WATER NETWORK DESIGN

The water supply cycle

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Introduction
Water Distribution systems play an important role in supplying water for our
everyday needs. Proper installation and maintenance of these systems
depends on:

the operators knowledge of the system,

regular inspection,
And equipment maintenance.

Pipes and valves need to be properly selected to meet the design

specifications of each water system.
Types of Piping
Water Distribution systems demand piping that is solid, resilient, durable
and is resistant to corrosion over a long period of time.

It is necessary that piping not chemically react with water.

The lighter the piping used, the easier it is to handle.
Pressure rating of the piping used must also be adequate for each type
of water distribution system.

Long ago, distribution systems used woods for piping material but it
could not withstand the water pressure.

Most of todays water distribution systems have moved to a cast-iron

steel piping (CIP).

During the 1990s, a gray cast iron type of piping was introduced.
Stresses in pipes

Internal Pressure produces hoop stress h=rxP/t

And longitudinal stress l = r x P /2 t

R: Radius

P: Internal pressure

T: pipe wall thickness

Stresses in pipes
Water Hammer results from the sudden stopping or slowing of flow in a conduit. The
kinetic energy of the water moving through the pipe in converted into potential energy.
 PUMP SHUTDOWN CONDITIONS
Pump run down resulting
from planned shutdown or
electric power failure results
in column separation

Column returns and

shock pressure occurs
 PUMP START-UP CONDITION
Shock pressure occurs
when pumping
operation begins
abruptly and fluid is
supplied to a static
column
 -
Pipe Bedding
Pipe Material
Metallic Pipes
Cast iron
Ductile iron
Steel (carbon steel)

Concrete pipes
Concrete Cylinder Pipes (CCP)
Asbestos cement

Plastic pipes
PVC
PE
GRP
Metallic Pipes Difference between Grey Iron Ductile Iron Steel
All metallic pipes are made in iron, the difference resides in the carbon content:

Material Definition Standard

US Other
Ductile type of cast iron used AWWA C150/A21.50 American EN 555:2002 Ductile
Iron for pipes, fittings and National Standard for the Thickness iron pipes fittings,
accessories in which Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe accessories and
graphite is present AWWA C110/A21.10, American their joints for
primarily in National Standard for Ductile-Iron water pipelines
spheroidal form and Gray-Iron Fittings 3 in. through Requirements and
58 in. (75 mm thru 1220 mm for test methods
Water and Other Liquids ISO2531:2009,
AWWA C115/A21.15, American Ductile iron pipes,
National Standard for Flanged fittings, accessories
Ductile-iron Pipe with Threaded and their joints for
Flanges water applications
Steel ASME B31.5-2006 Pipeline
Transportation Systems for Liquid
Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
Ductile Iron
DI pipe is a type of piping that is even sronger than CI pipe.

Although DI is heavy, CI is heavier.

Transmission lines are often made of DI because it provides a long service life.
Furthermore, inside cement lining of DI can help tuberculation (growth of clumps of
materials).

DI is less prone to corrosion; additional thickness is provided as a safety factor to

allow for corrosion. Additional cost in material (at least 2 to 3 times more in weight if
compared to the same steel pipe).

DI is generally accepted as reliable piping material.

Ductile Iron
Ductile Iron - Definitions
Nominal Pressure - PN numerical designation, which is a convenient rounded
number, used for reference purposes

Nominal size DN

The standard nominal sizes, DN, of pipes and fittings are the following:

50, 50, 60, 65, 80, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 500, 550, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1500, 1500, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2500 and 2600
DI Thickness class (EN 555:2002)
K classes for pipes and fittings

The nominal iron wall thickness of pipes and fittings is given as a funct ion of the
nominal size, DN, by the following formula with a minimum of 6 mm for pipes and 7
mm for fittings:

e =K.(0.5 + 0.001 DN)

where

e is the nominal wall thickness. in millimetres ;

DN is the nominal size (in millimiters);

K is a coefficient used for the determination of the thickness . It is

selected from a series of whole numbers : 8, 9 , 10, 11, 12, 15,
Steel Pipe
Steel is primarly used where high pressure is required.

Steel piping is light weight, easy to install and transport.

It has a low resistance to external pressures; therefore, it requires a lining or

coating to maintain a long service life.

The exterior of steel piping requires a protected wrap such as galvanized or epoxy
to prevent damage from outside elements.

Steel pipe does not allow for any corrosion factor. Consequently excellent
maintenance is needed: either regular painting or cathodic protection.
Steel pipes
Steel Grades
Steel Pipes Wall thickness calculation
The internal pressure design wall thickness t in mm of the steel pipe is calculated by
the following equation:

Pi D
t
20S
Where:
t pressure design wall thickness [mm]
Pi internal design gage pressure [bar]
D outside diameter of pipe [mm]
S applicable allowable stress value [MPa]
=0.72 . E.SYMS [-]
E weld joint factor [=1] [-]
SMYS specified minimum yield strength of the pipe [MPa]
Protection of steel pipes against corrosion
Internal protection
fusion bonded epoxy coating
Cement mortar lining
Polypropelene coating

External protection:
Fusion bonded epoxy coated
Polypropelene coating

In addition, in order to extend pipelinelife span, it is highly recommended to provide

cathodic protection:
Induced currents
Scarifying anodes
Asbestos Cement
Light weight

Very economical price

Fire-proofing

Resistance to detoriation, and high tensile strength

Risk of breaking durin g installation and need for special equipment

Causes cancer and has been banned from used.

Concrete Pipes: Concrete Cylinder Pipes
Concrete piping has grown in popularity because it has the advantages of strength
and durability, plus it is available in many diameters.

It has been found to be in good condition even after a one hundred year work life.

Prestressed concrete is durable and can take pressures up to 250psi.

Concrete that is not pre-stressed can only take up to 50 psi.

It is extremely heavy so shipping is not economical and special hauling and lifting
equipment is required.
Plastic Pipes
Can withstand internal & external pressures

Free from harmful material that can alter the taste and odor of potable water

Should not be used where the soil become contaminated by petroleum products,
since permeation of harmful chemical could occur.

It has a nice flowing smooth interior

It cannot be damaged by corrosion.

For ex., Polyvinyl Chloride Piping (PVC) isa very user-friendly to pipe fitters and
easily maintained.

Easy to use and install

When buried, PVC is hard to locate since it is nonconductive.

PVC is not feasible for above ground use in direct sunlight.

Valves: Type

Valves are extremely important in the control of water systems.

Valves need periodic maintenance to make sure they are working properly and are
not damaged.
Valves should be placed in locations in the water systems that are easily accessible
for repairs & emergency shut off situations.
Valves should always be stored indoors and in fully closed position when possible.

Valves Types:

Gate valve
Globe valve
Butterfly valve
Ball valve
Check valve
Parts of a valve

1. Closure member: part of the valve that closes flow (disk, ball,
gate, etc.).

2. Actuator: means of operating the valve hand, gear, chain

wheel, motor, solenoid, pressure and flow of the media, air
pressure.

3. End fitting: must be specified when buying the valve - butt weld
end, compression flange, pipe thread, quick disconnect

5. Material: closure member, housing, seat stainless steel

5. Packing/seals: seals stem, replaced

6. Seat: where the closure members seals against the valve housing
Gate Valve

Sliding disk, perpendicular to flow

Applications: Stop valves, (not throttling), high pressure and temp, not for
slurries, viscous fluids

Advantages low pressure drop when fully open, tight seal when closed, free of
contamination buildup

Disadvantages vibration when partially open, slow response and large

actuating force
Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is a rotary motion valve. The main purpose of butterfly valve is used to stop,
regulate, and start fluid flow. This type of valve is easily and quickly operated because there is a
90 degree rotation of the handle which moves the disk from a fully closed to fully opened
position. Butterfly valves are available in various sizes and materials.

The larger sized butterfly valves are actuated by hand wheels which are connected to the stem
through gears and they provide mechanical advantage at the expense of speed.

The butterfly valve consists of only five main components:

Body: These valves have bodies that fit between two pipe flanges.

Disc: The disk is the flow closure member of a butterfly valve.

Stem: The stem of the butterfly valve is either a one-piece shaft or a two-piece, also known as
split-stem design.

Seat: The seat of a butterfly valve utilizes an interference fit between the disk edge and the seat
to close or to shutoff.

Operator
Butterfly valve Centric valve
Butterfly valve Eccentric Valve

Rotating disk on a shaft, in a housing

Low pressure, large diameter lines where leakage is
unimportant
Advantages low pressure drop, small and light weight
Disadvantages high leakage, high actuation forces so
limited to low pressures
Globe valve

Typically used in pipes that are

four inches in diameter or smaller.
Seldom used in water distribution
systems, mainly for household
plumbing
Throttling, general purpose flow
control valve
Ball valve
Sphere with a port in a housing, rotate to expose channel.
Applications: Flow control, pressure control, shutoff,
corrosive fluids, liquids, gases, high temp.
Advantages low pressure drop, low leakage, small, rapid
opening
Disadvantages seat can wear if used for throttling, quick
open may cause hammer
Valves Symbols

Butterfly Valve

Ball Valve

Gate Valve

Globe Valve
Valve function
Definitions

What do we mean by on/off/modulating?

On/Off means valve is either open or closed. Example may be a float
valve, an altitude valve or a solenoid valve.
Modulating means the valve is changing position, moving open and closed
to maintain a desired set point. Example is pressure reducing, float valve,
sustaining valve.

Regulation:
Pressure control valve (down-stream)
Pressure sustaining (up-stream)
Flow control
Altitude valve
Control Valves Types

Control Valve
Description of Control Valve Operation
Type
Work to maintain a constant downstream pressure that matches the PRV
Pressure reducing
setting.
Maintain a constant upstream pressure while downstream pressure
Pressure sustaining
fluctuates.
Pressure breaker Force a specified pressure drop to occur across the valve.
Attempt to control flow through a pipe, regardless of upstream and
Flow control
downstream pipe pressures.
Vacuum breaker Allows air to enter a pipeline when the pressure drops to atmospheric level.
Throttle control Used to adjust flows or to control pressures in the system.
Behave as an automatic flow control valve (control rate of flow) in which the
Float
regulating principle is the tank water level.
Are positioned on all storage tanks to automatically close when the water in
Altitude the tank reaches its minimum level (tank is empty) or maximum level (tank is
full), and to stay open within the intermediate range.
User defined or Used to model turbines, well draw-down, or reduced-flow backflow
General purpose prevention valves.
Pressure relief Prevent excessive pressures in a pipe.
Valve operations
There are four basic methods of valve operations:

Manual
Electrical
Hydraulic
Pneumatic

Power Actuators can be used to operate the valves.

Actuator is a device responsible for activating a mechanical process.
Valve actuators should be operated slowly. Water hammer may occur if valve
actuators are operated with too much speed.
Valve operations
Cavitation
Cavitation is a two stage phenomenon of liquid flow. The first stage is the
formation of voids or cavities within the liquid system; the second stage is the
collapse or implosion of these cavities back into an all-liquid state

Instrument Society of America

Typically occurs in high pressure drop and low flow applications when valve is
operating close to the seat
Anti-cavitation valves
 Sample of cavitation index graph for a MONOVAR valve
P2 Pv
P1 P2
P1 : Absolute upstream pressure measured in practice one pipe diameter above the valve,
P2 : Absolute pressure measured 10 pipe diameters below the valve and corrected for friction losses between points 1 and 2,
PV : Vapor pressure of the liquid at the operating temperature.

Different types of valve have different behaviour in face of cavitation, below is a classification from the most sensitive to
the less sensitive:
gate valve
ball valve
butterfly valve
special valves (MONOVAR from SAPAG or throttling valve from Glenfield).
Pipe Couplings & Flange Adapters

No transmission of forces from pipe to coupling / Flange Adapter

Role of a flowmeter
A flowmeter is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or volumetric
flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

The basis of good flowmeter selection is a clear understanding of the requirements

of the particular application. Here are some key questions which need to answered
before selecting a flowmeter:

Do you require a local display on the flow meter or do you need an electronic signal
output?

What is the minimum and maximum flowrate for the flow meter?

What is the minimum and maximum process pressure?

What is the minimum and maximum process temperature?

Accuracy of flowmeters

Flow measurement relies on the assumption that velocity of

FLOW

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