waste landfills
For development of site-specific pollution control and remediation techniques for waste landfills
which applicable and suitable for new engineered landfill sitting and rehabilitation of open dumps
in Sri Lanka, we have a basic concept consisting of;

Develop pollution control and restoration techniques with low-cost, low-maintenance, and
low environmental impacts (Alternative and appropriate technique)
how to utilize locally-available bio resources, geomaterials, and inert industrial wastes

Keep waste layers in aerobic condition and enhance aerobic decomposition (Aerobic
stabilization)
how to reduce wastewater treatment cost and maintenance period

Satisfy economic and technical requirements from local authorities that manage and
maintain landfill facilities (Suitable Life Cycle Cost and Capacity)
how to evaluate technical performance and cost effectiveness of the proposed techniques

Improve alternative techniques step-by-step and prove those structures and functions
equivalent to existing modern techniques (Step-by-Step Approach)
how to be done not one-off basis but continual basis development
 Utilization of locally-available materials (1): Wastewater
treatment

Coconut husk powder Coconut shell char

Coconut husk
powder

Char 0.26 0.32 Present study

Char + Soil

Industrial material
Zeolite 1.2 55 Hamidpour et al., 2010
Bentonite 5.1 63 Hamidpour et al., 2010

Heavy metal removal from wastewater

Sewwandi, B.G.N., M. Vithanage, S.S.R.M.D.H.R. Wijesekara, M.I.M. Mowjood, S. Hamamoto, and K. Kawamoto. 2014. Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) humic acid treated coconut (Cocos
nucifera) husk. J. Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste, ASCE, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000196.
Paranavithana, G.N., B.G.N. Sewwandi, T. Saito, and K.Kawamoto. 2014. Adsorption characteristics of Cd(II) and Pb(II) onto coconut shell biochar and coconut shell activated carbon as
media for permeable reactive barriers in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste.

Utilization of locally-available materials (2): Wastewater

treatment
Dr Kalpage group / UoP
Utilization of local-available biomass resources for coagulation and sedimentation of
waste particles, and wastewater treatment

Dr Dayanthi group / UoR

Locally- available and Low-cost Media For Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) To Treat
Landfill-Leachate
Utilization of locally-available materials (3): Wastewater
treatment
Dr Jinadasa group / UoP
Constructed wetland system for tertiary treatment of wastewater

Dr Herath group / UoP

Removal of Heavy Metals in Landfill Leachate using Permeable Reactive Barrier
Method

Laterite Apatite

Peat Red Soil

Utilization of locally-available materials (4): Final capping

& Bottom Liner
Dr Kawamoto group / SU
Seepage control utilizing hydrophobized capillary barrier system

Dr Priyankara group / UoR

Selection of suitable materials and packed condition for final earthen cover system in
dry zone
 Utilization of locally-available materials (5): Final capping
& Bottom Liner
Dr Kurukulasuriya group / UoP
Applications to locally available expansive soils in the wet zone as liner materials

Dr Priyankara group / UoR

Applications to locally available soils and bentonite amended soils for bottom liner in
the dry zone

1.00E-07
Hydraulic Conductivity (m/s)

1.00E-08
Before leachate contact
Clay liner requirement
1.00E-09

After leachate contact

1.00E-10

1.00E-11
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bentonite Percentage (%)

Summary (3)

Locally-available materials can be utilized to develop

site-specific pollution control and remediation techniques
for waste landfills.

Those techniques are promising to become applicable

and suitable in Sri Lanka. Research activities should be
done not one-off basis but continual basis.
 List of Contents

Solid Waste Generation and Management in Sri Lanka

Risk Related to Waste Open Dumping Site

Importance of Development of Appropriate Technologies

for pollution control and environmental restoration

International Co-operation in Solid Waste Management

Final Remarks

Final Remarks

Better evidence based approach is needed to develop

proper SWM action plan and strategy in LAs and
international co-operation activities.

Evidence from science based approach is necessary to

identify potential risk and target chemicals from waste
landfills and to discuss pollution control and remediation
activities.

Locally-available materials can be utilized to develop

site-specific pollution control and remediation techniques
for waste landfills.
Guide for sustainable planning, management, and pollution
control of waste landfills in Sri Lanka

Preface
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Current Situation of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Sri Lanka
3. Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Existing Waste Landfills
4. Environmental Monitoring of Waste Landfills
5. Landfill Site Selection
6. Pollution Control Techniques for Waste Landfills
7. Conclusive Remarks and Future Perspectives
Appendix 1 Status of Landfill Legislation in Sri Lanka
Appendix 2 Financial Stream related to Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka
Appendix 3 Action plan making for remediating SWM practices in local authorities
Appendix 4 Examples of Environmental Monitoring Data at Existing Waste Landfills
Appendix 5 Monitoring Methods
Appendix 6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) for Analytical Equipment
Appendix 7 Example of Quantitative Risk Assessment for Landfill Site Selection
Appendix 8 Items for cost estimation of initial investment on engineered landfill sitting

Acknowledgements (1)
Related
Doctor/
Duration Name Affiliation Supervisors Research Topics Activity in
Master
SATREPS
1 Doctor Oct 2008 P. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Gas transport in final Activity 4
-Sep 2011 Wickramarachchi Komatsu (SU) cover soil
(Sri Lanka) Nagamori (CESS)
2 Doctor Oct 2009 S. Subedi Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Hydrophobic capillary Activity 4
-Sep 2012 (Nepal) Komatsu (SU) barrier for final cover
Tanaka (SU) system
3 Doctor Apr 2011 N. Sato (Japan) Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Waste water treatment Activity 4
- Komatsu (SU) utilizing locally-available
Tanaka (SU) biomass resources
Sato (Tokyo Univ)
4 Doctor Oct 2010 K. Lee Waseda Univ Matsuoka (WU) Social capacity assessment Activity 1
- (Korea) Iijima (SU) in solid waste
management
5 Doctor Oct 2011 B.G.N. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Permeable reactive Activity 4
- Sep 2014 Sewwandi (Sri Tanaka (SU) barrier for removal of
Hamamoto (SU) contaminants
Lanka) Asamoto (SU)
6 Doctor Oct 2012 Y.N.S. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Hydrophobic capillary Activity 4
- Sep 2015 Wijewardana barrier for final cover
system
(Sri Lanka)
7 Doctor Oct 2012 A.D.E. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Gas transport in final Activity 4
- Sep 2015 Achchillage cover soil and methane
oxdation
(Sri Lanka)
8 Doctor Oct 2012 G. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Permeable reactive Activity 4
- Sep 2015 Paranavithana barrier for removal of
contaminants
(Sri Lanka)
9 Doctor Oct 2013 H.M.A. Rashid Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Solute transport in liner Activity 4
- Sep 2016 (Pakistan) materials

Red: Sri Lankan

 Acknowledgements (2)
Related
Doctor/
Duration Name Affiliation Supervisors Research Topics Activity in
Master
SATREPS
1 Master Apr 2010 H.M.A. Rashid Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Solute transport in linear Activity 4
-Mar 2012 (Pakistan) Komatsu (SU) material
Hamamoto (SU)
2 Master Oct 2010 A. Zafar Saitama Univ Hamamoto (SU) Methane oxidation in Activity 4
-Sep 2012 (Pakistan) Kawamoto (SU) final cover soil
Komatsu (SU)
3 Master Apr 2011 H.L.D. Nandika Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Geomechanical Activity 4
-Mar 2013 (Sri Lanka) Hamamoto (SU) properties for waste
Tanaka (SU)
4 Master Aug 2011 D.M.C.B. UoP K.B.S.N. Jinadasa (UoP) Solid waste Activity

- Jan 2013 Wijerathna management: Central
Province
(Sri Lanka)
5 Master Aug 2011 D.D. UoR N.H. Priyankara (UoR) Solid waste Activity 1
- Jan 2013 Edirisinghe (Sri management: Southern
Province
Lanka)
6 Master Aug 2011 N.K. UoP M.I.M. Mowjood (UoP) Characterization of Activity 3
- Nov 2012 Wijewardane wastes and landfill gases
at selected open dumps
(Sri Lanka) in SL
7 Master Jan 2012 B.M.R.S. UOP&IFS M. Vithanage (IFS) Environmental risk Activity 2
- Jun 2013 Balasooriya assessment for landfill
site selection
(Sri Lanka)
8 Master Jan 2012 D. UoP L.C. Kurukulasuriya (UoP) Application of locally- Activity 4
- Jun 2013 Wanigarathna available swelling clays
as liner materials
(Sri Lanka)
9 Master Apr 2012 N. K. Saitama Univ Kawamoto (SU) Waste water treatment Activity 4
Mar 2014 Dharmarathne utilizing locally-available
biomass resources
(Sri Lanka)

Red: Sri Lankan

Acknowledgements (3)
Related
Doctor/
Duration Name Affiliation Supervisors Research Topics Activity in
Master
SATREPS
10 Master Mar 2013 - Subhani UoR Neetha Dayanthi Wastewater treatment Activity 3 & 4
Mar 2015 Nanayakkara UoR
UoR
11 Master Mar 2013 - Chathura Cuddika UoR N.H. Priyankara Geotech properties for Activity 3 & 4
Mar 2015 Balasooriya UoR
UoR waste disposal site

12 Master Apr 2013 Pavithra UoP Gemunu Herath Wastewater treatment Activity 4
Sep 2014 Abhayawardane (UoP)
13 Master Apr 2013 Shakila UoP C. Kalpage Wastewater treatment Activity 4
Oct 2014 Hettiarachcchi (UoP)

14 Master Apr 2013 Priyantha Bandara UoP K.B.S.N. Jinadasa Solid waste management: & Activity 1 & 4
Oct 2014 (UoP) Wastewater treatment

15 Master Apr 2013 Marina Ishihara WU S. Mstsuoka (WU) Social capacity assessment Activity 1
Mar 2015 in solid waste management

16 Master Jan 2014 Udayagee UoP M.I.M. Mowjood Environmental monitoring at Activity 3
Nov 2015 Kumarasinghe (UoP) waste disposal site

17 Master Jan 2014 N.T. Bhagya UoP K.B.S.N. Jinadasa Wastewater treatment, Activity 4 & 3
Nov 2015 Madusankha (UoP) Environmental monitoring at
waste disposal site

Red: Sri Lankan

 Acknowledgements (4)

JST-JICA Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable

Development (SATREPS) FY2011-FY2015

Research grant from the Research Management Bureau, Saitama

University (FY2009-FY2014)

Thank you very much.

 Contents of the Guide (1)
List of Contents Related activity and contents

Preface Responsible agency/agencies for the Guide

Abstract

1. Introduction
1.1 Need for Guide
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Target waste landfills in the Guide Municipal solid waste

2. Current Situation of Solid Waste Management [Activity 1]

(SWM) in Sri Lanka
2.1 Introduction
2.2 SWM practices in local authorities
2.3 Characterization of municipal solid waste and
waste stream in local authorities
2.4 Others related to SWM
SWM baseline survey, local government budget
survey
Category of SW in SL, WACS
Environmental business survey, Public conscious
survey, Appendix1 &2

Contents of the Guide (2)

List of Contents Related activity and contents

3. Risk Assessment and Risk Management of [Activity 1 & 3]

Existing Waste Landfills Open dumping practice in SL
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Approaches and methodology for risk Risk index and score based assessment
assessment
3.3 Case studies of risk assessment Case studies at selected LAs in Central Province
3.4 Risk management for existing waste landfills Appendix 3: Action plan making
3.5 Closure, post-closure, corrective actions
related to existing waste landfills
 Contents of the Guide (4)
List of Contents
4. Environmental Monitoring of Waste Landfills
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climatic condition in Sri Lanka
4.3 Characteristics of landfilled waste and
landfill gas compositions
4.4 Characteristics of leachate
4.5 Seasonal variations in groundwater level,
water quality, and landfill gas composition
4.6 Potential migration of pollution plume at
waste landfill site
4.7 Others related to environmental monitoring
Contents of the Guide (3)
List of Contents
5. Landfill Site Selection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Factors affecting landfill site selection
5.3 Approaches and methodology for landfill site
selection
5.4 Identification of suitable sites
5.5 Administrative planning, public consensus
building related to landfill site selection
Related activity and contents
[Activity 3 & 4]
Environmental pollution, risk to human health
Available data, SATREPS weather station data
Data on 21 major landfills, Clustering landfills
Data on 10 major landfills
Appendix 4
Numerical simulation results (GERAS analysis)
Monitoring methods and QAQC, Appendix 5 & 6
Related activity and contents
[Activity 2 & 1]
Existing methodology in SL
Environmental factors and artificial factors
Preliminary screening (risk rating), detailed
analysis (GIS based approach), Appendix 7
 Contents of the Guide (5)
List of Contents Related activity and contents

6. Pollution Control Techniques for Waste [Activity 4 & 3]

Landfills
Technical design and requirements prescribed in CEA guideline
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Leachate treatment system Target chemicals, site-specific low-cost and low-maintenance system

6.3 Bottom liners Site-specific clay liner system

6.4 Final covers
6.5 Permeable reactive barrier technique
6.6 Validation of proposed techniques: Field scale
study
6.7 Geomechanics and slope stability of waste
landfills
6.8 Environmental monitoring methods
6.9 Others related to pollution control techniques
Site-specific capillary barrier system, gas exchangeable cover system
Site-specific low-cost materials, long-term performance
Effectiveness of technical performance and cost performance
Numerical simulation results (PLAXIS analysis)
Monitoring plans including installation of monitoring wells, parameters,
and frequency
Appendix 8