Advanced Digital Signal Processing

Assignment 1

Author

Hazoor Ahmad
PhD-EE-17004

Supervisor

Dr. Sajid Ahmad

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan
October 2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 1

1. Hilbert Transform ................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Hilbert Transform of () ................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Hilbert Transform of ................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Hilbert Transform of ..................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Hilbert Transform of ()/() ............................................................................................. 6
2. Frequency Response ............................................................................................... 8
2.1 Frequency Response of + () .................................................................... 8
2.2 Frequency Response of ()()/.................................................................... 9
3. A Single Side BAnd Modulation System .............................................................. 12
3.1 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................13
3.2 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................14
3.3 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................16
3.4 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................17
3.5 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................19
3.6 Finding frequency response of ()...........................................................................................20
3.7 Finding frequency response of ().............................................................................................21
4. A Modulation System ............................................................................................ 23
4.1 Sketch () for different values of ...................................................................................24
4.1.1 = , = ..................................................................................................................24
4.1.2 = , = ..................................................................................................................25
4.1.3 = , = ................................................................................................................26
4.1.4 = , = ................................................................................................................26
4.2 The Values for Which () is identical ...................................................................................27
5. Finding Energy of Signals .................................................................................... 28
5.1 Energy of () .............................................................................................................................28
5.2 Energy of () .............................................................................................................................31
5.3 Energy of () ............................................................................................................................33
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 35

1
 Question 1
1. HILBERT TRANSFORM

Hilbert Transform{. } of a function () can be found by convolving the function

with the 2/ as

2 (1.1)
{()} = ()


()
= 2

While in frequency domain it can be found as

({()}) = () () (1.2)

Using either (1.1) or (1.2), find the Hilbert Transform of the following functions:

(a) (2 )

(b) (2 )

(c) 2

()
(d)

2
1.1 Hilbert Transform of ( )

{sin(2 )} =?

We have two equations (1.1) and (1.2) for the calculation of Hilbert Transform. They

are in time domain and frequency domain respectively. We can use either form for the

determination of Hilbert Transform, here we will make use of (1.2) that is:

({()}) = ()()

In which () and () are to be determined, () is given by:

1
() = {sin(2 )} = [( ) ( + )]
2

And

1 >0
() = {
1 < 0

Multiplying both () and ():

1
({()}) = [( ) 1 ( + ) 1]
2
1
= [( ) + ( + )]
2

Or equivalently, in time domain we can get

1
1 ({()}) = 1 { [( ) + ( + )]}
2

So, Hilbert transform of sin(2 ) is given by:

1
{()} = cos(2 )

Or

{()} = jcos(2 )

3
1.2 Hilbert Transform of ( )

{cos(2 )} =?

We have two equations (1.1) and (1.2) for the calculation of Hilbert Transform. They

are in time domain and frequency domain respectively. We can use either form for the

determination of Hilbert Transform, here we will make use of (1.2) that is:

({()}) = ()()

In which () and () are to be determined, () is given by:

1
() = {cos(2 )} = [( ) + ( + )]
2

And

1 >0
() = {
1 < 0

Multiplying both () and ():

1
({()}) = [( ) 1 + ( + ) 1]
2
1
= [( ) + ( + )]
2

Or equivalently, in time domain we can get

1
1 ({()}) = 1 { [( ) + ( + )]}
2

So, Hilbert transform of cos(2 ) is given by:

1
{()} = 1 { [( ) ( + )]}
2

Or

{()} = jsin(2 )

4
1.3 Hilbert Transform of

{ 2 } =?

We have two equations (1.1) and (1.2) for the calculation of Hilbert Transform. They

are in time domain and frequency domain respectively. We can use either form for the

determination of Hilbert Transform, here we will make use of (1.2) that is:

({()}) = ()()

In which () and () are to be determined, () is given by:

() = { 2 } = ( )

And

1 >0
() = {
1 < 0

Multiplying both () and():

({()}) = ( ) 1 + 0 1
= ( )

Or equivalently, in time domain we can get

1 ({()}) = 1 {( )}

So, Hilbert transform of 2 is given by:

{()} = 2

5
1.4 Hilbert Transform of ()/()

sin()
{ } =?

We have two equations (1.1) and (1.2) for the calculation of Hilbert Transform. They

are in time domain and frequency domain respectively. We can use either form for the

determination of Hilbert Transform, here we will make use of (1.2) that is:

({()}) = ()()

In which () and () are to be determined, () is given by:

sin() 1
() = { } = ( )
||

1 >0
() = {
1 < 0

Multiplying both () and ():

1
({()}) = ( ) ()
||
1 2 2
= [ ( ) ( + )]
|| 2 2

Or graphically we can see in Figure 1.1.

()
Figure 1.1 Graphical Demonstration of Hilbert Transform of in frequency

domain

6
Or equivalently, in time domain we can get

1 2 2
1 ({()}) = 1 { [ ( ) ( + )]}
|| 2 2

sin()
So, Hilbert transform of is given by:

1 ||
{()} = { ( ) 2 2 ( ) 2 2 }
|| 2 2 2

Or

1
{()} = ( ) { 2 2 2 2 }
2 2

Or

1
{()} = j ( ) { 2 2 2 2 }
2 2

Or

{()} = j ( ) ( )
2 2

Or

2 ( 2 )
{()} = j
( 2 )

Or

1 ()
{()} = j
()

7
 Question 2
2. FREQUENCY RESPONSE

2.1 Frequency Response of () + ()

{(2) + (2)} =?

By superposition theorem Fourier transform we can distribute the Fourier on

individual functions as given by:

{(2) + (2)} = {(2)} + {(2)}

Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:

{(2) + (2)}

1 1
= [( ) ( + )]+ [( ) + ( + )]
2 2

1
= [( ) ( + )]+ [( ) + ( + )]
2 2

= [( ) + ( + ) + ( ) + ( + )]
2

So

() = ( + )

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 2.1

8
 Figure 2.1 Frequency Response of (2) + (2)

Now from () we can see that this is a unit impulse shifted left by frequency. So

for the time domain function we have to take the inverse transform of the signal:

1 {()} = 1 {( + )}

Or

() = 2

2.2 Frequency Response of ()()/

(2)
{ (2)} =?

Multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency

domain and convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain

and vice versa, so we have:

(2)
{ (2)} = 2 { (2)} {(2)}

Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:

9
 (2)
{ (2)}

1 1
= 2 [ ( )] [( ) + ( + )]
2 2 2

1
= {[ ( ) ( )] + [ ( ) ( + )]}
2 2 2

1
= {[ ( )] + [ ( )]}
2 2 2

So

() = ( + )

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 2.2

(2)
Figure 2.2 Frequency Response of (2)

Now from () we can see that this is shifted left and right by frequency. So for

the time domain function we have to take the inverse transform of the signal:

1
1 {()} = 1 {[ ( )] + [ ( )]}
2 2 2

Or

1
1 {()} = { 1 [ ( )] + 1 [ ( )]}
2 2 2

Or

10
 1
1 {()} = {2 (2 ) 2 + 2 (2 ) 2 }
2

Or

2 + 2
() = 2 (2 ) { }
2

Or

() = 2 (2 )cos(2 )

Or

(2 )
() = 2 cos(2 )
2

Or

(2 )
() = cos(2 )

11
 Question 3
3. A SINGLE SIDE BAND MODULATION SYSTEM

A single-sideband modulation system with carrier frequency , is shown in

Figure 3.1. Sketch the Fourier transform of 1 (), 2 (), 3 (), 4 (), 5 (), 6 (), and

(), thus showing that() is () single-sideband-modulated on the carrier . Assume

that () has the real Fourier transform and that () is a low-pass filter as shown in

Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.1 A single side band modulated system

Figure 3.2 Input signal ()and a low pass filter

12
3.1 Finding frequency response of ()

{1 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

0
{1 ()} = [()( )]
2

Multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency

domain and convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain

and vice versa, so we have:

0
{1 ()} = {()} {( )}
2

Or

0
1 () = () {( )}
2

If = , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:
2

1
1 () = [ ( )] [ ( ) ( + )]
2 2 2 2

1
= {[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( + )]}
2 2 2 2 2

+ 2 2
= {[ ( )] [ ( )]}
2 2 2

So

+ 2 2
1 () = {[ ( )] [ ( )]}
2 2 2

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.3

13
 Figure 3.3 Frequency Response of 1 ()

3.2 Finding frequency response of ()

{2 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

0
{2 ()} = [()( )]
2

14
 Multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency

domain and convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain

and vice versa, so we have:

0
{2 ()} = {()} {( )}
2

Or

0
2 () = () {( )}
2

If = , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:
2

1
1 () = [ ( )] [ ( ) + ( + )]
2 2 2 2

1
= {[ ( ) ( )] + [ ( ) ( + )]}
2 2 2 2 2

1 2 + 2
= {[ ( )] + [ ( )]}
2 2 2

So

1 2 + 2
1 () = {[ ( )] + [ ( )]}
2 2 2

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.4

15
 Figure 3.4 Frequency Response of 2 ()

3.3 Finding frequency response of ()

{3 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

{3 ()} = {1 ()()}

So we have:

{3 ()} = {1 ()}{()}

Or

3 () = 1 ()()

If = , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:
2

+ 2 2
3 () = {[ ( )] [ ( )]} ( )
2 2 2

+ 2 2
= {[ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( )}
2 2 2

16

+ 2 2
= {[ ( )] u( + ) [ ( )] u( )}
2 2 2

So

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 Frequency Response of 3 ()

3.4 Finding frequency response of ()

{4 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

{4 ()} = {2 ()()}

17
So we have:

{4 ()} = {2 ()} {()}

Or

4 () = 2 () ()

If = , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we have:
2

1 2 + 2
4 () = {[ ( )] + [ ( )]} ( )
2 2 2

1 2 + 2
= {[ ( )] ( ) + [ ( )] ( )}
2 2 2

1
= ( )
2

So

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 Frequency Response of 4 ()

18
3.5 Finding frequency response of ()

{5 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

0
{5 ()} = [3 ()sin[( + )]]
2

Multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency

domain and convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain

and vice versa, so we have:

0
{5 ()} = {3 ()} {sin[( + )]}
2

Or

0
5 () = 3 () {sin[( + )]}
2

If = and = 2 , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we
2

have:

5 ()

+ 2 2 1
= {[ ( )] u( + ) [ ( )] u( )} [ ( ) ( + + )]
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 + 2 2
= {[ ( )] u( + ) [ ( )] u( )} { ( ) ( + + )}
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solving the above equation by superposition we get four convolution operators as

given by:

19
 1 + +
5 () = [ ( ) u( ) ( ) u( + + )
4
+
( ) u( ) + ( ) u( + )]

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.7

Figure 3.7 Frequency Response of 5 ()

3.6 Finding frequency response of ()

{6 ()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

0
{6 ()} = [4 ()cos[( + )]]
2

Multiplication of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency

domain and convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain

and vice versa, so we have:

0
{6 ()} = {4 ()} {cos[( + )]}
2

Or

0
6 () = 4 () {cos[( + )]}
2

20

If = and = 2 , Evaluating individual Fourier transform for every signal we
2

have:

1 1
6 () = ( ) [ ( ) + ( + + )]
2 2 2 2

1 1
= ( ) { ( ) + ( + + )}
22 2 2

Solving the above equation by superposition we get four convolution operators as

given by:

1
6 () = [ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( + + )]
4 2 2

1 2 + 2 +
6 () = {[ ( )] + [ ( )]}
4

Graphically this frequency response is given in Figure 3.8

Figure 3.8 Frequency Response of 6 ()

3.7 Finding frequency response of ()

{()} =?

From Figure 3.1 it is obvious that

{()} = {5 () + 6 ()}

By using superposition in frequency domain, we have:

21
 {()} = {5 ()} + {6 ()}

Or

() = 5 () + 6 ()

Or

()

1 + +
[ ( ) u( ) ( ) u( + + )
4 1 + +
= + {[ ( 2 )] + [ ( 2 )]}
+ 4
( ) u( ) + ( ) u( + )]
{ }

There is very cumbersome to add them mathematically but our life becomes easier when

we solve it graphically as shown in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9 Frequency Response of ()

22
 Question 4
4. A MODULATION SYSTEM

Consider the system shown in following Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 System of question 4

a) Sketch () for 9 9 for the following values of

i. =

ii. = 2

iii. = 3

iv. = 5

b) For which of the preceding values of is () identical?

23
4.1 Sketch () for different values of

We have to determine () for different values of . We know that multiplication

of two signals in time domain corresponds convolution in frequency domain and

convolution in time domain corresponds multiplication in frequency domain and vice

versa, so we have:

() = () {cos( )}

Or

() = { ( )} {cos( )}

If = and = 2 , we can have
2

1
() = 3 ( 3) [( ) + ( + )]
2

Or

3
() = [ ( 3) ( ) + ( 3) ( + )]
2

Or using shifting property of impulse function:

3
() = [ ( 3) + ( + 3)]
2

4.1.1 = , =

For above value of we have to be:

3 1 1
() = [ ( 3) + ( + 3)]
2 2 2

24
 By variation of from 99 we get the plot of Figure 4.2

Figure 4.2 Plot of () = , = 12

4.1.2 = , =

For above value of we have to be:

3
() = [ ( 1 3) + ( + 1 3)]
2

By variation of from 99 we get the plot of Figure 4.3

Figure 4.3 Plot of () = 2, = 1

25

4.1.3 = , =

For above value of we have to be:

3 3 3
() = [ ( 3) + ( + 3)]
2 2 2

By variation of from 99 we get the plot of Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4 Plot of () = 3, = 32

4.1.4 = , =

For above value of we have to be:

3 5 5
() = [ ( 3) + ( + 3)]
2 2 2

By variation of from 99 we get the plot of Figure 4.3

Figure 4.5 Plot of () = 5, = 52

26
4.2 The Values for Which () is identical

The responses for = ,and = 5 are identical.

27
 Question 5
5. FINDING ENERGY OF SIGNALS

5.1 Energy of ()

The signal () is given by:

() = , 0

There are three cases for the determination of energy of the above signal.

i. >0

ii. <0

iii. =0

The energy in every case is different.

Case 1: >

For first case the value of () is converging to zero as time goes to infinity. So for

converging signal energy calculation is possible. We can use formula of energy for the

calculation of energy of () as given below:

() = |()|2

Or

() = | |2

Or

() = 2

28
 Or
0

() = 0 + 2
0

Solving integration:

1 2
() = |0
2

Or

1
() = (0 1)
2

Or

1
() =
2

So, in this case the value of signal is finite so signal is energy signal for > 0.

Case 2: <

For second case the value of () is diverging to infinity as time goes to infinity.

So for diverging signal energy calculation is not possible. Mathematically, we can use

formula of energy for the calculation of energy of () as given below:

() = |()|2

Or

() = | |2

Or

() = 2

29
 Or
0

() = 0 + 2
0

Solving integration:

1 2
() = |0
2

Or

1
() = ( 1)
2

Or

() =

So, in this case the value of signal is infinite so signal is not an energy signal for

< 0.

Case 1: =

For this case the value of () is always one as time goes to infinity. So for dc

values energy calculation is not possible. We can use formula of energy for the calculation

of energy of () as given below:

() = |()|2

Or

() = | |2

Or, as = 0

30


() = 0
0

Or

() = 1
0

Solving integration:

() = |
0

Or

() = ( 0)

Or

() =

So, in this case the value of energy of signal is infinite so signal is not an energy

signal for = 0.

5.2 Energy of ()

The signal () is given by:

() = cos(2) , 0 2

For this case the value of () is zero after 0 2 as time goes to infinity. So

for this signal energy calculation is possible. We can use formula of energy for the

calculation of energy of () as given below:

() = |()|2

Or

31
 2

() = |cos(2)|2
0

Or
2

() = (cos 2 (2))
0

Or
2
1 + (4)
() = ( )
2
0

Or
2 2
1 (4)
() = +
2 2
0 0

Or

1 2 1 sin(4) 2
() = |0 + |
2 2 4 0

Solving integration:

sin(8 2 )
() = +
8

So, in this case the value of signal is finite so signal is energy signal. If F is equal

to 1/T we can have:

() = + 0

Or

() =

32
5.3 Energy of ()

The signal () is given by:

() = () ()

We can use formula of energy for the calculation of energy of () as given below:

() = |()|2

Or, also applying limits of both cos(2) and .

() = |cos(2) 0|2 + |cos(2) |2

0

Or

() = (cos 2 (2) 2 )
0

Or

1 + (4)
() = ( 2 )
2
0

Or

1 1
() = 2 + ( (42) + (4+2) )
2 4
0 0

Solving integration:

1 1 1
() = 2 + ( (42) ) + ( (4+2) )
2 4 4
0 0 0

Or

33

1 2 1 (42) 1 (4+2)
() = | + | + |
2 2 0 4 (4 2) 0 4 (4 + 2) 0

Or

1 1 1
() = (0 1) + (0 1) + (0 1)
4 4(4 2) 4(4 + 2)

Or

1 1 1
() = + +
4 4(4 2) 4(4 + 2)

Or

1 (4 2)(4 + 2) (4 + 2) + (4 2)
() = [ ]
4 (4 2)(4 + 2)

Simplifying

1 8(2 2 + 2 )
() = [ ]
4 (4 2 + 2 )

Or

1 (2 2 + 2 )
() = [ ]
2 (4 2 + 2 )
1
If = 2, we can have

1 ( + 2 )
() = [ ]
2 (2 + 2 )

So, in this case the value of signal is finite so signal is energy signal.

34
 REFERENCES

[1] "Welcome to Wikipedia," From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, [Online].

Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. [Accessed 01 2017].
[2] B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
International fourth edition, Oxford University Press, 2010.
[3] Moon and Stirling: Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal Processing.
[4] S. Haykin: Adaptive Filter Theory.
[5] S. M. Kay: Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory.
[6] G. Strang: Linear Algebra and its Applications.

35