FISICA DE SEMICONDUCTORES

UNIT 1

TASK CYCLE 1

GROUP

299002_10

STUDENT

CRISTIAN ROZO LOPEZ

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

2017
DIODE

Semiconductor devices are electronic devices designed to allow or not the passage of current
according to the behavior of some variables to which the element is subjected such as the
direction of circulation of this, voltage, temperature, etc.

The main semiconductor element and protagonist of this study is the diode, which is a tiny
element composed mainly of silicon.

Using the following graphs let's take a look at the behavior of this element depending on the
factors or variables mentioned above:

Figura 1

This graph shows a stripe of contrasting color that represents the following:

Figura 2
As shown in the figure above, the diodes have 2 ends, anode and cathode.

The anode is related to the positive pole and represents the side where the current flows in the
so-called direct polarization.

The cathode is related to the negative pole and represents the side where it does not allow the
current to circulate in the so-called inverse polarization.

If we relate both figures, in the photo we can see the black strip which is the cathode.

The following graph shows the behavior of a silicon diode in terms of voltage and current:

Figura 3
Zener diode:

The silicon diodes are designed in such a way that they do not allow the passage of current in the
cathode-anode direction, although when they are applied a voltage in reverse direction greater
than 50V, called the breakdown voltage, they begin to conduct a negative current. Zener diodes
are designed to work under these voltage levels. (Khanacademy)

Led:

They are the initials of light emitting diode and it is precisely one that emits bright light of color
when it is subjected to a voltage of direct polarization.

Types of diodes

According to the materials, treatments and uses these different types of diodes exist:

Silicon Diode - Silicon is the most common material used to make diodes. It has a typical lead
voltage of 0.6-0.7 \, \ text V0.6-0.7V0, point, 6, minus, 0, point, 7, space, V.

Germanium diode - made of a different element. Germanium diodes have a typical lower lead
voltage, 0.25-0.30 V0.25-0.30V0, point, 25, minus, 0, point, 30, space, V.

Schottky Diode - is made of a metal contact with silicon. The forward voltage is lower than that of
the common silicon diodes: in the range 0.15 - 0.45 \, V.0.15-0.45V.0, point, 15, minus, 0, point,
45, space, V, point

Zener diode - intentionally operated in the rupture region, is used as a voltage reference.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) - does what its name says. Otherwise, it acts as a normal silicon diode.

Photodiode - this diode has a window that lets the external light on the silicon surface. The current
generated in the diode is proportional to the intensity of the light. Solar cells are a form of
photodiode.

Small Signal Diode or Switching Diode - is a silicon diode made to pass from forward to reverse
bias very quickly. This is achieved by making the diode physically very small.
Some applications of diodes

Half wave rectifier:

Sometimes we need to eliminate the negative period of an alternating current, which we will
achieve by connecting a diode in series with the source of alternating current, the diode will allow
the passage of current during the positive period and prevent it during the negative period. The
circuit will be that of the figure:

Figure 4. Half wave rectifier

Enter a sine wave and a cut out:

Figure 5. Sinusoidal input signal Figure 6. Output signal cut out

Double Wave Rectifier:

This type of rectifier is used to convert an alternating signal into a continuous one, if you look at
this type of rectifier, what we are going to get is to convert the negative period into positive. The
circuit is as follows:

Figure 7. Double-wave rectifier

Figure 8. Sinusoidal input signal Figure 9. Rectified output signal

Led:

Of its many applications we can find them in traffic signaling. Most traffic lights used for example
in tolls consist of a array of colored leds that can be red, green, yellow, amber according to need. If
it is to be used as an approach light it must be interchangeable and of amber color, but if what is
wanted is to authorize or stop the passage of the vehicles can be green or red respectively. In
addition to an arrangement of leds it is necessary in these cases of control circuits to meet these
needs.

Figure 10. LED traffic lights (Sinowatcher)

Transistors:

They are the basic component universally used in both analog and digital electronics.
They are solid state devices that perform amplification and switching functions.
There are 2 kinds of transistors, bipolar and monopolar.
Bipolar is mainly used in analog electronics and in some digital electronics applications such as TTL
technology.
Monopoles such as MOS are widely used in all digital electronics and are the fundamental
component of integrated circuits. (17Oc)

BJT Bipolar Transistors

PNP NPN

C = Colector C = Colector

B = Base B = Base

E = Emisor E = Emisor
Applications:

Amplifier:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES

Khanacademy. (s.f.). Recuperado el 5 de Octubre de 2017, de

https://es.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-semiconductor-devices

Sinowatcher. (s.f.). Recuperado el 10 de Octubre de 2017, de

http://www.trafficsolution.cn/es/products/52-90-100mm-traffic-signals

(s.f.). Recuperado el 10 de Octubre de 2017, de http://ocwus.us.es/fisica-

aplicada/copy_of_complementos-de-fisica/temas/TEMA4.pdf