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Fuentes, Valerie
GROUP III
BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Chapter 1
Introduction
Water is one the most important natural resources, almost all living creatures need water
in order to survive. We consume water for daily activities such as drinking, cooking, agriculture,
and production of other necessities. It is the main source of our life thus the source of clean water
is very essential but the increasing scarcity of having clean and potable water is alarming.
In many countries, the source of clean water has been an issue. Millions of people died
from illnesses related to polluted water. Water pollution is one of the major problems in many
countries, not just in the third world countries such as the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia but
also the developed countries like Korea, China, and the USA.
Wastewater treatment is the top priority of most of the country. Today, water undergo many
processes of purification before consumption. Many water treatment technologies have been
invented and used to treat water and wastewater. Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology, Advanced
Oxidation Technology, Ozone with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition, Ion Exchange Technology and
Biological Filtration are the examples of emerging technologies that can be used for water
According to a study by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly ninety percent
of the Earth's water is contaminated in one way or another. Water could possibly contain various
forms of harmful microorganisms that, if left untreated and consumed it could lead to fatal
diseases. Mostly, rural communities have their own water supply such as well without any
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
treatment involved. Odor and turbidity are the main causes faced by the rural area communities
(Asut,2012).
approximately 18 people die each day from diarrhea and other water-borne diseases due to
consuming contaminated water. As mentioned above, there are already studies conducted for the
however, only some of them applied intermittent electrocoagulation. Therefore, this is the first
study that utilizes a synthetic municipal wastewater contaminated using organic coagulant.
Surface water resources usually have a high level of turbidity and coagulation technique is
one way to measure it. Coagulants are widely used in conventional water treatment processes.
These materials can be classified into inorganic coagulants (e.g., aluminum and ferric salts) and
synthetic organic polymers (e.g., melamine formaldehyde derivatives and tannin). All of them are
very efficient in measuring the turbidity of water. Moreover, the high sensitivity of inorganic
coagulants to the water pH and the possibility of secondary contamination of drinking water with
traces of toxic synthetic polymeric coagulants or residual iron and aluminum ions are the main
challenges of coagulation water treatment processes. Further, many researchers have related
Alzheimers disease to the residual aluminum ions in the treated waters. The sludge formed in water
treatment plants during flocculationcoagulation with synthetic polymers has a limited potential
for recycling because of the non-biodegradability of synthetic polymers. To make the coagulation
process more effective and safe, novel low-cost coagulants with higher coagulation capability are
required. This has led a growing research interest in the production of natural and food grade
coagulants from renewable and relatively cost-effective precursors. It can contribute to achieving
sustainable water treatment technologies. Natural coagulants, mainly polysaccharides, and proteins
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
are considered eco-friendly in comparison with inorganic and organic coagulants because of their
low-cost, and renewable precursor bio coagulant for wastewater treatment. Therefore, this paper
evaluates the coagulation potential obtained from the bark of Macaranga tanarius tree for
wastewater treatment. The effect of the operational parameters including BOD, COD, initial water
turbidity and the water characteristics (water pH and temperature) were studied to better understand
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Phylum Spermatophyta
Class Dicotyledonae
Order Euphorbiales
Family Euphorbiaceae
Genus Macaranga
Species tanarius
Binunga is a small, dioecious tree, growing to a height of 4 to 8 meters. Its leaves are ovate
to oblong-ovate, 10 to 25 centimeters long, with the entire/tooth margins with a rounded base and
pointed apex. Leaves are arranged spirally and simple. The flowers are small and without petals.
The fruit is a capsule 10 to 12 millimeters in diameter. It is covered with pale, waxy glands and
with soft, scattered elongated. The seeds are fleshy. The outer bark is rather smooth, gray or gray-
brown, hoop marked and strips off easily. The inner bark is yellowish-white and exudes a colorless
liquid (Freeman, 2013). In the Phytochemical studies of leaves yielded there are three constituents
the chemical study on the bark isolated 10 known tannins: corilagin, mallotinic acid, geranilin,
and phyllanthin C. In the fallen leaves, two prenylflavanones, tanariflavonones A, and B are
compounds that isolated. In the stems, keto, macarangonol, terpenoids and steroids are the
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
compounds that isolated (Trusheva, 2011). The polyphenolic structure tannin was widely used to
Universal access to clean and safe water is a right of every human being as stated by United
Nations. The supply of clean water is one of the most important factors for every living thing, it
very essential for our everyday living but scarcity in sources of clean water is becoming a major
Approximately 97.4 percent of water on Earth is found in oceans which is salty. About 2.6
percent is freshwater that can be found in underground bodies of water called polar ice caps and
Greenpeace report shows that the major sources of water pollutants are from the
inadequately treated domestic wastewater or sewage (48%), agricultural waste (37%) industrial
wastewater (15%) and leachate. This water pollution directly affected Metro Manila, Region III,
IV, and VII. Households wastewater said to contribute around 60% of water pollution. The country
Water pollution happens when undesirable foreign substances are introduced into the
natural water. It can be chemical or biological in nature. The most common pollutants are said to
be animal or human waste, radioactive materials, toxic metals like lead/mercury, pesticides,
herbicides, fertilizers, acid rain and high-temperature water discharge from power plants. This
happens when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into bodies of water without adequate
treatment to remove the harmful compounds. Water pollution is dangerous for human consumption
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
The major contributor to water pollution is from human activities either industries or
domestic. Reportedly, about 25 million of people have died due to water pollution. Many people
have tried to solve this problem, a lot of methods and policies have been introduced and
implemented but as time passes, the situation worsens. The quality of water in a river can be
assessed in many ways such as dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, the level of suspended solids,
contaminated, and also studies estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most
major cities and in 8 of 19 major river basins in the country. Unfortunately, according to the WHOs
report, about 4,200 people die each year due to the contaminated drinking water. Approximately
2,000 cubic meters of solvent waste and 22,000 ton of heavy metals, infectious waste, biological
sludge, lubricants and intractable waste, as well as 25 million cubic meters of acid /alkaline liquid
waste, are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila alone (Claudio, Wastewater
Pasig River provides food, livelihood, and transport to the residents of Manila living near
in the river. It connects two large bodies of water, the Laguna de Bay, and Manila Bay. Today, a
large amount of waste has been thrown into the river. Pasig River is declared as dead, that it isnt
capable of sustaining life. Pollution destroyed the river, before Laguna de Bay and Manila bay
served as the habitat for 25 species of a variety of fish and 13 other types of aquatic creature, but
now it only holds 6 species of fish and 2 types of plants that can tolerate the polluted water. The
Pasig River failed to meet the DENR standard level of 5 and 7mg/L for dissolved oxygen. The pH
level range from 7.5 to 8.2. The temperature form 27 to 29-degree Celsius (Gorme, 2015).
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
As stated in the researches, human waste products are the major contributor for water to be
polluted. This is something that people should really take seriously with effort and perseverance
Parameters are set in order to identify whether the quality of water in a specific waterbody
can be habitable or safe to its natural flora and fauna. Any impairment to the given parameters may
cause damage or change on the water quality that may also affect the environment, humans and
aquatic animals benefiting from it. These are the basic parameters set to determine the water quality:
Physical
Temperature is one of the factors that can affect water quality, it can affect the water
chemistry and the organisms. It is a physical property determine the presence of heat. Temperature
is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the water molecule. Linear scale or degrees of
Celsius and Fahrenheit is used to measure temperature. It is an important parameter consider when
assessing water quality. It influences several other parameters such as dissolved oxygen will
decrease temperature increases. Temperature can affect the rate of photosynthesis of the plants and
algae, the amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water, the metabolic rate and ability of the
organisms, their sensitivity to toxic wastes and diseases and the reproduction rate of organisms
fluid. The light passing the liquid was being scattered and absorbed by the particles and molecules
that causes dispersion of the light instead of passing in a straight line. The clarity of the water is
interfered by the suspended matter and impurities. Clarity is an important factor in measuring the
cleanliness of the water because it may include impurities such as clay, silt, an organic and
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
inorganic matter that are invisible to the naked eye or microscopic organisms. Turbid water appears
cloudy due to suspended solids and other dissolved material (Rose, 2016).
Chemical
pH is the measure of acidity or basicity of the water. pH value ranges from 0 to 14, as the
pH value decreases it means that it is acidic (lower than 7) and as the pH value increases it indicates
that the water became basic (higher than 7). pH can change or alter the chemicals found in the
water, the changes in these chemicals can also affect the reproduction, growth, and development
The amount of the dissolved oxygen in the water, most of the aquatic organisms need
oxygen in order to survive grow and develop. It is referred to the presence of oxygen in the water.
Dissolved oxygen is an essential factor that can determine whether the level of dissolved oxygen is
too high or too low that can affect water quality (Rose, 2016) If the amount of the dissolved oxygen
present is not enough it might cause death or decrease in survival and growth rate of the organisms,
failure on the survival of eggs or larvae and alteration of the species present in the waterbody
Electrical Conductivity or the salinity also affect the water quality. Salinity is the measure
of the amount of salt present in the water. Positive and negative charged ions are products of the
breakage of the dissolved salt in the water. Conductivity is measures water capability to pass
electrical flow. This ability is directly related to the concentrations of ions in the water. The more
ions that are present, the higher the conductivity of water (Rose, 2016). These dissolve ions became
conductors giving water the ability to conduct or carry electrical currents. These two measures are
related to each other because as salinity rises the conductivity also increases. Salinity affects the
quality of water used in drinking and in irrigation, it also has a great influence on aquatic biota
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
because organisms differ on the amount of salinity that they can tolerate (Arroyo Seco Foundation,
2010).
One of the most common ways to reduce the pollutant contents and metal ions in the bodies
of water that are present as turbidity is coagulation. In purification using synthetic materials such
as aluminum sulfate (alum) and calcium hypochlorite are not efficient due to its make water cost
relatively expensive (Hendrawati, 2016). It can be severely hazardous if something goes wrong
As early as 2000BC, coagulation and flocculation have been used to clarify water.
Coagulation is a process that occurs when a coagulant, a substance or aid that produces coagulation,
addition of polymers that clump the small, destabilized particles together into larger aggregates so
that they can be more easily separated from the water. Egyptians used almonds to clarify river
water. Theres also an evidence suggesting that Romans also used alum and as a coagulant at around
77AD. Coagulation and flocculation are still used today and essential component of water treatment
for reducing water turbidity and wastewater operation (SNF Company (UK), 2016).
Natural organic matter (NOM) are materials or substances that can be found in all surface,
ground, and soil waters. In the past 10-20 years, increased amounts of NOM are observed in water
supplies of several areas that make a significant effect on drinking water treatment. NOM presence
can cause many problems like negative effect on water quality caused by color, taste, and odor
problems, increased coagulant and disinfectant doses, and increase the level of heavy metals and
sand filtration are the most common feasible processes in removing NOM from drinking water.
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
This study also presented an overview of different nonplant-based coagulants used in recent
properties of having a positive charge that binds to the negatively charged particles in the solution
Natural Coagulant
In the process of treatment using natural coagulants, natural bridging, adsorption, and
charge balancing which is capable of wastewater treatment. Anionic polyelectrolytes are polymers
get faded by through interparticle bridging that is able to increase the coagulation because of lipids,
applied to treat water containing nitrogen atom with a lone pair and carbolic acid groups (Kumar,
2017). Wastewater consists of high amount of negative charge particles which required a high
The organic coagulant is commonly used for solid-liquid separation and sludge generation.
This can be a polyamine, melamine formaldehyde and tannins. Polyamines are most widely used,
a class of organic coagulants. It is said to be effective at treating higher turbidity raw water and
wastewater, while melamine formaldehyde and tannins, coagulates the colloidal material in water
and absorbs organic material namely the oil and grease. This is also a good choice for hazardous
A natural coagulant can treat water turbidity from high to low turbid water that can be used
as drinking water. Some of the natural coagulants are used in tanning industry and dairy industry
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Natural coagulants like Moringa oleifera (seed), Cicer arietum (powder), and Dolichos
lablab (seed) are already used as a natural coagulant (Md. Asrafuzzaman, 2011). Adsorption and
organic pollutant absorber. Cationic protein from M. oleifera was distributed to all parts of the
sample of wastewater and then interacted with a negatively charged particle that caused disperse
turbidity when the coagulant was added and followed by rapid stirring (Hendrawati, 2016). Seeds
of M. oleifera contain water-soluble, positively charged proteins that act as effective coagulant
which has been used for various aspects of water treatment such as turbidity, alkalinity, and total
dissolved solids. In further research, powdered seeds of M. oleifera showed coagulant activity
similar to aluminum sulfate (Shan, 2016). It has been reported to be free constraints like pH and
alkalinity, which has to be four to five times compact sludge produced than alum (Bhutada, 2017).
In the evaluation of coagulant from Trigonella foenum-graecum seed, seed extract showed
80% coagulation properties whereas the best-known natural coagulant along with Strychnos
potatorum and Moringa oleifera. Due to the presence of polyelectrolyte, proteins, lipids,
carbohydrate and alkaloids containing COOH and free OH surface groups of seed coagulant
(Ramamurthy, 2012). These natural coagulants can be easily processed in the usable form and
biodegradable.
Another research about the potentiality of watermelon seed as natural coagulant was
presented. It aims to substitute watermelon seed from alum and other synthetic polyelectrolytes that
are used for treating water turbidity. They concluded that although watermelon seed didn't meet the
WHO requirement for drinking water it can still be used for water treatment as a natural coagulant
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
The objective of another study is to identify an herbal plant that can be used in removing
water contaminant and also developing a water treatment kit for rural folks at an affordable cost.
Neem, M. oleifera, Vettiven, Nirmali, Luffa cylindrica, and orange peel are the herbs chosen. They
investigated the effectiveness of these herbs in the removal of turbidity, total hardness, total
dissolved solids, Fluoride, Calcium, and Magnesium. The herbs used, based on the study, can be
recommended for domestic water purification in poor areas (Sowmeyan R. S., 2011).
The effectiveness of Dragon Fruit foliage versus that Ferric Sulfate, a chemical coagulant
was investigated. In Malaysia, latex effluent is one of the main by-products from rubber processing
factories. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended solids (SS), and turbidity effluent are the
3 main parameters observed. Using jar test experiment they examined the effects of latex effluent
pH and also the coagulation dosage. The highest recorded COD, SS, and turbidity removal
percentage for foliage were seen for effluent pH 10 at 94.7, 88.9, and 99.7%. Thus, they said that
the dragon fruit foliage has a potentiality a natural coagulant for water treatment and pretreatment
Chemical-based Coagulant
The commonly use metal coagulant has two categories, it can be based on alum or based
on iron. The alum coagulants are the aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and sodium aluminate.
On the other hand, iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and ferric chloride sulfate.
These are all inorganic coagulants used in water and wastewater treatment.
Alum, ferric chloride and poly aluminum chloride are chemical based coagulants that are
well recognized. However, disadvantages associated with the usage of these coagulants such as
ineffectiveness in low-temperature water, high costs, and detrimental effects on human health to be
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Aluminum sulfate is the most commonly used for water and wastewater treatment despite
being hazardous to health. Aluminum chloride is the second choice next to aluminum sulfate, this
is more expensive, hazardous and corrosive. The ferric sulfate and ferrous sulfate are commonly
used but excess soluble iron ions are required. Ferric sulfate is the least expensive but it is the most
Synthesis
Water is essential to life. But as the society evolves and becomes industrialized people
forget the importance of proper disposal of their waste. Water pollution is a global phenomenon of
almost all countries in the world. People throw their garbage in the lakes, rivers, and oceans. It
results in water pollution that kills the organisms that live there and destroy their habitat due to the
extremely harmful substances in the polluted water. Also, it leads to extinction of species that lives
in the polluted water. Many people lost their jobs and sources of food because of the water
pollution. Unfortunately, many people die because of water pollution due to contamination of
drinking water in their area. This is a major problem many countries faced.
This research is trying to seek a solution to water pollution problem that may help many
countries and save people lives. This will benefit a lot of people most especially those people who
live nearby the water area that uses the water as their sources of their foods. Also, this will give a
habitat to many living organisms that once lived in the polluted water. This study hopes for the
The study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of M. tanarius crude extract as
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
1. What is the effect of Macaranga tanarius crude extract as a natural coagulant at varying
a. turbidity
b. pH level
c. dissolve oxygen
d. electrical conductivity
sulfate?
Hypothesis
The M. tanarius bark is not an effective natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.
The research is to find out the potential of Macaranga tanarius as a natural coagulant in
wastewater treatment. The M. tanarius bark that will be used in this research will be gathered in
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Muzon, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. 10 kilos of M. tanarius bark will be used to make
bark stock solution. The wastewater will be collected from Pasig River. Preparation of M. tanarius
bark stock solution will be done at the Philippine Normal University laboratory. The researchers
will determine the efficacy of M. tanarius as natural coagulant by testing the water quality
At the onset of this study, the researchers consider that the results of this study will benefit
the following:
Biology majors: This research may help other Biology majors who aspire to do a research
that is related to this study. This may serve as a source of information or basis especially if they
want to pursue a study related to the bio coagulant property of Macaranga tanarius.
The community: The community is the main benefactor of clean and consumable water.
This research will help the community by giving an idea on how to use a natural coagulant in
cleaning waste water. It will also raise the awareness of the community to preserve Binunga trees
by knowing its importance and its possibility as a bio coagulant for water quality purification.
The environmental agencies: This research may serve as a reference for further studies.
If given a chance, the government agencies like DOST, DOH or DENR can further develop the
study for the parts that are not thoroughly studied. It can help in developing a natural way of
cleaning water using the bio coagulant components rather than using synthetic materials in
wastewater treatment.
Definition of terms
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Wastewater- the water that has been used in the home or part of industrial processes.
Coagulation- the process when the coagulant is added to water which makes the particle to stick
together.
Natural coagulants- substances that extracted from natural sources not containing anything
artificial.
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
CHAPTER II
Methodology
This chapter contains the type of research, the research design, and the materials and
methods of the study which will be used in the study of the natural coagulant potential of
Type of Research
This study is a true experimental research provides a method of investigation that allows
the researchers to assess the relationship between one variable and another. One variable is
manipulated by the researchers and observe how the condition of other variable is affected.
Independent variable is the one being manipulated, whereas the change resulting from the
manipulation is the dependent variable. Control variable used as a constant and unchanging
This study will be conducted to determine the M. tanarius crude extract effectiveness as a
manipulated by the researchers, thus, serves as the independent variable, while the dependent
variables are pH level, turbidity, and electrical conductivity/salinity and dissolved oxygen. The
control variable in this study will be the aluminum sulfate that is used as a coagulating agent in the
Research Design
In this study, the researchers will use randomized complete block design wherein there is
only one primary factor considered in the experiment. The assigned treatments for the experimental
set-up are completely randomized. Three (3) trials and three (3) will be executed for each treatment.
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
The researchers will use three (3) trials and three (3) replicates for each of the treatment
having a total of forty-five (45). It has a control group and four (4) experimental groups. The control
group will is aluminum sulfate, while the four (4) experimental group will exhibit 3ml/L of M.
tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater, 9ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater,
15ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock solution in wastewater, and 21ml/L of M. tanarius bark stock
solution in wastewater
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Legends:
1 2 3= Replicates
Preparation of M.
tanarius bark stock
solution
Jar Test
Turbidity Electrical
pH level Dissolve
measurement conductivity
measurement oxygen
measurement
measurement
Recording of
data
Disposal of waste
San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. Twenty liters of water will be obtained from Pasig River.
Barks of M. tanarius will be air-dried then cut into small pieces and will be dried
in the oven at 90C for 12 hours to remove the remaining moisture. The barks will be
ground into fine powder by using a miller. The extraction of coagulation active component,
polyphenolic structure tannin will be carried out by mixing 5.0 g of powdered barks of M.
tanarius and 100 ml of 1.0 M NaCl and will be blended for 2 minutes. The slurry from
extraction process will be filtered through filter paper and the filtrate will be utilized as 50
Jar Test
The jar testing will be carried out using different concentrations of the M. tanarius
bark stock solution (3ml/L, 9ml/L, 15ml/L and 21 ml/L) and 20 g/L of aluminum sulfate
as a control group. Five beakers will be filled with water samples, and then will be placed
in the jar tester. The beakers with water samples will be subsequently agitated at 150 rpm
for two minutes. Different amount of bark stock solution ranging 3ml/L-21ml/L will be
added to each beaker during agitation and the process will be left for five minutes. The
mixing will be reduced to 30 rpm and will be continued to agitate for 45 minutes. The
process will be the same with the 21g/L of aluminum sulfate as the control group. After
the process, all samples will be placed at room temperature for approximately one hour.
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
Turbidity
The supernatant or the clear fluid above a sediment or precipitate of each beaker
pH level
A pH meter will be used to measure the acidity and basicity of the water making
Dissolved oxygen will be measured using the colorimetric meter and electrical
Statistical Analysis
The statistical tool will be used in this study is the One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) which can be used to test the significant difference between the means of two
or more independent group. If the null hypothesis is rejected Post Hoc Test will be used to
determine which group shows a significant difference. The independent group in this study
is the concentrations of M. tanarius, thus the dependent group will be the water quality
variances existed among the treatments given to assess their effectiveness as water
coagulants.
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BINUNGA (Macaranga tanarius) BARK AS A NATURAL COAGULANT . . .
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