3

EC 334 Analog and

Digital Circuit Analysis

Dr. Mohamed Tamazin

Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime
Transport (AASTMT)

Fall 2015 Semester

Smart Village Campus
 Laplace Transform Applications 3
Circuit Elements Models
Steps in applying the Laplace transform:
Transform the circuit from the time domain to the
s domain
Operators (derivatives and integrals) into simple
multipliers of s and 1/s
Solve the circuit using circuit analysis technique
(nodal/mesh analysis, source transformation, etc.)
Take the inverse Laplace transform of the
solution and thus obtain the solution in the time
domain
M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 2
 s - Domain Models for R and L 3
For a resistor, For an inductor,
v(t ) Ri (t ) di (t )
v(t ) L
dt
Lv(t ) LRi (t )
V ( s) L sI ( s) i (0 ) sLI ( s) Li(0 )
V ( s ) RI ( s ) 1 i (0 )
or I ( s ) V ( s)
sL s

Time domain s domain s domain

M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 3
 s - Domain Models for C 3
For a capacitor,
dv(t )
i (t ) C
dt

I ( s) C sV ( s ) v(0 ) sCV ( s) Cv(0 )
1 v (0 )
or V ( s ) I ( s)
sC s

Time domain s domain s domain

M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 4
 Summary 3
For inductor: For capacitor:

V ( s) sLI ( s) Li(0 ) I ( s) sCV ( s) Cv(0 )

1 i (0 ) 1 v (0 )
I ( s) V ( s) V ( s) I ( s)
sL s sC s

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 Summary 3
Impedance in the s domain
Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)
Admittance in the s domain
Y(s)=1/Z(s)=V(s)/I(s)

Element Z(s)
Resistor R
Inductor sL
Capacitor 1/sC
*Assuming zero initial conditions

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 Example 1 3
10
Vs
s
i (0) 1 A
v(0) 5 V

V1 -Vs V1 - 0 i(0) V1 - [ v(0) s ]

+ - + =0
10 3 5s s 1 (0.1s)
40 + 5s 35 30
V1 = = -
(s +1)(s + 2) s +1 s + 2
v1 (t) = ( 35e-t - 30e-2t ) u(t)

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 Example 2 3
Solved example 1 by using superposition :
30 30 30
V1
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2

v1 (t ) 30e t 30e 2t u (t )
10 10 10
V2
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2

v2 (t ) 10e t 10e 2t u (t )
5s 5 10
V3
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2

v3 (t ) 5e t 10e 2t u (t )
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) v3 (t )

(30 10 5)e t (30 10 10)e 2t u (t )
35e t

30e 2t u (t )
M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 8
 Example 3 3
Assume that no initial energy is stored.
(a)Find Vo(s) using Thevenins
theorem.
(b)Find vo(0+) and vo() by apply the
initial- and final-value theorems.
(c) Determine vo(t).

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 Example 3 3
10 50
Voc VTh 5
s s
To find Z Th , use Z Th Voc I sc
Applyingnodal analysis :
10 (V1 2 I x ) 0 V1 0
0
s 5 2s
V1
and I x
2s
100 V1 50
V1 , Ix
2s 3 2s s (2s 3)
V 50 s
Z Th oc 2s 3
I sc 50 s (2 s 3)
5 5 50 125
Vo VTh
5 Z Th 5 2s 3 s s ( s 4)
M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 10
 Example 3 3
Solution (b) : Solution (c) :
125
Vo ( s ) Vo ( s )
125 A

B
s ( s 4) s ( s 4) s s 4
The initial - value theorem gives Applyingthe residue method,
125
vo (0) lim sVo ( s ) lim 0
125
s s s 4 A sV o ( s )|s 0 4 31.25

The final - value theorem gives 125
B ( s 4)Vo ( s )| 31.25
125 125 s 4 4
vo () lim sVo ( s ) lim
s 0 s 0 s 4 4 vo (t ) 31.25(1 e 4t )u (t )

M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 11

 Transfer Function 3
The transfer function H(s) is the ratio of the
output response Y(s) to the input excitation X(s),
assuming all initial conditions are zero.
Y ( s)
H ( s) , Y ( s) X ( s) H ( s)
X ( s)

If x(t ) (t ) , X ( s ) 1
Thus Y ( s) H ( s) or y (t ) h(t )
It implies
h(t ) : the unit impulse response of the network

H ( s) : the Laplace transform of h(t )
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 Transfer Function 3
Two ways to find H(s)
Assume an input and find the output
Assume an output and find the input (the ladder
method: Ohms law + KCL)
Four kinds of transfer functions
Vo ( s) I o ( s)
H ( s) Voltage gain , H ( s) Current gain
Vi ( s) I i ( s)
V ( s) I ( s)
H ( s) Impedance , H ( s) Admittance
I ( s) V ( s)

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 Example 1 3
t t
If y (t ) 10e cos 4t u (t ) when x(t ) e u (t ).
Find the transfer function and its impulse response.
Solution :
1 10( s 1)
X (s) , Y (s)
s 1 ( s 1) 4
2 2

Y (s) 10( s 1) 2
4
H ( s) 10 40
X ( s ) ( s 1) 4
2 2
( s 1) 4
2 2

h(t ) 10 (t ) 40e sin 4t u (t )

t

M. Tamazin EC 334 - Analog and Digital Circuit Analysis 14

 Example 2 3

Find
H(s)=V0(s)/I0(s).

Solution : 2( s 4) I 0
V0 2 I 2
By current division, s 6 1 2s
( s 4) I 0 V0 ( s) 4s( s 4)
I2 H ( s) 2
( s 4) (2 1 2s) I 0 ( s) 2s 12s 1
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 Example 2 3
Let V0 1 V,
By Ohm' s law, I 2 V0 2 1 2
1 1 4s 1
V1 I 2 2 1
2s 4s 4s
V1 4s 1
I1
s4 4 s ( s 4)
Applying KCL gives
2 s 2 12 s 1
I 0 I1 I 2
4 s ( s 4)
V0 1 4s ( s 4)
H ( s) 2
I 0 I 0 2 s 12s 1

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 Example 3 3
Find
(a) H(s) = Vo/Vi,
(b) the impulse response,
(c) the response when vi(t) = u(t) V,
(d) the response when vi(t) = 8cos2t V.

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 Example 3 3
Solution :
By voltage division,
1
Vo Vab
s 1
1 || ( s 1)
Vab Vi
1 1 || ( s 1)
1 s 1 Vi
( s 1) ( s 2) Vo Vi
Vi s 1 2s 3 2s 3
1 ( s 1) ( s 2) Vo 1 1 1
H ( s)
s 1 Vi 2s 3 2 s 3 2
Vi
2s 3 h(t ) 0.5e 3t 2u (t )
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 Example 3 3
Sol : (c) Sol : (d)
1 8s
vi (t ) u (t ) Vi ( s ) vi (t ) 8 cos 2t Vi ( s )
s s2 4
Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s ) Vo ( s ) H ( s )Vi ( s )
1 A B 4s A Bs C
2
3 s
2 s s s
3 3 2
s s 4 s
3 s 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 24 24 64
A , B A , B , C
3 3 25 25 25
24 1 4 2
1
3

vo (t ) 1 e 3t 2 u (t ) V Vo ( s ) 2
s

25 s 3 2 s 4 3 s 4
2

24 4
vo (t ) e 3t 2 cos 2t sin 2t u (t ) V
25 3
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 Thank for Your Attention! 3
Comments and Discussion

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