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AbstractFuture wireless applications demand a high data Generalised Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is
rate per user, low latency, spectral efciency and high connection one of the new MC candidates proposed by [2]. It is a
density. One of the contenders for 5G, Generalized Frequency Di- method that is actively researched and covers both single-
vision Multiplexing (GFDM), seems to serve the next generation
wireless needs due to its attractive properties when compared to carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) and OFDM
the existing cyclic prex orthogonal FDM (CP-OFDM). Never- as special cases. For an in-depth tutorial exposure, please turn
theless, due to the inherent non-orthogonal nature of the scheme, to [2], [3]. GFDM uses a special block based structure and
GFDM may introduce intersymbol and intercarrier interference low latency applications such as IoT and M2M can benet
(ISI/ICI). For better spectral efcient transmission with improved from it greatly.
orthogonality, we explored in this article the well known Offset
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM) multicarrier sig- Conventional GFDM uses cyclic prex (CP) which reduces
naling technique as applied to the GFDM system. In particular spectral efciency and increases power consumption. Due to
we investigated the GFDM/OQAM system model under Rician-K non-orthogonality, ISI and ICI issues are expected to appear.
fading channel conditions providing the corresponding analytical According to the Balian-Low theorem [4] we cannot achieve
expressions. The model performance is evaluated in terms of the simultaneously both an optimally localised pulse and orthog-
Symbol Error Rate (SER) and the results are seen to improve
upon conventional GFDM. onality without CP. With the offset modulation scheme we
Index TermsGFDM, OQAM, Rician-K, Symbol Error Rate. can achieve near orthogonality on real values of the complex
QAM symbols. More insights on OQAM and its application
to OFDM can be found in [5]. This article investigates the
I. I NTRODUCTION application of OQAM to conventional GFDM. It is expected
that the overall system will show an improved Symbol Error
Future wireless envisioned needs with an increased number Rate (SER) performance.
of available portable devices require higher bandwidth, low We further propose an improved orthogonal GFDM system
latency and higher speed data services. Applications like by exploring the near orthogonality properties of OQAM.
machine to machine (M2M) communications and Internet of In particular, we investigate system performance under the
Things (IoT) should work seamlessly. Developers are working Rician-K fading channel, provide analytical expressions and
on new signalling techniques that will feature improvements compare the analytical performance with simulations. The
in both frequency containment and time allocation in 5th effects of the fading parameter K and the roll-off factor ()
generation wireless communication systems (5G), which will are also studied.
focus on such aforementioned applications. By preserving the Section II of this paper introduces the GFDM/OQAM
advantages of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system model. Section III analyzes the theoretical SER ex-
(OFDM), which is one of the most popular multicarrier (MC) pressions of GFDM/OQAM assuming zero-forcing (ZF) in
modulation techniques, the goal is to correct its drawbacks. the case of the Rician-K fading channel. Section IV presents
OFDM is accepted in many current standards in high- results and discussions, and section V is the conclusion.
rate wireless systems. It transforms a non-at and wide-
band frequency selective channel into a number of parallel, II. GFDM/OQAM SIGNAL MODEL
narrow-band, at fading subchannels, in order to combat GFDM is a non-orthogonal based multi carrier technique
multipath effects [1]. Despite its attractive properties, it is still that consists of N signal subcarriers with M subsymbols in
questionable whether OFDM can serve the increasing demand each block. A concept called tail biting ltering is imple-
for high data rates and low latency applications. In fact, some mented for each subcarrier that allows efcient use of cyclic
of the OFDM drawbacks like high peak-to-average-power- prex (CP) and cyclic sufx (CS) padding, thus providing a
ratio (PAPR), high out-of-band (OOB) emission, and inter- spectrum efcient transmission. More insights on conventional
carrier-interference (ICI), motivated the search for a new MC GFDM using QAM structure can be found in [2], [3]. In this
technique. article we propose a GFDM implementation with OQAM.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of transceiver This quanties the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduction in the
case of the ZF receiver over a at fading channel.
In matrix form, the transmitted baseband signal can be The values of are equal for any subcarrier index i . Both
expressed as, x = Ad. A is an N M N M transmitter mod- NEF and Ns , the number of OQAM samples per symbol,
ulation matrix that contains all the modulation steps involved. modify the equivalent SNR for GFDM/OQAM at the receiver
This matrix A is contructed similar to the one proposed in side. Therefore, the symbol error rate (SER) performance of
[3] and d, a data vector of size N M 1, is the stack of all both GFDM and GFDM/OQAM, under AWGN, differ in the
elements from the OQAM mapping unit. equivalent SNR.
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2016 Intl. Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Sept. 21-24, 2016, Jaipur, India
3RT Ns Es
= (9) 10-2 (i)
2(2 1) N0
GFDM/OQAM sim, K=1
and GFDM/OQAM theory, K=1
NM GFDM/QAM sim, K=1
RT = (10)
N M + NCP + NCS GFDM/QAM theory, K=1
10-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
is the number of bits per QAM symbol, p = 2 , NCP Es/N0 in [dB]
and NCS are the length of the cyclic prex and cyclic sufx
respectively, N and M indicate the corresponding number Fig. 2. Comparing GFDM SER with OQAM and QAM under Rician-K
fading channel with K=1, = 0.1
of subcarriers and subsymbols, Es is the average energy per
symbol and N0 is the noise power density. The factor Ns has
the value 2 for OQAM and 1 for QAM. where
The symbol error rate in an ensemble of fading channels q
can be determined by averaging the error rates for the AWGN 1 + K K 1 K(1 + K)
I1 (r ) = e
channel over the probability density function of the SNR in r q=0
(q!)2 r
the different fading channels given by:
(q + 3/2) 3 1+K
2 F1 [q + 1, q + ; q + 2; ( )] (15)
(q + 1) 2 r
P (e) = PAW GN (e)P ()d (11)
0
Kq
4 ((1 + K)/r )j
q
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2016 Intl. Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Sept. 21-24, 2016, Jaipur, India
TABLE I
S IMULATION PARAMETERS
100
10-1
Symbol Error Rate (SER)
(i)
10-2
Sim, K=0 Fig. 5. SER performance under Rician channel with K=2, = 0.5 for various
(ii)
Theory, K=0
Sim, K=1 (iii)
Theory, K=1
10-3 Sim, K=2 (iv)
Theory, K=2
SNR of 24dB while the same error rate is achieved by GFDM-
Sim, K=3 QAM at 27dB. Hence, for the same error rate GFDM-OQAM
Theory, K=3 can transmit symbols with half the power when compared to
10-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 GFDM-QAM. This improvement can be explained by the use
Es/N0 in [dB] of the near orthogonality concept of OQAM.
Fig. 3 shows the inuence of the Rician fading parameter
Fig. 3. SER performance of GFDM-OQAM under Rician channel with = K on system performance in terms of SER. The parameters
0.1, = 4
considered are roll-off factor, = 0.1 and a 16-QAM
modulation scheme. From the gure we can infer that as we
whereas curve (ii) depicts the corresponding GFDM-QAM increase the K value from 0 to 3, there is a decrease in the
system performance under the same channel conditions. SER values (curve (i) to curve (iv)). Typical values at an SNR
of 21dB for K = 0, 1, 2, 3 are respectively given by 0.0260,
Clearly there is an improvement in terms of SER when using
0.0189, 0.0117 and 0.0068.
GFDM-OQAM compared to GFDM-QAM. For example, an
error rate of 0.0096 can be achieved by GFDM-OQAM at an Fig. 4 explains the effect of the NEF factor with Rician
fading parameter K = 2. As we increase the roll-off factor
from 0.1 to 0.9, there will be a wider overlap between the
subcarriers leading to an increase in NEF. Hence, there is a
decrease in system performance as we increase the NEF factor.
In Fig. 5 we show the effect of modulation order with
Rician fading parameter K = 2 and = 0.5. It is observed
that as we increase the modulation order from 2 to 7, the
SER increases as depicted in the gure. This is due to the
decrease in Euclidean distance, between P -QAM (P = 2 )
signal points, with increase in modulation order, .
V. C ONCLUSION
In this article we investigated the GFDM/OQAM modula-
tion scheme in a Rician-K fading channel. It is shown that
the derived analytical expressions match the simulated results.
We have modied conventional GFDM with an offset QAM
scheme exploiting the near orthogonality concept and this is
seen to provide an improved performance. According to the
obtained results, the application of OQAM to a GFDM system
Fig. 4. Effect of roll-off factor with = 0.1, 0.5, 0.9 under Rician fading leads to performance superiority over conventional GFDM.
channel parameter K = 2, = 4 In addition, the effect of the roll-off factor under such a
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2016 Intl. Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Sept. 21-24, 2016, Jaipur, India
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