INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION

by
Dr. N.C. Srivastava

1.0 Objectives:
Control of -
Heat and local discomforts
Odours
Hazardous contaminants (dust particles, toxic gases, smoke and fumes etc.)

to achieve - Better health and safety of workers

Increase in work efficiency and production

2.0 Principles:
1. Heat and contaminants should be exhausted at source for better control.
2. Ventilation can be a natural draft or a mechanical system or a combination of both.
A mechanical supply and exhaust system provides best control. It includes
- Inlet/outlet sections
- filters, cooling and heating equipment in supply system
- filters and contaminants eliminating devices in exhaust system
- fan sections
- supply/exhaust duct work
- air distribution terminals
3. Care that neighbourhood (including all living beings, agricultural crop, buildings etc.) are not
adversely affected by exhausted air.

3.0 Control Measures:

3.1. Heat Control

hot-dry areas (heat load on the worker is sensible or radiant; rate of cooling
by evaporation of sweat is not reduced)
warm-moist areas (a wet process giv6s latent heat and increases moisture
content results in serious reduction in heat loss by evaporation of swet; is more
hazardous than hot-dry areas)

Heat stress: is the thermal condition of the environment that in combination with metabolic
heat generation of the body causes deep bod)' temperature to exeed 38°C

WBGT (Wet bulb globe temperature) is recommended index for heat stress in
hot environments (fig. I ) and is determined as follows:

Outdoors with solar load: 32

WBGT = 0.7 t n w + 0.2 t g + 0.1 t d b

30
Indoors or outdoors without solar load:
WBGT = 0.71.nw 0.3 to
iu 2 8 j-
ui i
where t m v = natural wetbulb temp. : CI t
O
t d (, = dry bulb temperature 13 26
m C O N T I N U O U S WORK
t3 = Verr\on alobe 7 S \ W O R K . 2S%.REST EACH HOUR

O s o m m «*'»«•) 5 0 1 WORK. 5 0 " . REST EACH HOUR

24 WORK. 7 5 \ REST EACH HOUR

— —i I 1 I
100 200 300 400 500
LIGHT
MOOERATE WORK HEAVV WOOK
WORK
HEAT EXPOSURE LIMIT, WATTS

Fig. 1 Heat Stress by WBGT Method

 -2-

3.2 Local discomfort parameters:

Air Speed: Discomfort from drafts or high air speeds may affect work efficiency and sprains in
body parts. Table I gives recommended air speeds for general ventilation for various working
conditions.

Radiant temperature: Heat radiations form hot roof or sunlit walls may cause discomfort in
the work place and may call for radiation shielding specially in mdustnal sheds.

Temperature & Humidity: Control of temperature and humidity simultaneously is required in

special industrial applications as indicated in table - 2» Thes* Gcwditar>s call for specially
designed air-conditioning system including ventilation.

4.0 General Ventilation:

A general ventilation system supplies and/or exhausts air to provide heat control, dilute
contaminants to acceptable limits and replace exhaust air. by either natural supply or mechanical supply
and'or exhaust systems. In most cases, the objective is to provide tolerable working conditions rather than
total comfort. General ventilation rates should be high enough to dilute the carbon dioxide produced by the
occupants. Out door air may be unsatisfactory or may need pretreatment if it is known to have high
unacceptable contaminants levels. Vent.latum rafes jor cecTairt Hos^taJ ar«<x£ a i e g t u e n foile-4'

4.1 Natural ventiattion:

Natural ventilation is a controlled flow of air caused by thermal and wind pressures and is effective
in work areas with significant heat release, as shown in fig. 0. . It is not suitable if pretreatment of the
supply air is required.
AIR OUTLET

Fig. 2. Natural Ventilation of Single Bay Building

4.2 Spot cooling:
Convective spot cooling is an effective and efficient way of acceptable working conditions in the
work areas of a large factory building. Workers are exposed to air with increased velocities and desired
temperature as indicated in table 3

4.3 Air distribution

Location: for low level ventilation, the outlets should be at about 3m. for spot coo ling the outlets
should be close to worker at about 2m level. Some air supply design strategies are shown in fig J & L\

Table 1 Acceptable Air Speed in Workplace

Activity I-evel Air S p e e d , m'/s

Continuous exposure
Air-conditioned space 0.25 to 0.4
Fixed workstation, general ventilation or spot cooling
Silting 0 4 10 0.6
Standing 0 5 io 1.0
Intermittent exposure, spot cooling or relief stations
Light heat loads and activity 5 io 10
Moderate heat loads and activity 10 to 15
High heal loads and activity 15 ty 20
a. Air is supplied by nonattached horizontally projected jet, b. Air is supplied by horizontally projected jet attached to the ceiling,
and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow. and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow.

OCCUPIED ZONE

c. Air is supplied by horizontally projected concentrated air jets and vertical and/or horizontal directing jets,
and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow and vertical directing jets.

Fig. 3 Concentrated Air Supply Methods

With inclined cooled air jets b. With inclined heated air jets

OCCUPIED ZONE

c. With radial jets attached to d. With downward projected e With downward projected
the ceiling conical jets compact jets

— V
OCCUPIED ZONE OCCUPIED ZONE

f. Through the wall-mounted grille; occupied g. Through the wall-mounted grille; occupied zone
zone ventilated by the jet directly ventilated by jet and reverse flow

Fig. 4 Nonconcentrated A i r Supply M e t h o d s

 - 4 -

T a b l e d Temperatures and Humidities for Industrial Air Conditioning

Process Dry Bulb (°C) rh ( » ) Process Dry Bulb <°C> rh(%)

ABRASIVE FOUNDRIES*
Manufacture 26 50 Core making 16 to 21
Mold making
CERAMICS
Bench woik 16 to 21
Refractorv 43 to 6 6 5 0 to 9 0
Molding room 27 6 0 to 7 0 Floor work 13 to 18
Clay storage 16 to 27 35 to 65 Pouring 4
D e c a l c o m a m a production 24 to 27 48 Shakeout 4 to 10
Decorating room 24 to 2 7 48
Cleaning room 13 io 18
Use high-efficiency filtration in decorating r o o m . To minimize the danger •Winter dressing room temperatures. Spot coolers are sometimes used in larger
of silicosis in other areas, a dust-collecting system or m e d i u m - e f f i c i e n c y installations.
paniculate air filtration may be required.
In mold making, provide exhaust hoods at t r a n t e r points v.ith wet-
collector dust removal system Use280 to 3 8 0 L/s per hood.
DISTILLING in shakeout room, provide exhausi hoods with wet-collector dust removal
General manufacturing 16 to 24 45 to 60 system. Exhaustl90 to 240 L/s in grate area. R o o m ventilatory are generally
Aging not effective.
18 to 22 50 io 60
In cleaning room, provide exhaust hoods for grinders and cleaning equip-
Low humidity and dust control are important w'here grains are ground. ment with dry cyclones or bag-type collectors. In core making, oven and
Use high-efficiency filtration for all areas to prevent mold spore and bacteria adjacent cooling areas require f u m e exhaust hoods Pouring rooms require
growth Use ultrahigh efficiency filtration w h e r e bulk f h s h pasteurization is two-speed powered roof ventilators. Design for minimum o f l O L/s per
performed. square metre of floor area at low speed. Shielding is required to control radi-
ation from hot surfaces Proper introduction of air minimizes preheat
ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS requirements.

Electronics and X-ray

Coil and transformer winding 22 15 FUR
Semiconductor assembly 20 4 0 to 50 Drying 43
Electrical instruments
Shock treatment - 8 to - 7
Manufacture and laboratory 21 50 to 55
Storage 4 i o 10 5 5 to 6 5
Thermostat assembly and calibration 24 5 0 to 55
Humidistat assembly and calibration 24 50 to 55 Shock treatment or eradication of any insect infestations requires lower-
Small mechanisms ing the lemperature to -8 to - 7 ° C for 3 to 4 days, then raising it to 16 to
21°C for 2 days, then lowering it again for 2 days and raising it to the stor-
Close tolerance assembly 22* 40 to 45
age temperature
M e t e r assembly and test 24 6 0 to 6 3 Furs remain pliable, oxidation is reduced, and color and luster are pre-
Switchgear served when stored at 4 to 10°C.
Fuse and cutout assembly 23 50 Humidity control is required to present mold growth (which is prevalent
with humidities above SO^t) and hair splitting ( u h i c h is c o m m o n with
Capacitor winding 23 50
humidities lower than 5 5 < H
Paper storage 23 50
C o n d u c t o r wrapping with yam 24 6 5 to 70
GUM
Lightning arrester assembly 20 2 0 to 4 0
Manufacturing 33
Thermal circuit breakers assembly and test 24 30 to 6 0
High-voltage transformer repair Rolling 20 63
26 5
Water w heel generators Stripping 53
Thrust runner lapping 21 3 0 to 5 0 Breaking 23 47
Rectifiers Wrapping 23 58
Processing selenium and copper oxide plates 23 3 0 to 4 0
•Temperature to be held constant LEATHER

Dust control is essential in these processes M i n i m u m control requires Drying 20 to 52 75

medium-efficiency filters Degree of filtration d e p e n d s on the type of func- Storage, winter room temperature 10 to 16 40 to 6 0
tion in the area. Smaller tolerances and miniature components suggest high-
efficiency particulate air filters. After leather is moistened in preparation for rolling and stretching, it is
placed in an atmosphere held at room temperature with a relative humidity
FLOOR COVERING of 95%.
Leather is usually stored in warehouses without temperature and humidity
Linoleum control. However, it is necessary to keep humidity sufficiently low to prevent
Mechanical oxidizing of linseed oil* 32 to 38 mildew. Medium-efficiency paniculate air filtration is r e c o m m e n d e d for fine
Printing 27 finish.
Stoving process 70 to 120
• P r e c i s t e m p e r a t u r e control required LENSES (OPTICAL)

Medium-efficiency particulate air filtration is recommended for the siev- Fusing 24 45

ing process 27
Grinding 80
 Table 3L Temperatures and Humidities for Industrial Air Conditioning (Concluded)
Process Dry Bulb (°C) rh(S>) Process Dry Bulb (®C) rh

MATCHES PLASTICS
Manufacture 22 to.23 50 Manufacturing areas
Drying 21 to 24 60 Thermosetting molding compounds 27 25
Storage 16 to 17 50 Cellophane wrapping 24 to 27 45

Water evaporates with the s e n i n g of the glue. The amount of water evapo- In manufacturing areas where plastic is exposed in the liquid >
rated is 8 to 9 kg per million matches The match machine turns out about molded, high-efficiencv particulate air filters may be required Dust
750,000 matches per hour uon and fume control are essential.

PAINT APPLICATION PLYWOOD

Lacquers: Baking 150 to 180 Hot pressing (resin) 32
Oils paints: Paint spraying 16 to 32 80 Cold pressing 32 15

The required air filtration efficiency depends on the painting process. On RUBBER-DIPPED GOODS
fine finishes, such as car bodies, high-efficiency particulate air filters are
Manufacture 32
required for the outdoor air supply. Other products may require only low- or
medium-efficiency filters. Cementing 27 25
M a k e u p air must be preheated. Spray booths must have 0.5 m/s face Dipping surgical articles 24 to 27 25
velocity if spraying is performed by humans: lower air quantities can be Storage prior to manufacture 16 to 24 40
used if robots p e r f o r m spraying. O v e n s must have air exhausted to maintain
Laboratory ( A S T M Standard) 23.0
f u m e s below explosive concentration Equipment must be explosion-proof.
Exhaust must be cleaned by filtration and solvents reclaimed or scrubbed. "Dew point of air must be belov. evaporation temperature of solvent

Solvents used in manufacturing processes are often explosive an

P H O T O STUDIO requiring positive ventilation. Volume manufacturers usually insial
Dressing r o o m 22 to 23 vent-recovery system for area exhaust systems
4 0 to 5 0
Studio (camera r o o m ) 22 to 23 4 0 to 5 0
Film d a r k r o o m 21 to 22 4 5 to 55 TEA
Print d a r k r o o m 21 to 22 45 to 55 Packaging 18
Drying r o o m 32 to 38 35 to 4 5
Ideal moisture content is 5 to 69c for quality and mass. Low-lim
Finishing r o o m 22 to 24 4 0 to 55 ture content for quality is 4*3:.
Storage r o o m (b/w film and paper) 22 to 24 4 0 to 6 0
Storage r o o m (color film and paper) 4 to 10 4 0 to 5 0
TOBACCO
Motion picture studio 22 4 0 to 55
Cigar and cigarette making 21 to 24 55
The above data pertain to a v e r a g e conditions. In some color processes,
Softening 32 85
elevated temperatures as high as 4 0 ° C are used, and a higher room tempera-
ture is required. Stemming and stripping 24 to 29 7C
Conversely, ideal storage conditions for color materials necessitate refrig- Packing and shipping 23 to 24
erated or deep-freeze temperatures to ensure quality and color balance when Filler tobacco casing and conditioning 24
long storage times are anticipated. Filter tobacco storage and preparation 25
Heat liberated during printing, enlarging, and drying processes is
Wrapper tobacco storage and conditioning 24
removed through an independent exhaust system, which also serves the
lamp houses and dryer hoods. All areas except finished film storage require •Relative humidity fairly constant with range as set by cigarette machine.
a m i n i m u m of m e d i u m - e f f i c i e n c y particulate air filters. Before stripping, tobacco undergoes a softening operation.

Table 3 Recommended Spot Cooling Air Speed

and Temperature
Average Air T e m p e r a t u r e , °C,
A i r Speed in J e t ,
in J e t C r o s s Section

on 0.1 m : Heat Flux Density. W / m 2

Activity I^evel of W o r k p l a c e 140-350 700 1400 2100 2KOO

Light—1 1 28 24 21 16 —

i — 28 26 24 20
3 — 28 26 24
~>7 25
3 5 — - —

1 27 22 — — -
Moderate—11
•> 28 24 21 16 —

3 — 27 24 21 18
3.5 — 28 25 22 19

Heavy—III 2 25 19 16 — —

26 n 20 IS r
3
3.5 — 23 n 20 19
 —

Table •A General Pressure Relationships and Ventilation of Certain Hospital Areas

Pressure Minimum Air Minimum Total All Air Air Recirculated
Relationship Io Changes of Out- AirChan&es Exhausted Directly YVithin
Function Space Adjacent Areas door Air per Hour" per Hour" •o Outdoors Room Units
SURGERY A N D CRITICAL C A R E
O p e r a t i n g r o o m f a l l o u t d o o r air s y s t e m ) P IV 15 Yes No
( r e c i r c u l a t i n g air s y s t e m ) P s 25 Optional No
Delivery room (all o u t d o o r air s y s t e m ) P 15 15 Optional No
( r e c i r c u l a t i n g air s y s t e m ) 1' 5 25 Optional No
Recovery room E 6 Optional No
Nursery suite P s 12 Optional No
T r a u m a room 1 1 P 5 12 Optional No
A n e s t h e s i a storage ( s e e c o d e r e q u i r e m e n t s ) ± Optional 8 Yes No

NURSING
Patient r o o m c i 2 4 Optional Optional
Toilet r o o m ' N Optional 10 Yes No
Intensive care P 2 6 Optional No
1'iotective isolation* P 15 Yes Optional"
Infectious Isolation8 i 6 Yes No
Isolation a l c o v e or a n t e r o o m » -i 10 Yes No
1 .abor/delivery/recovery/postpartu m ( L DR P) -i 4 Optional Optional
F.
Patient corridor-' -i 4 Optional Optional
E
ANCILLARY
Radiolog\ X - r a y (surgery and critical c a r e ) P 3 15 Optional No
X-ray (diagnostic and treatment) ± 2 6 Optional Optional
•> 10 Yes' No
Darkroom N
Laboratory, general N 2 6 Yes No
Laboratory, b a c t e r i o l o g y N 2 6 Yes No
Laboratory, b i o c h e m i s t r y P 2 6 Optional No
1 .uboratory. c y l o i o g y N 6 Yes No
laboratory, glasswashing N Optional 10 Yes Optional
Laboratory, h i s t o l o g y N i 6 Yet No
Laboratory, n u c l e a r m e d i c i n e N 2 6 Yes No
->
Laboratory , p a t h o l o g y N 6 Yes No
Laboratory, s e r o l o g y -t 6 Optional No
P
laboratory, sterilizing N Optional 10 Yes No
Laboratory media transfer -i 4 Optional No
P
Autopsy N 2 12 Yes No
Nonrefrigerated body-holding room' N Optional 10 Yes No
Pharmacy P -i 4 Optional Optional

ADMINISTRATION
Admitting and Waiting R o o m s N 2 6 Yes Optional
DIAGNOSTIC A N D TREATMENT
B r o n c h o s c o p y , sputum c o l l e c t i o n , and p e n t a m i d i n e administration N i 10 Yes Optional 1 "'
Examination room0 * 2 6 Optional Optional
Medication room P 4 Optional Optional
Treatment r o o m ' ± •t - Optional Optional
Physical therapy and hydrotherapy N 2 6 Optional Optional
Soiled workroom or soiled holding N > 10 Yes No
Clean workroom or clean holding" P 4 Optional Optional
STERILIZING A N D SUPPLY
Sterilizer e q u i p m e n t r o o m N Optional 10 Yes No
Soiled or decontamination room -i 6 Yes No
N
Clean w o r k r o o m and sterile storage P 2 4 Optional Optional
Equipment storage : i Optional i -i Optional Optional
±
SERVICE
F o o d preparation c e n t e r s 1 * 2 10 Yes No
Warew ashing N Optional 10 Yes No
D i e t a r y day s t o r a g e ± Optional Optional No
Laundry, general N 10 Yes No
S o i l e d linen sorting and s t o r a g e N Optional 10 Yes No
Clean linen storage ~>
P 2 lOpuonali Optional Optional
L i n e n a n d trash c h u t e r o o m N . Optional 10 Yes No
Bedpan room N Optional 10 Yes No
Bathroom N Optional 10 Optional' No
Janitor's closet N Optional 10 Optional No
P - Positive N = Negative ± = C o n t i n u o u s directional control not required0 - T h e infectious isolation r o o m * .described in this table are those that might be used. !«>r infec-
•Ventilation in accordance with A S H R A E Siarulani 6 2 - 1 9 8 9 . Ventilation for A c c e p t a b l e tious patients in the average community hospital T h e r o o m s are n e g a t i \ e K p r v s s u n / o d S o m e
IikJoot Air Qualits. should be used for area* for which specific ventilaii«Hi rates arc not g n e n isolation r o o m s m a \ have a separate a n t e r o o m . R e f e r to the d i s c i s s i o n ir. chapter tor more
V> here a higher outdoor air r e q u i r e m e n t is called for in SianJard 62 than in Table 3. the detailed i n f o r m a t i o n W h e r e h i g h h infectious respirable diseases such a- 'uberculosis arc to be
higher value should be used isolated, increased air c h a n g e rates should he c o n s i d e r e d .
'Total air changes indicated should be either supplied or. v.here required, e x h a u s t e d Protective isolation r o o m s arc those used for immu.it'suppressed patient*. ITv r o o m i* po-»i
T o r operating rooms. 100> outside air should dc used o n h w hen c o d e s require it and o n h if iivclv p r e s s u n / e d to protect the patient A n t e r o o m s art' generally required and should be nega-
heat recovery d e \ k c s are used tivelv p r e s s u n / e d with respect to the patient r o o m .
<>
Thc term trauma room as used here is the first aid r o o m a n d / o r e m e r g e n c s r o o m used for R e c i r c u l a t i o n is a l l o w e d in r o o m s with p o s s i b l e respirators isolation patient*, if suppU air is
general initial treatment of accident victims. T h e operating r o o m within the t r a u m a center HEPA t l l t e a ^ j
thai is r o u l i n e h used for e m e r g e o c s surgery should be treated as an operating r o o m . 'All air need not be e x h a u s t e d il d a r k r o o m e q u i p m e n t has scavenging exhaust duct attached
Although continuous directionaJ control U not required, variation* >hould be m i n i m i z e d , and m e e t s ventilation s t a n d a r d s o | N I O S H . O S H A . and local e m p l o y e e e x p o - w e limits
and in no case sh.njld a lack of directional control allow- the spread of infection f r o m one area JThe nt «tre frige rated b o d ) holding r o o m exists o n h in facilities thai do not p e r t o r m autopsies
l o another. Boundaries between functional areas ( w a r d s o r o c p a n m e n t - 0 s h o u l d have d i n x - on-site and use the space for short periods w h i l e waiting lor the KkIn to he transferred
l
uonal control Lewi* (1988) d e s c r i b e s m e t h o d s for m a i n t a i n i n g directional c o n t r o l b\ appi> - F o o d preparation centers should have an e x c e s s of air s u p p h lor positive pressure * h c n
ing air tracking controls h o o d s are not in operation T h e n u m b e r of air c h a n g e s m a s be reduced or varied for odor con-
For a discussion of design considerations for central toilet e x h a u s t s y s t e m s , see the section trol w h e n the space is not in use M i n i m u m total air c h a n g e s per hour should he that required to
or. Patient R o o m s provide proper m a k e u p air t o kitchen e x h a u s t s y s t e m s . Sec O u p t e r 2 8 . Kitchen Ventilation.
 4.4 Exhaust systems:
Industrial exhaust systems should collect and remove air borne contaminants of particulates,
vapours and gases that can create an unsafe, unhealthy or undesired atmosphere both with in the space and
outside surroundings.
Types of systems -
General exhaust for entire work space without local considerations

Local exhaust: comprise of five components namely: hoods, duct system, air cleaning
device, fan andexhaust stack as shown in figs-Si C- Table £ gives the capture velocities
for hoods design under various applications and table gives transport velocities for
various types of contaminants, for duct design purposes.

[ \ \ \ \ \ \ i T Y T T T Y T

Fig. 5 Typical industrial exhaust system

4.5 Evaporative cooling:

Evaporative coolers or air-washers provide an energy efficient way of providing cold working
conditions in hot and dry climatic conditions. Air is cooled by evaporation of water droplets either sprinkled
across the air stream or on wetted porous pads/curtains and in the process the solid contaminants are also
removed from the air. An effective evaporative cooling system employs supply system of evaporatively
cooled air and almost equal amount of air exhust system. Technically the power exhaust should be
controlled so that it increases with the increase in out door air relative humidity.

Indirect evaporative cooling has been effectively used to precool the air entering in the refrigeration
coils of an air-conditioning system, thereby reducing the size of refrigeration plants as well as energy and
operating costs.

Bibliography:
1. ASHRAE Hand Book. 1992 HVAC Systems and Equipment volume
2 -do- ] 993 Fundamentals volume
3 -do- 1995 HVAC Applications volume
Table - 6 Range of Hood Capture Velocities

Condition Examples Capture

of velocity
exhaust
contaminant m/s
convective
dispersion plume

Released Evaporation from

with no tanks,degreasing, 0.25 to
velocity into plating etc. 0.5
still air UPDRAFT COAXIAL

Released at Container filling,

low vel. into slow speed 0.5 to 1.0
moderate conveyor transfer, exhaust
still air welding
plume

Active Barrel filling, chute

generation loading of con v- 1.0 to 2.5 source
into rapid eyors,crushing SIDEDRA FT

air motion cold shakeout

Released at Grinding, abrasive

high vel. blasting, tumbling, 2.5 to 10
into very hot shakeout
rapid air

Typical inflow velocity for hoods is 0.5 m/s for cai .aus!
calculating the hood area. DOWNDRAFT

Fig. 6 b N o n e n c l o s i n g H o o d s

A
Enclosing \>od
3tn But

\ Hooper / \ Hopper 1

ENCLOSING HOOD NONENCLOSING HOOD

Fig.&a-Enclosing and Nonenclosing Hoods