we Excercise No. 1 '}| What i Bentonite sluvvy 2 Give Specifications >! Bentonit Sluoy :~ , i Benionce auvsy is a stab Fauy bydeared , coltoiaal | Suspension of “bentonite § waters i | | ~ Bentoni ced snte the tench at the vench duving excavator 3 Bentonite “has unique shedlogical Sropesties ¥ FA! poops watex fovm a viscous, shear! thinning. matewial > Most often bentonite Suspensions ave algo thixotvopic , although vase cases of sheopechc behawious have also been “reposted - 6 = AE high concentsations:: bentonite begin. to take on he. chavactemstics ef a gel... ~ Rept tn agitation “=k \e Poopesties of Slusy:— — swwre| teste, 1 Concenltatton 5+/.-107/. Sluvay Density FOS -1-1 ghee Marsh cone viscosity 35-40 sec. Sand Content B00 2. Swell Sec 2 Qin mareriolh, 2. 3 Ae = Relatively. Small. quantities of bentonike Suspended im VIG OO FEE, UPR 4EPL, engin Pex. a, f be : ene | opeBinten Sateen ar bre Lovenelveree, Before, | | | | i |Water Potable water twee of impunes & Selinity Vame r fer beh tenr Density chast +~ fe fore Quah grovel, Sands tug - 120 Stones boulders — Range of Marsh Cone sin, “Seconds ?— I : [ Marsh Gone to Secsnda We * | enata s fAbove WT Below “WT 1 | clay 2-35 co 2.| Sitky sand, Sandy cloy 32-37 -| 38-43 5 | Sand “with Bilt 32-37 BB -43 ¢ | Sand ‘sine/ coarse fs -45 ANAT _g7 | Sand & geave) 45-52 60- 7O — — 4 = = z Next Page2.) Explain the proccess of conewehing cayvied out sh bosed ~— PHSB _usiNg _tnea mie ning? Concreting By Theamie hy After Lowe CHNIQUE + Ng_the Teinfoacement cage, such that | soles dousn Bo cage doeon't Camage the bose holes i2) Laps > Tack welding have to be don binding Wise. Provige side ver & above mvews to cage = Sinch Provide. deveiogment Lengtn # at boom -2 that Lt provides =a Conciete Aotis “ashich can “thse Provide anchorage’ iengtts Nchodge.. Aganist.the ur away ‘the cage. H#) Cage above’ 6 a'nch above pile base. “with feshy Slitmiy “> Density check. 8 then Stast sencweting : © Tseamie pipe boitom: should oticast . be half'a meter above the pild base : wo ? Suilt up Should: be atleast 4: then only move: trem: 8) -Completé boitorn filled =. ‘base ‘covesed, Aeinfoacement: L-bawia algo get covered. « the betiom “oF “txemie Pipe also get coveseg & embedded, fow atleast Go em mie pipe. 9) Level of Comete. tingid, 10}, Findings: 2) Concrete hos. Filled up le the pipe BH outside the pipes” 5) | We Rnous: Volume of concvere inside % ourgiat'e 80 AN Know excess concsete. a _ —— Flushing’ again for 40 niins, vith rnaintaining the’ cage Skaight |”. i 1) dm extra. concvete to be built above: the gvound . When 4 cur-off off level. of the pile is belous the geound. 12) Tf cut-off 18 at GL. oves flour the concsete above Gu © Ar No Time Bottom Or Treamte Pire Stove : Never loose Contact Wim . Concrete ” I=> 1 es Explain usith sxetchea method of cons piles usina Dinect_| % - Dee chisel Mud = Flow ora ss _ Bentoniie Stusry Chise} ‘eolaition o! rt SoCs eae —Reinforcemrent cage » Lower! ‘i i) Fig f) Bove flushin} Woe. “Baye? wn Cornrnence mein “figtey 45 Coca F | Huckon of boved | M40 7 “dale cut eX pipes for \ Bentonite \\ Stussy @ected concretéd | pie. cDigect_Muv Cigcuration Tecunig re Use of DMC chisel for exavation ¥ digging the bose de. atier driving te casing * Bentonite siuvvy inside . if usten to in Shabilizine the jes of bove holes i& prviacily:due to the Enixolke pic propesty of | beritonite suspensions . The thixo topic propesty of bentonite suspension pevmils the matesial t have the consistency Of a fluid when sbteoduced: zhto the excavation 2 when undistuvbed forma a, Jetty which hen agitated becomes a fluid, agats. -{ In the cage Of a gzanulay Boil, the bentonite cp Peneltates ubto the siden undes positive ps & after awhile fama a jelly. The bentonite suspension gets deposited on the sides, of the holes & makes the +|Buvface Jtnpesvious & impasis a Plastesing effect In drpesvious clay, the bentonite does not peneltate sito the Sci 5 but ‘deposits-only a thin film on ‘the Suvface of the hele. checks !~ Prepawation’ of fresh Sluosy ~ Bentonite prepavat". Siuwsy req! 9) Quatity Bulg, Aimit move than Zoo ©) Then mtx with wates Density move than wates i-e 102, 1-04 porasity of 3 3of Sub-oil’, Sktata beneath MIF that i& move thangip! ’ dis boulles than we make mix thickey Sluvsy > Hence depends of Site Conditions Sluvsy Fosmation befove 24 hrs & gettatin . le fowmed 20 mina —> Fow Flushing box with fresh Bentonite sluvay > So that ir expands Agawn Treat & check ity & hence Lo ie needed at | the site | Lowering Reinfywcemnent: Cage _ | Mim”=— bas (129) «ik Showa be dowesed Straight émmg heels 1504 oT . a Fovlaps > Tack welding fhave to be done over Pabave . binding. “wire «Puovide side coves’ cto Cage ~Binchea Ro that ‘cage’ soles. dowon 2 deesti't damage the bove we he : : ide evelopment” Lengin 2 provi cho'rage. tengit, Provides anchovage: agdnist the conczere Flows which aan” throu away the cage. Cage above 6 inch above pile base: As cage 1% lowered at wouldilexachy go Sheaight , 80. some matesial ia Beinoved "HM gels Accumulated ak base So Flushing agath Foe 10-mind: with maitaining the: cage Straight colth fresh Slusry, => Density check > “Test on site. a5. then Stast conczeting « ‘Tremie pipe botion aHenst: half a mete above the pile base. Bullt up Should be atleast dm th then ont move tremie pipe. @) Complete’ bottom ited = base covesed (©) weing L-bass also get covesed : 22a) : Ot bottom. ..b0 that’ ait 3 3 | |‘s te AT 48 ©) The bottom of tvemie pipe aleo get covesed & - embedded fox atleaBt socm | | Level of conczete aside & outside tne pipe \ Finaings : i ject 4 Volume of concvere angide Mc hence can Rnous excess concrete Aties placing of 45 batch & but aanre poattion P P H tne 284 batth & built up of the pipe ia atleast | Am of concrete aS of pile concreted with \ tmeamie pipe sin game positon = Again Measure eI urside Ba ingide pipe | 4m’ extra concvete Jo be built. above the gvound When cutoff level. of the. piles belous the ground. | t cutoff i€ vat “GL ovesflous the .concSete above 4! at| What is displacement % Non- placement piles @ plan & give ype of piles involved as €ach of them SB which oxe doven ave tesmed “Displacement | Piles’ because theiy Wstalldtieh methods displace j the soils {prough which, they axe inoduced, ~~ Ssplacement piles ave piles mateniat they dtiven pile. fate ratiy that actually dis place the ‘hence, also called ag BIVeN nto “soil TheBe'piles axe. genevalty Pee- fowmed befose bein, iver 5 Jacked 5 scsewed ox hammezed wthto the ground: ny : : fee Novy Dispacemenr.Pes les. that axe-formed by Creating a boxehoie unto which ‘pileis then mat’ og Placed, exists Staly Boil 5 is zemoved. as Past of thie Steel casing 7 Mud doiuing |vi 3 Train fete Tec Hon, tubuiay oF | cthesuiae is dviven ite weg) i oz rT ¥ Hottous Soild Concrete Steel (the close ended . { | 1 tube te Fited . steel. Concrete Gnciele Timbes Stee! usith concrete & left in : : position) ay | Psecast veinf Precast prestiewed Aube Jointed dointed by Using . | Splicing proprietary Close ~ended, Open-Eader| ‘System . (Tube isiert.& ( Thebasic sys Wed uit dnvolves dzivic concrete the a xeleievable tube ip tube & forming iy of const Sect” apile with ow ii) tapened withour ap enlarged bane)Grout dniauded nevete fnikaded | (Above is fovmed with a \(Above is fowmed by fowleus — stemmed | means of a holfous cenkeéd flight Ciges Flight augew: Céricbere we om LGxouhia ineudedt- E pumped tyrough, the stem. either displaces ox 0% ne auges le exteacred) iB mixed with bose Dy AYoid isfoumed by boring”/ excavation Pastraly Pex fosmed piles Pesfoomed Unis ave ~ Qrouted «> pace The Votd is Feschesion boxed Rotary bored, Osited Stall: diamtes ie =o ee i d Large Biameter Sma Diameter (Csktaight ~ Shatted’) Under veame.d‘ ' 3 Fuathes, Bowed piles are classified according to Giameres 2 techniques selated . Boren Pires eee [eeceeeemeetaaeeeet ~ | ¥ ¥ 3 ‘Smau dia Oro, Drided piers Special <600mm 2scomm Types Hl Temposasy OM:c — Pesmanent { 3 casing — CMo casing, Biaphgram Micwo-. underseamé Gasing) Wau piles piles DMC Fesmarient casing Elements i a ae ‘Temporary ‘cosing Reverse Civautations S| Give diftesent Methods g pact | Hemetes bowed piles ques Used ud Lasge Wee icy tiee Ls Laig2 Slametor Oiled Piers . €00= 2500mm Ge Coo AG DeMec Feomanent * “Temporary Reverse : Casing Casing Ciraabien . , fe sete Diveck Mud Cizculanon Techni Le t Smead _Civastation Technigi In this technique the fig is injected -b the AvUing. vode and’ vemoves she cuttings ‘to, the Surface theough the annulus ber” the wall of the ATU hole and the rod Revesse Mud Cizculation Technique :— Th this tectinique , and LAWWES. the cuttin, Tod. the fluid -civeutates: downisarsd; “Upwards inside athe dBuingfxs fo be placed temporavy ci 1 . rae ; wemaing 4h place until the never eg been poused toa Jevel sufficient to withstand ground and groundwater prefiSures . The casing ie semoved afew the concoete ia placed. Additidbnal conczete is placed am the caging 1 being pulled «to mathtatn the pretuce balance. These aftes , the Fluid premure| oF the concvete is assumed sto provide. bove bole Stability eats a : Pevsnanent Casing +— . * The use oF pesmanent casing, ls impwed by its name, the caning emains and. becomes “a pesranent part of the foundation . i | | | i 1 -“Fives End heaving Fiction in.Sita. os pap BE pile Aechow’ a A.pile i. .q., attuckival ito tone mit the Boad ofa of ' by Flash Flooda, 3 anchors Biructuse aganist apbtts ear ining he,Advantages =~ Dy Fos the same diametes H no-of piles tme | | | tequived to complete ia lew than boved | fF pecox of boltam Shoe & "| provided .s)|| Sub soil. gels. well compocted due to |unsewtion of whe piles CSKin Feicivon to i . [prauch move... than, bowed. piles). develops | bene Bin. Suction. aa cormpawved..to bowed piles. ee i \ * | Limitations +— i 5 \ “Lengty” of . pile is. goveonned by ~ height’ : \ of the. towesa frame, Leads , provided \ with equipment - : 2) || Piles. cannot. be. .daiven thyough cobbles 5 | poutaese ® oes howd sieata. 3)|, Orometew..2. . Copacity of the pile’. gets | senited due to probleme AO. handhing . | 4)}, while withasawal of. caaing, defects 20 \ concsete. May octus such ag. wasting 5 7h necking scemaltiing ain bad pite: 7 gay prodFounding strata ascestain can not be yore physically i vikoenbinny | Heaving of pilea if left undetected may | sient an failuse up giving deaigned Capac jo” pileheight. 2. piling BS | Lange Capacity diamete sof. piles, can be s Sc 22%. No . clay.$ sere. 5 Noize —pollatton... AB. ees bo. Vitwations ane also.lese.&. con-re-idone _jleven. 60cm. away. frorn tne extating | Foundations vaitrout causing any damage aj).to. biyem Cancreting- .of piles. to. be done came fully _using,.leeannie 5. pipes un = coppect jp. concaeling... Can. cause problema. stike | neclaing.. honey. comings oaating of | concaeke, . : 2 3i Spced of the conattucton ig leas compared do doiven piles 3% equi ve move ! No of Equipments Go covsyout the WovR an Limited time.1 Fig: unde: weaned. pu es. a . an expansive Baile dt de necessavy to sent the foundation below, the Zone of no - ~ Situ pile Shaft provided wit NOT we 0% bulbs. > alang cits Jeng th...made- during: ‘the bowing operate = i Rnown as ondes teamed. pile. sent - Undes = rearnéy 1S a device used te mare the apyead at the devired dept.<= jp - done | Undes-veamed piles —> foxrmation of | Peopes DUID IH HOt poszidie «ay Bundy | boils pasticulasly belous ground mates | tetbte level, This has been Fully demonskate i cohen of undes -6 onsixucted /4n Buch a Sub ict Suspension | & qua:ity conits| Showed: “foucming: | concluaions:... i | a) That. under = reaming ~ Should nok be. | Cohesion lem .Z0ila.: both .ahove ' and, .belous: . wales table... | 6). Minimum, depth..of bulb ‘Cundéer. - Beaming | i | bulb). should. be. .cithes Qasr belous. the level of Stabilized moistawe Content - © Under.-xeaming. be avetded sn Sandy. soils. “Conesionions > a6 proper bending | | | | |A MICROPILES Micsopiles ave Smalti_ciamere x OOmm. to [SO mm cons ku ted sous xO dviui mg machine and grou ave used for under pic ing Atraiked Space : i When number of, aréwien fof existingy we | | building. ome tom be ineweased , uppes Storieo. f* may: lor aodependent by. Sup ambed. by. ‘4 1 oe Skhengtoning i the foundations, w they can be done’ in ee Rind of Btkaka. + Machinesy Used > | -Rotowy bowing. “machine's I. | continaoualy bentonit i pats cnc sak centte. Extensive. “investigations howe’ bo. i i be done. ae i Go. deepes. ab.the., Sttata..1e load. | i. twans fer Spots be in. SHEE. Straka. | —. lt Peper dling oD. sod cox” & pile. dive voicophes foam edreadet? “cepte cothdepthB2mmPp at cenke- | a Ikj— grout pipe i& insested EP grout Pt pe 7 Gi NW, } i Gy “yy % .=-Se@. that -Hney can expand wohen...gwout i2.put 4 ik vith . premuse. . =Sleeviea.apen &. gvout,- Fig: Micsopile. moven out of sleeves & ae - commen our & Lows a Yate ames a = bull. mare 1 : : ~ Aftew the pipe is insevie o..terough which gxou 1B. Bend. by the pamp belous , Ar each sleeve we provide packes 40 Enat ib does. not. come out fsom top & Sleeves expand,i Pxavide dean azauk fox isadk howe Seis mop S Put packes at weopective Sleeve | Jocation & grout within undev pr foxrng These bulbs | kvansfer to comp" | andy. atrata) 7 S)|| In, Bock C3 to. 4 penevrote) Con be done cob toin: toe: existing igkucturse* | | ow very. close. tor existing. “aituichurwe 2 lL Vibxations . axe. minimum. 3)/| They can. be done veptical ow. Enctined C Rackews..pileo nc: 4) || Capacity’ 7: 20 tone be so tone ne Sofe H - =e | | Tk i a. dlendes column. Cire buckling - * | |. Can occus ae only 4 bas “at cenixe) aAqe- “Cannot tate any “hoz toad.I AG Lomte bur Now Founding Skeata Fig Cb) Fou wock | Micvopites | Existi : Pileg?.Supplied _Concwete 1 Wares’ Susface <—Fosmwoss,| A Tremie ts a waters tight pipe with | funnel Shaped hoppes at its uppes end & fa sLoase plug at othewend. ine sysrem 1S *upportess ona Gooe Ring plat tev level . The” tena ae = pte Ptcite pour of. conczete the Jowes end of Keemie. ig, always. Rept. Submerged deep dies concrete... During, concreting 5 tne. teemie oe Pipete.alnaye Rept full of concvete a.a8 + to, avoid: at | continuity “oF “cancveking operation, we i copactty. of whopper im. Rept. mose than the i Capacity .of length, of -tremie pipe. Az | i concreting Poreme™. thepipe ia waized | Sole ~ --| Bloudly.. ‘by... the crane... : | The Mak of Segvegation can be minimized \ oviding. a continuous vapid. flows roviding nH NUOUR. "wap | of concrete & -maintaining tevel || suvface ab tne—fowm [p | Precautions sin use of Trtmie pipe Coneseting: a) fn Role Boor) to be cleaned propesly by either Flushing Opevation wepeated afew times. To ensuye cleaning of bove hole bottom. from loose ciweuiathion of clean matewal wates at the end &% caved our at at numbes of used to 5 was of the bove bole ie ©); Teemie” pipe Should: be dase dlways | i sm.to 2:0.m. below ..tne . fresh concsehing e i Bentonite (yee By. « cobe ® sticks 7 We, | | to. the. watt, A. fabs. doton sat top | This weoulls un to Separate Loyev/ Breas in con ehing = These fore ir Should be -ensumed +hak -twemie ‘pipe ube always 1:Sm to 20m, belous the | Feeoh. comévere Jtevel. : d)) Side shall oe check to dvold. sticking J | of Bentonite. Sluwey , this reduces | Awea Of concseting » 2), Aftes cleaning) depth sail) be checked ned sounding . Sluvzy \ t | a ing £): Bane 1 not unifowm , So _ Cage shall. be Rept. few: inches above & en concveting Shall. be done:cRed ba i RS 9) Reinforce ment Cage +5 be lowesed Stkaight “os vevtical . It should not bendDerects_ In Fes | 4 ey = Zorre of change iafrorn Oty to wT. © Soil Ky eush /fxom Prerniuwe. * COU pan: Bhoul “= location of wares “table. oe 5 =e, Bentonite _ Slurry. « AB NOK sentcapect a fetely | Bulle ta fosmed “and concsere:is “reduced y in Section. i éheck?— 9) Quatity of coneveking ces £55 “b) ES Sudden incveage not” covweck Soil Sitatd ss Mixed woikh grave} 2. clay.2): Bentonite sluwsy tn bekween tu ee tn bekween tuo je NecRing may us due to a) Due to vibvarions / Texks 40 tremie Pipe (due to Moving up #* dow >) and may weoutt ints fall of Sides ThuS %ecHon of canceling wedu by in cane { _ Feom Day te, waters /Cltapae tak2o place. s| consequttve Seneweting opevations Bentonite Slussy [bet bog a consequtive “concreting Opesalon weoult into break, an continuity and thus load 4 '® Mok kansfevsed , i 3); Honey Combing i— +. In ‘cane when propes Compaction is Nok i done: Properly » Honey. combing is obsesved toavoid thia’ use SCC ov provide proper » COMpacton. othewwige Gt TES ahs An. 4 @ea Bening OF co Merete & failuve OF pipe. ‘© Renny fora) + to be Hammesed a) No Sey pends —” To stop Ehis. \ menor 2 Rept HI P peficad \ ad plume 4 iO Tn case jbotore nok cleaned propery \ ae eae agent anto, 2% foauve of FF eee oe | Lo geinPoscement ar i anto Pie cqiiuse. -FOw thie nreperikive : aeaning, by parnping, re - 6g ener “be eithéw done by aig gew Cubic. Meee Bottom ‘and sseqults \ 7 | wares. HUTPLST ow cleaning: of concsere YD tnen Flusring pe ‘cased our f t . : i Ay | Reinforcement & (irred ursing concseNng © e i as SA ' : ay Concsere placing pune the veototes | co.ge apword TH cgopultc AMIS apueing | sein FowceMeD infowcemenr need® | | fo be held 4% posi BO eed pottom, “bos be bent in Uo sape.- heip® also to ovoid pending of geinforscement» 1g? scement 2eAhe 1 Stio. Fetch oF pile = tA cover meATTe “Unis exposute of seinfowcé ment 2% Subsequent wusting 4n due cousse of time & faiiuse duces effective diamere~ Fig ca) Figcb). occuss then ots Due to Sucken effect or generally ¥ the Soil couapseo ; ne => gecdpile Mecking phenomén™: Bad pileo = veinfoscement is exposed.Diapnaace Wau | con SHENIS LOK CONSTRUCTION Wheve. the dfaphvagm cos wequised to be founded on hard rably wi be. atl an Eig ghtc cornparatively Soft srates the boxing wil be’ executed “witr % cand grab type equipmenis... Even xo has Oy alaci be ‘ ee ' Spsmx6-om Frg Co)! Pre-trench. 2& oP assy > Guide uwals Pre- trench | a | | \ i Foundingsnata {roe Racks, | ~ cone | Frg cc) The Trench soit: Rept: sluasy. before. Coran encemént™ oF bom 1 gwabing “SpewaKsn fore any Pda Rae | AW panel. The -tevel of bentonite Stuvry . ad the Feench” Shéuld ‘be (¥ (Above the wates level , and aa and when | the boving ip 40 the. progres. : “the lengtn “of. ta wagrn wall “3 6toTms & 4h i convenient jthe didiphwagm GoaU, j a panels will be Consitucted® wh: a Continudu: makes when only one. fovin tube wil be utilized pes panel- Aftes “Fedo Bey Masy | panel BB on both the sides have been yy "]° , Consiucted then. Becondasy pane) wie “ constkucted 2 | 4 4 | 2 nimun 1s” rots1 oa uquid | Density —> Sov |Mazsh cone —P 33 Zeconds BoqinG Ovega |- ° > ‘Grab ii _ Used 2 MOY panels, panel es)| In the vevesse cizxculation Proce», the - boved matewals: coming our with slussy eh An Sullable Seitilng faites Ptovicled by the Bide of diapheagm wau Sol'dS 36 the siueey will Sekie ud the serting tanks, and the Noni te Siuvsy wi Flow back un the 4 5) £ “Renrogcemen alte 19) The length of the Cage..uwill be govesned | MosHy by the cepth of. the panel 5 He il length of the woda available andthe 4 i 4 Sqitipment used fox tifting lowe'sing - the cage. | &) The tap 2b the main, bows Should not be , Ataggeved move than Socma . ic) Sltengthening cage at Tegulas intesval by welding wings “ow bava. | d) Civcutos solle’s coves block to be ( used of Suitable intesvals > Preferably i en bloch pes Sq-m on both sides ot i cage 1) Provide hooks fos Aifting cage 5) Provide boktomm coves ab bottom of aa the Rench . 3 76)! Conca ering - 4) The concvenng sna be done by feemie and the ernie diameter will be emininnum 200 mm BD o eNaine phe lenat paneia , One CF mode = os pipeo. Should be. Used. ca, 2 _ concreting Is to be done sn a continuous . manney.. Upto the wequised devel. 6 lhe “Should. ‘be .ensared that .th ‘bottotn “OF: hy “Heemie pipe: nin wisi» [Date : ithin® “the Concsete too ‘mixing’ of. freoh concrete with bentenite Slusvy. he. Top..of conevete. wil be centinued upto 500/600 fam above the cursor * fevel” 2o-Hak good. conevere coil be available: ak the cut-off. level Suing concs eng, operations: , 7 bentonite, Slussy coming our Frere’ > the. trench wit be em oyee and | we- used:| D, Concrete a Date ain BMS Siamsp Should be minimum 1s0-i1S mm b> Maximum Size of aggzegatre =F 2omm i Bheve concwekivigy is done -undeywates oF diving mud using metneds Ofhes than tne remie 5.107. extta cement ovex that wequised fow the dedign grade of, concsété OF the Specdfred. Slump Shalt, be Used ” ces<~ wel Cap — Tep Plug car Cutting edge Bottom Plug Fig : ‘well, Foundation. | The Indian’ vewsion of. oped. caisson awe Rnewn. ag. foundatfon - well. | These ave cornmonly used. bard ges | ah India. : . | Masonsy, So conesete. are common. type For depth of foundatron greates than Sro } massive foundation aelle ave.sunk in” | the .gsound by dvedging . ? SinRing | is accomplished simply. by Ihe gravity Ffoece 5 aided by apside excavation,— J Ackvity WIE? -Aftes weaching Upto ReHom , then | Activity ing. up > é concveing is clone to provicte Bottom Plug a — [Activity WD: The cenkke Poxt'on is fiked «ith »and, Bouldes® etc and compacted propetiy & completon ‘connecting * is done to prov “welt cap’ toda i Means fewsed \nwough Sand .fived to the Bottom@) || Whar ave tills uh Caisson. ov weil foundalo | Give precauhona and cosvechve measuyer Mae tame? wn fuel ke anord 8 “ante oe ince hendency: oF4 iflons? ren Ce" yest ae Connective Mensu | hau be’ unifowm, * 3). In cage any shift is nobced , ib should be imme diatety cousected by taking covvective Measuves atthe dnitial stage “itsele 4) ‘the Bottom be ensewsed to be 5). observ Setlement of the contnucus obgen yarionas.” )cantileves frame. at Fhe others end, b> Hooks ® wise vopeS by: winches © Cavyy our excavation’ outside: th 4he well. to seduce, Akin. Fe ichton J component: . * ewticality eu 200 f°. Slolewance of By Apptiction of. ccentee Loading ; > Std Eaenteic Loading. tay be pwovided | ' of necessavy by provid &. Suitable i i pictfoun Some men even — MIE can be| Pulling the well by. Czane / Pavey +— ib podiess ibwords tne. highes Bide by Placing, one os move Steel wopen owsund the well)lof eccentulc Sood the eccentricity can be‘ 7 Lg. Cortenpan. ae AG al yy Calgaans 2! SA CoUlueurse Ursa — ' foundations 5 howeves they diffex fox ; | coffesdama an the fottow ing, xeppects ' i) Caissons are pesmanent situctives a and form an. integwat par. of Foundation , whereas cofferdams i: ave vemoved attey Works are. i completed . Caissong: ave’ water, Hight. enclosuved - OhEwWe Qs. coffetdams. ave not. Gates. tight enclosuzes ) | Factows — Thfluencing choiée’ ‘of coffésdain: -. ay Type of SikkataVroand Lay Lo ts lL 3 Le 4. 1D Ls File - cores dam .~ Hock gu coffer dary Cx ‘Type coffe x dam Sheer pile cofferdam. Antew locRing -ciecutow ilee.. ) 1 Célatary as m We pestis collulor cotferclam @ Creag ips ea velar cofterdlon Seodh :Segue NCE “Oe ~ Acuites : Ler ITT OT FTI _ The number of sheet piles vequived Sha. be catewated based on ” “dimensions = One Bear is _sequired Foe cassying” piles ¥ dgiving aqui pr ny Ausvey equipment, . , & 24 Boat is wequived to cowry matesigs | | wequivea “foe consixuctiong pus pose such i fs. DviUing Machine , Delding Rods , Nuts bs. | | | | i | iflaca Boat wilh i ie 1 A hey | _ Matewials | | Boat ve Loaded witn.a i Se ee, : || Piling Frame, Pile Dx 2usyey Equipments ving Equipments 5 Hommene. 3 Chane 3-GE0 Sels > Marew neiaing. Pf welding- Machine: 5 Welding Reda, fore fools. Planis wequived fey baving. 9nataUation cae ° : Hor f susvey' iene ise Ph [Then Sees of sheer Piles be. ined |&.| Sheet Riles, numbesa., Sizep 0%. calculated lan advance be Rept’ teady. and loaded un the second woah. EASAME™ hese sneer Piles awe Bale to Withstand water Load 7 . Shee vequi wed depts a} Aftes “Sheet. pile paving stats /Beama | ave tobe fixed @n Btageo. ca : 7 be. Biigntty pushed 29 a the cert” by vibs Vibwaroxy”t Hommes | &. &. then, - | Kemoved.. | 7. | Nous Raise the Pies above Water leve} ae Stage. by...stage- Paecaution, ‘The conateucwon. of Preys ae complete. upto High wates ‘level and then only sheet Pile dismentiing tobe undes taken. Cantilever “be projected fore warsing, ine | Rew °%8 » Constkuciton...of “Pie above Re Wares level. | Probleme: in . ; :| Setection Or Tree Or Corcervant: 1) Velocity 2 Type of strata 3) Depth of axater Type Nelocity. | Type of, skata Depth. of _ Water SIra pesyiar | Rock Fin ‘ Pesvioug Sata | dare High. | whee ewsion i Cunitclensity Us big h ta high) a ‘ ‘Shallow | Cab Type | High | Erosion high | i Wight Saify curswents. |Be 4 e wy | Sheet | | Pervious Newhca » Piling Medium | Hard skata | High os Cares) Raker | | Crit proble | a CInclined) sea FO Pee | S. Entestocking Medium | Pervious | = i circular oy Bur Undertine see oy piles = High. . | by deep | Ls i ” Mawd stata | my { - : 4 eae 4 Cellulas |--High “Pesviod® | High ity poatenctin Hh Bkeata : Shacuve sl . és ii a Ct reo ROUTING “Grouting ia Ihe tesm used’ to desenbe the wits DI? pyeecs. [ method of injecting a fluid Substance, an’ ToC Figsuxes ow intoO gol either go pesmea bIUE nt ee Applicationé :~ I, 3.) Damp proof ayes —> aaing chemical 4 Quant . 34. || Gound Anchors <> Wont “walls > fox heavy Homzontal forces > Towices wit Sma vase wheve uplift premuse ia Majos grouting ig done. Cs ecB ANChow’ - To wed ice Foundation) . ~ Sy Seating. se cracks: an masonsy dame go | sonevere dam .& foundations & man | Shuchaves - ‘ OF ground’ Sales) Sttengisof Matesals nics aR ot : ' il i f 7 * | Marenats + CSolution) . D) Grout Should be “alte to. penietxc | the ma aitengt 'c gsadient “amposed_ % flowing water) > 3i Ty.pe® t= * Di Cement gwout.—~ 2 Fly ash ¢ 3! Cement i *) Bitumen 5), chemicals. &)) Bentonite’ + Clay géour.. % - iS Second Stage € shot) you rg Ter Sweihing = wal eh Properties of Grout : _ ae Corisisteney 6) ~. LAs Bleed. ¢ 31] Density 4: || shinRage. “6 (S-) Wiscosity:¢ : Le Gel time. ; ou LT! Get sikength! - 3 ae Toxicity. @ > Copp tite : Beco)(4) | Cray Grout :~ =F coMoidal Solution High Skrength | grout cant be pre Used to veduce paved pewmeability of the ground & gives dis placement the Tesistance to» of Wares gradre 4 Psopesties’ of clay = qi timieS S Sieve Analysis ely to be poor. coy grouis | en do Floccutate | ewhen » pawiteten lors “tn 2 than i | ©00.2m0, ate) diametes 3 and ia thus Suitable Mes -.iniection nto medi Banda and VpBentonte Grout ail Density ofthe Bento tte 02 fol 06 ot ~ ‘fe Bentonite vavies from 4 te jo+/. Gout haa a ability to form gelly ' dike Substance ~ “Ir Should ce Rept an agitakon | 7 -Effective of Bentonite = 7 it any. ¢ detoviatton. . : | “ay Flow 6), Wat ex Fi ES. foze. 9 eee consistency of tota of total gro is ih. operations pe ‘Solids. Sand “contents: | “2 hy drogen song: “epneeniaati on (pas) | : Cement = Sano Govt ae i Pin ; Ve — Noxmaty used th constuction freld = Graves 5. Fragmented. wocks: &2 Fil : Jowge Molds ; -" Rospecis” t to be Been o or bases ved effects of ferewon 6 &. ~ heat f= ieee t & damages the pump . yd 3 detoviation of concrete er. ae() | Cement Grout = td — | Cement grout ave manly satected for | qvound strengthenin and. aftes 28 days s a Y can icrushing Skeenatha of | be obtained depending waters ~ cement i a) Cement grouts ave Suitable only fox =~ BOCRE » -Q¥OVElS ~ £4 Coowse ands ates —cement walio |, ; es to 3st 3 rrdening ce cement te. fines : pooducce a. LO sien HO ! jee aoe = cnoy. Be Beetoeeed § 2 A. ground Heit eae AOS. “alumina cement also:ha =sapid ee Stkength gach 8’ offers good ah es ee a Z to_ attack. by sulphates and dilure: » acide: . Super suiphated: cement haa a = * finenem. of about 60mm sq}-gra and ia thewefove Suitable for Ppenckoating: fitely Ffissubed. WecRs. i 2 ean #).S PFA Grout :— Pulvemized fuel aSh reacts with lime and wates Jo produce Brabie cemenhtous matemal The -paviicle gize te gimtay sto cement and therefore ig mainly used sn . highly permentie Makewals such a Algsuted COCK , gtavele P coome. te) cates.“ sov'd TANG. => B. Sgdea” sresistance 40 Sdlphate- Attack: - & _ ShyinRage! iesBoat © ~ Chemical gyoat” is “Foemec Sepavate Zolukon® which togethes do Ppyoduce ime gel. the effect Can eithes, be ebtuined ° 38 Er te © inletee Grove Meriobs « =, : AN) Sincie Suots— . eee ' (2); RINGIE HOT — Sodium silicate Solution 18 ditured i with sodium bicavbonate Solution | 5 MEIVE than cement & clay grouting \ ey) Two uot ROUTING + i Bin gham_ Flat y Cosity co com aedi | (7 A Tube of Diametes So to Tsim *! | having holes is insested and ther ~ -grronk. Vm pumpert | hy pumping om allowed to go undex gravity 7 The gout Speed & wate of pamping ate governed by Yhe ; Available pew Welationsnip : « fom pump & % Quantity Of .gwour deli exes pew us 7 . ja pumping,J ‘aD Ina Tuonel Cons tracted through i: || Fragmented vock " Two stage gzouling” ne fowseen. Ex plat’ n funcHon of uch a) Reck Masa is icose and may lod : | yo Subsidence @biaty ae : 4 | ®D. Roch Mass ia. haying, Soutls- 89 Seams. | ~ 4 cy. Rock needs, “Bicenginen Sih ‘and | a } qos a ae 5 Fling. oF emacs. th ime Geock fi wBig caniWeo. -GBOUH Ney” Sj Felivies By. .quoon% d) Tig Wtening of tock fu 0° minimise i Subsidence. ) the Mates channel to Stop leakage / Seepage Low Py . s dba dnch® a — @, Secondasy stage T <7 Woity highes Wns ! Poemare, at Reagr 60 2b ‘finch Matewal Used ah Qvoubing Should: have fovowin epten a vy chemically Shable “and nop_- Tox’ a C cement ta_-vevy good Matewal fos Ys this puspose) 7 2) “TF Shoulal “be = pur pable. ‘ 35 Sovdity aptly aa Aitie Yolume 2 4 change. \ ea Contaoved wate of" ‘pelting: ) aun Shength Sa pidly + Cow resion Resistant : : iD tt should be dimensionally Stable i. 2) oe Should. beeconomical a6 5 soy La jb@ | Jet Grovtine “Three Simultaneous Supplies oF Phase Plaid (fF waters 3) Compremedais RR AT ahd gvour Osrasae sie alm pritin siting ig, HOS]5" CNET Sf PE IDE | COS Oren Ser seounded — by ala fey sar ula high FOUTS to excavate. / ee Soit / 2Cement gvout undex high Poessuse is injected “nto vorda formed by woatesjer.¢ In jet grouting guide holes of awound piscms asp dia ig doled . this fours ee ee 203m «4 ~ Jer qrour ing Gear cement grour - under emure witha Ser grou _ equipment cohich is Smati > compact orsound the Pewirneres or Tunnel, This Consolidates. tne Soil mass around the avea & . facilitate excavation ai ‘Soft Soil, without use ‘of shield. i) Tis ie -thevetove..an effective way of pPertox ring, Jannebing. th, Sorr Sei}: i i | 4 i i i i ' | a Column Jet Pie for olincreasing statéval wesistance oF s existidg: Pies.Advantages a i) Grouting. is possible ah Soll types unclading Sills & claya - and weak i wotk W) allows Keplacement of eee Soila 40 at dept Ww vihe grout mass fosmed Ig of high comp wemive. sicengtny and _dous pesmeability . ’ dnace exible Flows: consituction above. dere yew fies: a aa may, its chemical gpouk .6 Geseed ch clo clase hCotion, ; Type OF Grout Soil Type < t Cement / Pr al Sand | Decomposed Bock | 2 Grote 2 Cement / Sand goour ; Coagae Grave} ; Ss: Cem cat/ PFA gzour I Medium Gravel. ‘ 4. Cement/ clay. grout Fine. grave. ae ef 1 . S- | Cement Bentonite Coavae Sand: chs | routs pn , i | : Bentonite (Alay rMedium sand. 25 ,, i ; grour : te High viscosity "Fie. Sand "TR pes chemical qrouts ylow Viscosity chemical grour Meaiam fo Coase Soe Bs Silt pres) Frne sitt , Decomposed clay, clay, Rock. AS sneieene nee 3: -Rebin guourHigh wise buildings consumeo vesy huge guauby cor hig hes 19 . Te i Quantity as also qual ity of Mix weedan b High mise’ Buildings make. oo gsase generally MéO on ¥ BABOONS ? [weres.can uy MC. plants! i pat atte: BS BMC shh an. be installed - No other" Method! can be suitable fox igh: demand: of: concrete urvance which ts needed Fox 5ee az. Failuse edouid be h ii Lowes s BMC ae S|. the cement: uged 4h RMC plant. is generally s freon amd not mowe than Bday old.f (WBS eConemcar i Ht 4 1 CCAUCES TWAS TOG Bite ocge Sto 10/7. Saving in Cement due to mo l ding lomsaen Also BMC pl 1c econamiges conmcyete ag | S8gregate Siovage “handing loses St LIS torAS7. ‘can.be Bavea. Prope quality conttel on aggregates gobich othe veotwe. “Nok possitle...1F co ncaere made Sepavarely an’ individual Locawons Quallty B . Quantify. of smote contteuedan . BMC . Plant». ar central replant enauren, the as of, Mincen produced - Which meets high wae Building Cana uchon . ae sequivvement: is As Righ Rise Buildings. peed. avesy precise. Quality” conktol 5 Bre is the. aIghT choice. fox Mathinining. 2 aesuniing quality ef concsete.i Cc Dewarer ING YSTEMS. ~ |i Seepage of water 10 excavation sometmes | becomes, moat difficulk problem Since rey band Conk nyous pumping uA such cases is ; Mor only B coety atem “our may i gextement of adjacent, Siac cain etosion. ov, coltapac. of the |eiaen: oe open, excovarion: > 5,and may= ee Toate anic ce he KE, a (Sr chiey he : | fore S pad | © Lortsc bvpevcatke ch cannes ts Sa TALL PUNE silly 5 hou Perec hity ~ SYD Clo i -18-0.68 9 | Shara coe (D4 | Open Sune ah the deepest past | - A samp 16 posite: of the excavation, & prefe ably awoy A gmatt ditch cut excavation Fauing, owed whe Sump to wit help to - -Beep- “The oven weasonably cleas of standing water, . — TF the wovk le. to be continue, fow apeniod : then:.if.often:. pays to er use porous : eve. sited ad tbe ditch.PS op . Muri Srace Dewaren nd os. epth Getatec thon 1S ry con operored Fac Taam chept - \ aa(3)! Vacium Dewate ING” System: t— Tiny ae ELLE TET Sandy site “ay a SILLY Sang” x ; i ik Wakes level in i : cc Fries CD AIP NE Th Sravity methods ave not muck “48 Fine = grained Boris. ott Ad the wange (0*4°to eFfechivé pe meability. 10X10“ mmpe 4 Such Soils can be Stabatiged.b ; Vacuum | welt 0% Well = point Syatens A vacuum dewatesing Ayatem condist 5 OF Bell ov wel{ Poinks - with “He Scveen and meer Pipeo Sus,0unded Wilh a Se ee hewage cna? FPhteg ry means otimation hese shaging of well point | -ayatema 18 hese ine wegul ye Boi} bot of Hhe © ini bad np ‘by Sram = jaetitee | 0. Excovation.., | 2) Peoviaion, of pumps, pi ipelines ja) Excayare | ae S) ., Lean | conewete a iL 6) Raft concyere : oo | 17) Cows & as ©. | 2) Total wates preoting fox yatt % coals ik Or. Raising .jne ca" ide- i to) Bacnsuing bebind, "Ree walls “agro Ca |) Removal (of weit pointy pipetines an | | Atagen aie i ee % Fy 3LST OF ACTITES « : 46 1) -Mar< the column centre/ Pile centre wr. axis markings. 2) Erectinglshifing equipment: At pile centre—a) Mark the centre & shift equipment so that centre of botiom coircde wih ple cente 3), Excavale atthe location with bailer& fbdplace the guide casing atthe ple centre. 4) Pour the Bentonite slury & start boring with Esile/OMC chiselloross chisel as per method specified & acceoted by structuralGeo-tech consultant. EQUIPMENT: 41) Diameter (outsdefnside) of quide canier to match the diameter of pile diameter specifiod by the structural consultant. 2) Outs baler and chisel diameters shall be 7Smn less than the specified diameter of the Pile or Guide caries as méntionet in (1) above. 33), The weight of the baller and shisel should bi 0.5 tonnes to 4.5 sonnes.depending.on.the-—--——~ so diammé er ofthe respective pile and as specifiéd ar 4 approved by the structural consultant 4) Daring boring check disturbed soil saniples, Tally them ith bore tos data, mak depths ee \ and variation it any. . 5) Confimn founding sirata~ s a) Visually by samples. b) SPT resuitsin the pile bore. 1c). Rate of penetrationfeneray criteria, 6) During boxing check the following:- a) Guide casing minimum 4.0m tength, 1) “Bentonite stury level to be atleast 1.5m above ground water level” €)_ Drilling mud-consistency to be checked for specie ray ‘(specific gravy atte bottor shold not “be greater than 1.2) 7 9) Control Alignment: ce ey 41) Vertical pilg- Deviation should not be greater that 1.5% SD Raker pile— Deviation should not be Gréater that 4% ma 3) Outdi Centre: Devin sod cts rt ht eo hl nt ‘greater than OHO (whibre D-Diameter of ples) 4). In-single pilefcolumn- 2) Out of Centre “Deviation should not be greater that Somm (for 0 600mm) ) Out of Centre Deviaton stould not be greater that 10Ommi{for'G> 600m)2), Founding level reached— eo, a} Flushing the bore with fresh slurry for 20 minutes-check specific gravity of slurry samples to confirm removal of bored muck of a soll particle in suspension are removed from the bore. 8) Check the centre ofthe pile bore with respect tothe reference axis ines and also vertical alignment. 4) Reinforcement cage fabrication & using folowing norms. 2) Minimum 6 Nos of main bars with minimum dia of {2mm 'b) Helical of 6mm dia spaced at 150mm cl. ¢) For large dia piles adeltional rings of 10mm @ spaces at 1.0m ole throughout the length for strengthening the cage. 64) Prove, 75mm dia citcular precast concrete cover cingsfblock spated 1.5m cle along the Tengih of ‘the cage’ . ~e} “L* shaped -3 Nos main bars anchorage 1p bel provided af the bottom of the cage {o anchor reinforcements in concrete while: concreting by trefrie. 4)’ Laps in reinforcement cage should be tack welded toravoid ‘sipping of cage’ while lowering @ placingitin the borehole @). 2.hos 10mm @ reinforcement welded to main bars should be’bent and tatk welded to the tap. of uide vasing -in:case of deep cutoffs of piles, where top of main cage is more:than 1m below the: ‘working tevel. : 10) ‘Lower the tremmrie pipes assembly in centre ofthe pile with folowing precautons. a) Tighten the joints between two pieces suficienty fo avoid only leakage. 1b) Lower the emie-pipe assert through the cent ofthe bore without fing or damaging the - © | gies : a Vol he rea pies athe tp of he guide casing eve oat bio ofthe rommie is nays Jeast 150mm above the fouriding strata. 4) Connectihe:flexitle hose pipe to the top oberon» ‘¢) Then supply fresh Bentonite slug ty bottom ofthe ple bore hoe 1) This removes”stil paricle in. suspension and loose _ reinforcement cagé atthe founding level of te ple hole HOES 2 a8 through the temic pipes atthe ected, if any, while, lowering the 9) Remove the feible pipe supplying Bentonite slury and fix the fuel receive concrete al the tem of tremimie pipes. Babey . es 4) Keep the bottom hoe of the funnel closed withthe steel plete provided wih the funnel |) Now pile is ready t receive concrete 4) Check the centre ofthe ple with respect o reference lines, before ‘commencement of conerete. *) Watany time the centre ofthe pile bore do not tally wit the Comect centre or not within the allowable tolerances, then the conoreting should not commence. » 1) In such case withdraw the tremmie pipes reinforcement and ‘Ty Out suitable measures by fil thé a bore with clay and release at correct location & anv fhe nreweod with lowering of temmie pipes assembly with concreting funnel 11) Concreting of pile 8) Prepare the concrete in mixers ofthe requited specitications, consistency and Workabilty by tic following L Provision or as specified by st stu Consultants. >) Lowering of remmie pe assembly upo botomatthe bre hole as )- Check i al joins locked properly. ) “Bottom of pipes atleast 460mm above ground level. ; ©) ltshould be in the centre ofthe boretioe& not to fol with enforcement cage. 4) ‘Close the bottom plats ofthe funno fl the funnel ul wit cosete / 2), Remove the plate in.one stroke & peitit concrete to have a’ fee ‘ell thréugh the: pipe up to Me) Re boitoni. ne 1) Fillthe funnel with next batch of concrete and aw itto go down through the pipe. 8)" Concrete wel bul up in the pie atthe botory,elatng Beniotite sluy & Keeping the battom, of pipe embedded in the concreté, “1) Provide smal tia: 25mm pipe atop in the funnel entesing tho pipe to prevent rapped air to rush out & allow ‘concrete to flow freely : ‘okriow the concrete buit up inthe pile hole *). Repeated readings will enable to kriow concréte ‘consumption inthe ile which can help to know Percentage of exta consumption over the theoretical ameter af pe 1) Botiom of treme to be maintained at feast 1.0m inthe concrete, m).Lit the tremmie assembly. Remove furinel, remove ‘one piece length of tremmie, replace the funnel and continue concreting1) Alter ple is bull up upto 1.0m above cutoff level. Remove treemie pipes, funnel and use s ‘od t0 tamp the top batch of concrete. 0) Remove the guide casing after cutting the top face reinforcement bars welded which were provides to stop the uplft of reinforcement cage. Inspection check fist 41) “Centre of guide casing at pile location, 2), Bentonite slury- a) Liquid tiit > 300 b) Geltest e) Density 3) Slurry level if above soil water ievel 4) Founding strata- 2}, Samples Collected b) “Chiseling Energy criteriatretof hammers 85) Flushing ofpile bore hole. ‘ 6) ‘Reinforcement cage an 2) Reinfowement bars 7 b) Lapsiftackwelded a ‘oom ostenahinguced 4) concrete blocks (Roller) ifused -@) Helioals-as designed 1) cage, bottom end bars ‘L" shaped provided. 9) onl br above ee at Ln guide casing (in case of expt) ‘ny Cage bottom at least 0mm above founding eve. 7) -Lowesing oftremmie pipe assembly - 8) Covert Quay, 3 a) Mix6200. b) CementPage | of3 Le 5 a _. TUNNELING NoTES- oS a h wert Drill And Blast Cycle Drilling Pattern Design Based On Following Factors + Tunnel dimensions Tunnel geonjetry Hole size al quality requirements Geological and rock mechanical conditions ~ Explosives availability and means of detonation pected water leaks - Vibration restrictions - Drilling equipment . : Drill & Blast Round. - ~ e + Stability, ea commeaeieues , ~ Rock geological and mechanical conditions ~ Drilling, charging, mucking and rock support equipment and related size, reach, maneuverability and efficiency ~ Allocation of time within and between each round + General working arrangements, work layout, distance between working places, support works needed, general 5 regulations and legal questions (inspection needs, ground vibration restéfetions eto.) + Amountof equipment and labor, if restricted ‘Drilling Pattern Design Based Oni Following, + Tuninét dimensions - Tunnel geometry - Hole size - Final qualify requirements + Geological and rock mechaijéal cotiditions ~ Explosives availability and fneans.of detonation «Expected water leaks ration restrictions + Drilling equipment Drill & Blast Round Stability fical and mechanical conditions arging, mucking and rock sipport equipment size, reach, manetivérability and efficiency ation of time within’and between each round ~ Gpfieral working arrangements, work layout, distance befween working places, support works needed, general 3 fegulations and-legal questions (inspection needs, ground vibration restrictions ete.) Z a htepstmail google comvimail/?ui= 1 &realattid=0.28¢attid=0.2&disp=vahéeview=attéeth= 11... 21/09/2008* Amount of equippren ana labor, if restricied Equipment Selection “~~ + Changing face areas and geometries of tunnels + - Tunnel curvature and cross-cuts Page 2 of 3 At } + - Design and scheduling of the work cycle r + - Different rock conditions i + - Conditions of the terrain : + - Gradient of the tunnel + ~ Length of tunnel and tramming length to the face + - Different hole size and hole length + + Dullling Jong holes for exploration or grouting purposes + - Drilling bolt holes, + - Electric supply network Rock Reinforcement Methods - ~~ = ~ 2-.Geological factors, such as rock properties and rock mass structure : e ~ + - Dimensions and geometry of excavated space * + Location and direction of caverns in the rock mass : + - Excavation method + Use and expected lifetime of space g att Support Methods Used =~ . Grouting Different Types OF Bolts: yy } ~~~ Sprayed-Conerefe~Shotcreting ~~ Critical factors in shotcreting are YN Watencennent ratio + Grain size distribution of aggregate \++ Rebound ratio, affected by Grain size disteibution Mix design 67 Nozzle design = Nozzle distance and angle \s > energy output i Foor the firstztime in india AFCONS have - troduced SUPER VIBROFLOT a 7 ery powerful machine. With:this.jt is possible.to strengthen the.ground even : ce upto 40 Mdepth. ' : Super Vibrofiot, Because of its powerful ' 40 T centrifugal force can-even Penstiate loose bouldery-formation, : ~ ebnstniction debris and very . hetrpgenous tectsimed fills. Itis now’ Possible to-even construct buildings on _ Feclaimed land which are vary often “the onlylands available for nstructirig steGcturés in urban.coastal cities. Dus.ta rapid oil development rograrime.in.our country several crude -. oll-tanks are:t be constructed on soft thatine clays available in the. coastal Fegion.In this case, super vibroflot can Present an economical solution. _ The super vibrotiot is run by & hydraulic power pack. The centiifugalforce as Well as the’ RPM can be vatiéd & - ‘eontinuously from-zero.to full pawer, ~~! | “ovate hdawal of End of vibo-compacion. =. Siang See tbe diameter eh iev sien remains at ~ Of the hale formation, constiption of J 98Ug¢ indicates maximum stone chips, etc. +2 AMergy output.ae Lowering of vibrator, with water Sequence of Construction uw, Lowering cf vibrator, with water 97 air fiush circulation. oF air flush circulation. od Zs “Cabstriiction of stone columns using vibroflot in cohesive soil aL Alter acing the required depth, the flush is stopzed, thestone chips anced, compaction stars. Vibroflotation for insitu densification of sandy soils LLLP PPPPP PPP PPP PP PPP PPP EPP PPP ‘Ailee reaching ine» Yepth: the flushis-stao2e2 the sand fill addeg. ancy compaction starts 2 PPOPPFHSOH SRE DeeBeaASTHSHTSHCHFSH HO SCHL POS 8, SHIEETCTFESSS SHOT OS es ae orto sonaqdudd ba 1 ~Stone Columns Die to rapid expansion programme of the Oil Industry and Refineries several tanks for crude oil as well as other byproducts were required to be constructed. Many refineries are located ‘on the coast and generally the tanks ore required to be constructed on very soft Clay: having low shear strength. Pile foundation frr-such large tanks are toc ‘expensive and the only possible nomial is AFCONS, by using their conventional piling equipment, developed. technique of rammed stone column which was introduced in India for the first time for supporting large diameter crude tanks. This system was found much cheaper being labour oriented than use of vibroflot equipment which is normally Be TAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF STONE COLUMN BY BORED PRING EQUIPMENT BY BORED PRING EQUIPMENT. used elsewhere in the world for this purpose and which requires heavy crawler-crane for handling the vibroflot, The results of the toad test on single stone columns’as well as group of stone columns on already executed jabs show most satisfactory results as also hydro test results of the completed tank. A= 32 by baler ‘with casting to fll depth, Filling the granular fil to thiekne 20103.0M ‘through the window pening on casing and by means of a chute Gre ery snd ram tha back {alto the epecteg setbotiom of esing ould be lest 013M, Below the top ci amined ese dranclr charge and tepene stage ti heft engin ot Colum to ground Tove formeStone Columns Due to repid expansion programme of the Oil Industry and Refineries several tanks for crude oil as well as other Byproducts were required to Be constructed. Many refineries are located on the coast and generally the tanks are fequired to be constructed on very soft clay having low shear strength. Pile foundation for such large:tanks are too expensive and thé only possible economical method is the ground improvement. AFCONS, by using their conventional filing. equipmon:, developed. technique ‘of rammed sione column which wias troduced in India for the first time for Supporting large-diameter crude oil tanks. This system was found much cheaper being labour oriented than use of vibroflot equipment which is normally used elsewhere in the world for this purpose and which requires heavy crawle= crane for handling the vibroflot. The results of the load tast on single stone coluffifis as well as group of stone columns on already executed jobs show most satisfactory results as also hydro test results of the completed t | iene STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF STONE COLUM BY BORED PWiNG EQUIPMENT a aap faery : ro in 8 sn tame U6 nnn [a mice mon f anes Stages () a? @ © , Boring by bailer with casting to fut dopth, @ ling the granor fit wichoese 20%030m through te window ng on casing Gracia ouunm Qa ater ee and by. means of a chute,xDiephragm wall is a-continuous 3, ‘concrete wall constructed in situ by using specialtrenching methods. The wallis constructed in small panels of 4. 4mto 8 milength connected together by special techniques, g- These walls can be used as: 1. Support for, excavation/imper- vious cut-off, 2. Peranent bdboment walls Element piles, Impervious Cut-off for dam 8, Walls of Dry Dock, Wet Basin foundations, and Wharves. Diaphragm walls of thickness 0.5m to1.2m & to depth of upto 70m have been executed by-AFCONS. , Walls to greater depth can also be * constructed. The wialls have been constructed-in all types of soils ingluding boulders, filled up material{near sea shore where water level was fluctuating a3 pertide and in ver¥ soft soils having N values 0-2, Walls for underground pump houses. Bridge foundation, Underground ‘railway construc: tion, Retaining walls,CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATE PANELS ' a ce ya | \ CONSTRUCTION. OF ANTERMEDIATE PANELS cenane Fon LOWERIIG REINFORCEMENT4 QUIPMENTS FORESLLN FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DIAL HRAGM WALL Reverse circulation equipments, and/or direct ciecnlation equipment, and/or rotary boring equipment, and/or special tripod with grab, and/or cach equipment, and gab will be ulitised. The sequonee ot’ ann of San Gawipment will depend upon the site ‘conditions. Witne ee diaphragm weet taires to be founded on hard strate, proferably reverse Eirculation equipment witl be utilised in this stvelae ie comparatively soit Qtfalas or in overburden, the boring will be ecemven with rotary 2 Beeb type equipmente. Even. in. hard-stratess grab and-chisel ean, alsobe ‘utilised. : PRE TRENCH: RCC pretrench/guide wall of depth at feast. one metre: , ailached sketch. wifl be constructed: The will ‘be 135; (4-190 and nominal reinforcement. will be Re per the sketch attachad herewith, The se wel Po BpPFOX: 10 cms. more than-the width of the ak phragm wall. required cepa Cuted. The: alignment of the pretranch eit we properly fixed cerending upon the alignment of the ‘iaphmem at The top of the Koval ce nyt eVSt will be: at teast minimunt 1.5 mea abe ns the water {evel or cut-off level of diaphragm wall, whichever se higher. qhe trench itl be kept filled with bentonite slurry before’ the commen- Fement of “boring/grabbing, operation for any diaphragm wall panel. The level of beritonite slurfy in the trench should be minimur 1.5 mts. above the water level, arid as and when the boring operation is in Pe bartchite eee! Of bentonite slurry will be: talntained cy maaan af kenton The length of diaphragm wll panel will be approx. 6/7 mis. Alternate Peal Goitill Be Lconstructed as primary ansie whare wn diaphragm wall joints willbe formed with’ the use or form. tubes. After two primary panels:ton both the sides have beey constructed, secondary bank Witt be “@enstrueted! IF it ts convenionte ane disphragm wall panels will be constructed in a continuous manner when only one form. tube willbe “wilised “fier panel, "The shape of the reinforcement Eage for. the diapliragm wall panel will be suitably made, depending 4pen any Of the above methods. PI PARATION OF BENTONITE: SLURRY. SARATION OF" BENTONITL SLURRY: 4) Bentonite. powder used for Preparation’ of sturry vill for its: tiquid limit and the fiquid Jimit should not 30R%, The Sentonite: powder is mixed in fre wien ay ne Preportions at. mi: i The de y Of the bentonite slurry: should be betwee MUS to 1.10 depending upon the. site end viscosity as tested by Marsh Cane sled be approximately $second d lested be less “thar6: ___BORING OPERATIONS: REINFORCEMEN’ a) Before commencement of boring lengths of the panels will be properly demarcated o9 the pretrench wall. b) Panel boring will commence either by rotary or by reverse circu- tation equipments from the ends of the panel towards centre. During boring operations, bentonite slurry will be added as and when required to maintain the level of bentonite slurry. ©} In the reverse circulation process, the bored materials coming out with slurry will be discharged in suitable settling tanks provided by the side of diaphragm wail. The solids in the slurry will settle in the ‘settling tanks, end the bentonite slurry will. flow back in the trenc! 4) At suitable. intervals the solids in the settling tenk will be removed and. kept. alongside. When the. grab or kelly, method is utilised “POF Garg "bored mack “rae Ue Grab” will, be left alongside. ) For ‘overcoming: any underground obstructions or boring through all types of rock such as, soft rock, weathered rock, disintegrated tock, hard rock, boulders, etc.,, alternate use of .chisel and grab, will be made, in case of grab type’ equipment. In case of reverse circulation’ equipment, the cutting tod! itself will execute chiselling operations, in the-above mentioned strata. 1) The width of the cutting’ too! will be more or less the same as width of the diaphragm wall. g) The ,boring in this manner will be carried out upto the required founding level for the entire panel. « depth of the trench will be determined by soundinys oT 1) Before removing the. equipment, the battom of the trench, will ‘be cleaned either by grob. or by reverse circulation: equipments. Form tube will be lowered at each end of primary panels, in case ‘of construction of diaphragm wall by alternate primary and. secondary panels. Ia-case of continuous panels, only one form tube at the further and will be provided. Reinforcement cages in suitable lengths will then be lowered. The method of preparat In of reinforcement cage is as under = a) The length of the cage will be governed mostly by the depth of the panel, the length of the rods aveilable end the equipment used for lifting and lowering the cage. 33ce) ad) e) ) i) a a) b) ) d) e) The lap in the main bars should not be staggered more than 50 cms. to avoid difficulties in handling the cage and lapping the cage. Suitable gaps in the reinforcement cage will be provided for accommodating the tremie, during concreting operation. The reinforcement cage will be suitably strengthened et regular intervals and generally the bars will be tack welded. If the reinforcement cage is heavy, angle iron frames may be utilised. Circular’ reller gover blocks using 1:1.1/2:3 mix are to be provided at suitable intervats, preferebly on block squere metre on both sides of cage and suitably. staggered. The diameter of the spacer. block will: depend upon-the. clear. cover required. for the. reinforcement. Tre lRSRPHOP AE" ths “FeIAtOreeinent “aye will’ be: only mild steel, and diameter should be adequate: to withstand the weight of the cage. The reinforcement cage should -be kept hanging over. the pre~ trench to provide cover. at the bottom of the trench. If rock grout pipes ‘are’ required: to be provided, the same should be fixed with suitable spacer bers, at regular intervals. 10.__" CONCRETING: . The: concreting shall be dome by tremie and the tremie diameter will be minimum. 200 mm. It is preferably to use threaded tremie: pipes in suitable lengths. Depending upon ihe sgth of the panels, one or more treme pipes should be utilised. Before pouring the concrete through ‘tremie, the bottom. of the: concreting funnel should be closed with 9 steel plate. After the funnel. is. filled:with concrete, the plate is removed and concrete is discharged. Thereafter concreting 1s done in 2 continuous mannet upto the required level. Depending upon the build up of concrete the panel, the tremie pipes will be removed in stages; however it should be ensured that the bottom of the tremie pipe is minimus 2 mtrs. within the ‘concrete to avoid mixing of fresh conercte with bentonite slurry. The top of concrete will be continued upto 500/600 mm above the cut-off level so that good concrete will be available at the cut-off level. During concreting operations, benionite slurry -coming. out from the trench will be removed and re-used. During concreting operations, form tubes will be loosened at regular intervals and the form tubes will be lifted in stages and removed after the concreting is over.FCONS CONCRET! The concrete will “be mixed in the -céntral mixing installation and will be transported by dumpers. The concrete should have adequate-* | strength as specified in the contract. The slump of the concrete mix should be minimum 150/175 mm. Maximum size of aggregates will be 20/25 mm. i Where concreting is done underwater or drilling mud using methods other than the tremie, 10% extra cement over that required ior Une design grade of concrete at the. specified slump shall be used.Sah PE, Sect OTE. ATG DM a SAND FHL river side EXISTING INTAKE STRUCTI DANTE Pu SHEET PRES: TMS DESIGN OR DRAWING 6 THE PROPERTY OF «BOMBAY AND Is SUBIECT 70 IGN OR DRAWING CANNOT Be OR UD FOR ANT OTHER US THEIR. VWRITTENS PERMISSION, 3 OO bx Paral ta/isa7ya oa’ eeeRetWall: Additional Help Index _| Keywords Diaphragm . | Return to Retaining Wall Types R 1 to Embedded Wall Types i Diaphragm wails provide a water tight barrier and are constructed with a minimum backslope subsidence. They formed from reinforced concrete and are-constructed as normnal cast-in-place walls with support which become part of the main structure, ~The slurry trench niethod is coitimonly used which involves the excavation of alternating panels along the proposed wall using bentonite slurry to prevent the sides of the excavation collapsing. . The panel dimensions are approximately 50 to 100 ci thick and up to 7m height, extending to the excavation bottom. The installation starts with the construction of shallow concrete or steel guide walls. ‘The excavation is then made-using special equipmeht, such as the thint-grab clamshell. Bentonite stury is then pumped into the trench to provide temporary support and a:prefabricated reinforcing cage is lowered in. The bentonite slurry is then replaced by trCle concrete and the sequence proceeds onto the next panel. Diaphragm walls can be considered to be inapervious and therefore the de-watering of gramular soils is. often neglected, However care must be taken to ensure that there are no openings or joints since they” may. result in sudden loss of soil. Diaphragm walls of shallow depths are often left unsupported since they are classed as semi rigid ' structures, However for deeper excavations support is required to restrict lateral deflections. Diaphragm walls are ideal for soft clays anid loose sands-below the water table where there is a'need to contro} lateral movements. However they are:relatively costly. They are also unsuited to strong soils conditions where penetration is slow and difficult due to the use of the slurry’ trench method: Click here to see the typleal sequence of diaphragm wall construction. Case studies Sources: Fleming, W. G. K. et al, 1985, Piling Engineering, Surrey University Press. Hunt, R. E., Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation, 1986, McGraw-Hill. BS 8002 1994 htt pi/www.sbe.napier.ac.uk/projects/retwall/help/diaph.htm 21/09/2008CUT AND COVER WORKS AND OPEN APPROACHES age northern end of the works there is @ reception area forthe open face machine, which forms the start of the cut and cover and open cut works. "The reception arco {netuded two 10m long, 12m diameter, ait supporied by sprayed concrete lining techniques with spile and lattice girders. Moving north from the reception ares mere is 8 300m cut and cover section constructed between 1.2m wide diaphragm walle excavated in 26m wide bays and with an average depth of 20m. ‘The next section is 50m long with bored piles at the bridge crossing and finaly there is 1,200m ef Tetained cut using soil nailing with 25 and 32mm bolts 8-11m long with shoterete Ai te southern end of the Tunnel drive a 10m-reception adit and @ SOm return leunch adit were constructed for the TBM, The south section compiises 600m of cat andl ‘cover tunnel cast within diaphragm walls. he Cut and Cover section presents its own challenges, vequiring that all utilities including tetecemmunications, water, gas and drainage be removed and Freer, iobleme io moving wlties have delayad some ol ine CAC.” ~*~" Sonstruction sections by approximately three months: Other works inelucing 1hS HeTRotaty re-routing of trafic and the construction of two temporary sleel.bridges for . a ~tallig clwetsions.on-the existing M1 at Whilehall-alegitiid te-bo. undertaken, = Fe ‘The construction tectinique requited the excavation of an-opén trench over 20m deep and 26m wide.. Two-insi itu reinforced concrete horseshoe shaped tunnels were cast inthe excavation in 12m long sections. The Tunnel loot is sloped at 4° resulting in a vasalion in the, depth of the excavation along its length. To secure the sides of tne excavation two Separate measures wore employed involving 4) the construction diaphragm walls and . 5) the use of a combination of soll naling and shotéreting, The method emplayed is determined by the height of the trench walls, the soit ‘conditions/stability and the location, . (A): Diaphragm Wall Construction‘Long sections of the cut and cover use diay iphragm walls to support the sides of the relocation of services and the construction of the inst horse-shoe tunnels takes place. Orice-cast and set, the Tunnels are completely self-supporting and. are riot dependent on the diaphragm walls for structural stability open excavation, white work on the Diaphragm wails are used in the deep part of the Tunnel. The:soll is excavated in lrenches using a ‘bucket grabs’. The trenches are supported as they are excavated 3 > “with ‘Bentonite’ suspe ree mias 2 temporary measure to secure its sides. Readymix —Concielo-i-laler pumped into.the trench displacing the “Bentonite'-which is recycled. ‘The individual diaphragm walls are 1.2m long panels. Because of the depth Positioned, one set of Once the excavation t reinforced conerete is, {0 the sides of the exo: teinforcing is fixed aro thickness of 600:m in the form of a doutle horseshoe shay {fom the on North Cut & Cover Tunnels rom 14600 10 14900 metres 'al box shape for better stiuctural performance. to 1.5m thick and are poured in up to 7.2m of the excavation the diaphragm walls need to-be supported by as three 1OWS ol props were required in the deeper parts of thy -2m to 1.5m in diameter and 26m long and are Props per diaphragm wall panel, along the culting, o the required depttris complete, a 750mm deep base slab of poured. The waterproofed base acts as an additional support avation. The 12m long traveling shutter is positioned and steel und the shutter. Readymix concrete is then poured toa pe, which was adapted South er EIR NES ca nagen ei en South Cut isk ERE RS ‘44597 to 44875 metres (Reception Shalt, Fairview Park, Cut & Cover), South Cut & Cover Tur Innels from 44945 to 54000 metres (Drive Shatt, Cut & Cover adjacent to Alfie Byrne Road) General Process 1. Tho excavation is carried out using a heavy set! guided mech Suspended from the jib,of a large crawler crane. 2. The diaphragm walls wee excavated and, const between 2.8m anical grab ucted in discrete panels of and 7.0m lengths, with a depth reaching 30m, ‘was added inta the excavation to Taiain the stabilty of the surrounding ground and to srevent g collapse, ‘This fluids called “Bentonite”; which is 2 p 1a8er made of a special typeof Soluble clay and is. mixed atthe mixing plant with potable meer ‘4 Alteavy chisel may be used if an obstruction of hi break up the obsiruction for removal by the grab the suspended particles contained in i. Al the same tine ard strata is: encountered, to- fresh fluid will be: ‘added to the top of the excavation to maintain the stability of the ground.Soil-Naiting-and-Shotereting -..- ~~ {84In the deeper pars of the excavations diaphragm walls secure the sides. However Wher theexcavatiorr depth reduces to-+2m-orless-oper-euttings cupponed-by combination of soil nailing and shotereting replace the diaphragm walls. This technique is. relatively new in ireland nd no-emnpirical data on the ground conditions was available. As a result extensive trials had to he undertaken. A large tial area was established and the results monitored aver a period of 6 months. ‘The open cut section is excavated at an 80-degree angle away from the excavation, Shoterele is applied by pumpingispraying concrete through a nozzle. which is held by an operative. In addition to pre-tesing the adequacy ol the sol nailigéshotereting technique in pilot tests, geo-monitoring equipment was in place along the excavation to monitor soil stability. This instrumentation is monitored al regular time intervals to Gelect movement. Results were very positive and the soil nailing! shotereting technique has besn successtul Waterproofing the Cut and Cover Section When the éastirig operation was éom plete, the top and sides of the horseshod turinet Pvc tanking sheet, Waterproofing the horseshoe. which the tanking is first aid on the undersicla, ver the roof of the Tunnels. The tanking at the tanking at the sidewalls and floor to form a Protection against méchanical damage, a ‘op of the membrane before backiiling took place. tunnels was a three-part operation in of the Tune floor and then carried o foo! and sides was heat welded to the Complete waterproof envelope. For reinforced concrete was poured on tModole-4 Cr 63 Divot > go¢t Saud, < 10 ean Sand. P* 20° -35° Deus Foul , Abnsjeg tN. *eek Bauldus) Bored Piles :~ SS Celica Anpepociial Meni i Aoutriti ae ME gee Mees x — [Somm- a) ea Aan Aermende woo mas, Hoard dol vo. ok een ag Aol wpa, Am Gam okeg yea) fc Aemoval! ALT SS “poncep alu tse oye than $O-40 mm. ot Out dein di i | bot te ta ohh Sethe yi x Tees Piao Aaah Eales leo? 600m) > Drawer Gut mM —£tiLe tho 4am, 8D, 100 tanny- y . Prdvition Hethad ‘||ERR eee . J = bh png Sia aan nd wtp A cicead Brotonite tapitoveg & ats 2 asi at») Ake x x onaerytton Of thane Ane vot Luitable | ADR vd fund Ad tha base, | Ashohe iL, gail 35 Zeck. OM ~Y 5-10, Se . 2 1 P Wate. Se Hepa x Q Hud Cor culation access. adele 4 hos 0, 2OQ howd edt lis’ | | iy aye “teat dt Atos ak x —P N15: 120, [ype OF ath Soe TO Stale. i AM | ‘ pideanedl. | | Apo sits . So Bel lpg yt hand, 92-35. ZY Ren | Bi StL Ty. CLAY {B2-27 | BRYA, DANDY. Clpy | e527 Akay A Sip Png) Beas [ay cu nn JE KBD | eon FO GRAVEL. es —Lee Min de Covilival. y A g [F ® bul , Ta telat > Lae || eRe die for caw oprslion i| veo ligt8 Ge Audod. Le Reroute Mersug te ht a Ale Wn Lars L4 This Ao wouwly ward. Lu. babe Pero. fons : - oe pt ttl Hid fog i ths Alaina fe hata a iy joe hb, Ab a Oost 1 é pephact 5-104 > /05— 0 7 b > AHO F124. ed eee an Sue eea dhol Uravel, damd than & NS (20 3 ihe dott gli Lasniod on apile wmode AMO! Une bortonth glinscy howte Jo abord in He ati tak a We cba medtadlaty We. | OA TL AMAL i | AOAIILA Or, Q pile inotole © festa te PU otk Ot Ae td tas =NTONITE SLURRY, _ STONY STRATA:g. kx plein atte a SR Argonne eth Aarti nine amiss pile. Me ih ‘anthg : penne Os tig! ples’? Arbege they bed? 1 bao VA Une met Le. Ae WALL | Ce ve sual pie ALT oe uinoler a'6", Jacotion 40 oe ond ola. K U. 29-25= Le FeRMep da MRO PALE. thod. | 8 fail-llech, ington 96| eee An J\ |S Heduum dover Sard | As. \ eee VR Bete te (segs eG |e cL Dever Gud Sapo | no 320 — Dinar ir es | WC 6/29 Ronee does | Hecluun Rewaee lo—15 wer ag) ip sat bikie Potuk | . o oe ob Cop ce SeP te totam) | a | ohio Aeunpate ig age aay 08) Fou | 9 eed. t ag en i) fot ar Oot | : dhae.. MP | o4 Baugh acting aid| | FA cok tty toa (Dial Hamrrtr. fosbaling ‘natn 7 tye fou E Hed Q Rua. oo aie Aloe Me dees et ¥ ves fi Ah ~t : Oy es. pale ae, ee read § dois wake Rid tatucide x Once He Sar bats in Arion k Mhe Shee Oner Otol bentonite phage. Awerttan Teuruales ee fe oT the pileewes an | tonite | dy | brogun B Fe Rovintasy fern RT i Eh alg oi titan a’ l At te Hinade 9p Barus “ wg head ib deed Mnfeste of ate-ptee *~it “a is i HG2 MATERIALS GROUIABLE BY CEMENTITIGUS OR BENTONTE GROUTS 3 area indicates extent of types of material and zing groutable by cementitious or bentonite grouts Unshaded areas are province of chemical and resin qrouts) LOW VISCOSITY CHEMICAL GROUTSdi fication required improved pympabi lit Retardation Acceleration Improved gelation Resistance to wash-out Cohesiveness ayhydr lHydroxycarbexylic acid Sulphoneted hydrocarbons Selected pulveriséd fuel_ash Sogium bentonite Jcatcium hydrate of, lime Pol yhydroxycarbox Pulverized fuel ash © acid calcium chloride Pormate Sodium silicate ' Special Portland cemant JAMO chemical resin Sedium bentonites Solubhe selamine formaldehyde resin Sugar rich calcium lignosulphonate High molecular weight polyelectrolytes Selected metallic eluminium (which siso Gives’ expansion) Reduced segregation Reduced heat of hydration 2 Polyelectrolytes Bentonites PRA Low heat Portland cement Pozament low heat cement PRA 3TDA 2873, Mobility retention Polyelectrolytes ‘Thixotropy Synthetic hectorite (Laponite) Rei ced ahr Aluminive powder Expension Catelysed iron powder . : Sodium bentonite Proprietaries co1d weather Increised coment cdntent’s erouting : Use of accelerators Resistance to ‘ chemical attack, particularly sulphates S.2.Portland cement Blast furnace cement Pozument LH Cement bel/Portiand blends . Reduced bleeding Plasticisers + thickeners e.9/:calcium Lgnosulphonates + polyelectralyte Reduced cost Inert fillers including PFA Thickeniers Gelation Agar 7 Ammonium stearate Moat of the above modifiers are available in proprietary form as well az yy . in basic form. a iy a 3 10Stone Columns Diie to rapid expansion programme of the Oil Industry and Refineries several tanks for crude oil as well as other byproducts were required to be constructed. Many refineries are located on the ccast and generaiiy tie iar required t0.be. constructed on very soft clay having low shear strerigth. Pe foundation for such large tanks are too expensiveand-the.oniy possible ‘economical method is the ground improvement. AFCONS, by using their conventional tiling equipment, developed technique of rammad stone column which was . introduced in India for the first tine for supporting large diameter crude oil tanks. This system was found much a cheaper being labour oriented than use of vibroflot equipment which is normally STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION OF STONE COLUMN ‘BY BORED. PRING EQUIPMENT used elsewhere in the world for this purpose and which requires heavy crawler crane for handling the vibroflot. The resuits of the load test on singie stone columns as well as group of stone columns on already executed jobs show test results of the completed tank, oo lil es = Boring by bailer with eating to full depth, {il fo thickness 2.0t03.0M through the window opening on easing tnd by means of a chote. ‘Withdraw the partialy sed ram the back ‘i t0 the specified set bottom of casing should'be at least 0.3 M, Below of rammed fi ‘Add additional til the full engi of column to ground level is formed.Casing ering in press Sand gid graye filing 24 conventional rigs of ther fms working ont ‘Major ground improvement Programme using compaction piles was foreseen by IFFCO at Aonla ‘Near Barely (U.P.) for their giant Fertilizer Complex. . ' . : : “\-AFCONS by using modern snd sophisticated equipment completed over 86% of the work »_ yusinga single rig.es against 24 rigs deployed by five other contractors, which were ty ableto complete the balance 50% of the work in the same tine frame, nee Je “Cte Indian Farmers Fetzer 6 18 Congutants + M/s. Defotepment Constant itd, land Projects and Davelopmant hii Li 1986COMPACTION PILES (Oia D459 men) ‘S30 to 4D cic in tianguiar pattern. TYPICAL PLANjhe) Goce : fbn) fosbire @ CC Ge$ixacih 1c se ped te, “St lgtiowHX. Page eee : "75 TAL LAs aqeses TIME & S TRESAipe <1 neh ( a Apri yy Le oe LynhetRODUCTION ATPS UNIT Structure 3 AG BO Constr UCLION OF AMERIA Caisson IN EGYPT By Istnaii Mi. Basha,! Anmed A. Gab-Ailah,? and Mohamed I. Amer! Aesmmact: The Ametia Tunnel Pu ping Staton :2.7PS) isthe min pumping station ‘of the Greate China Wastewater Pro} “The objecte nf ATES stoi the wastewater the ‘eolletivn tunnel at approximate mean sen (MSL) of ~ 14.0 m. to box culverts at pound level. + IST MSL) To eertinns Sow wor gravity 10 the final wieatment placs. The ATS contains Sight hey entrfupal pumps. each with a iting capacity of 2 FM Us, Inn xomaey isiytechselogieal cil engineering arse in Faym, presi sec eee ea is kind in the word Thi paper using ‘avious work elements of such a of the the constuction inethod sed Yo eamy vat Be civil engineering ozoject. The problems encourered sharsctesishes). nd the Sultions Iso preseated. A calls made for extenswve toll ye sncertainty and probiems during futuce underground comsvan, siasing eanstractiga {raialy uc othe sol srocture oo fomoeated for these problems ae a vestigntion 2e20, several projects using high technology: were constructed in Eaypt. One-of ‘hese projens i the Caiston Constiuction of Ameria Tunnel Pump Station Caito's sewerage system was originally built according to a Briteh design Selwen 1910 nnd 1915 to serve a pepultion of just under 1.050.000. This system raul ae 1970s, a comprehensive maintenance and de Of building a system that would collet and tee This project is divided 10 two sigin pars: Fa consists of the main collector sewer. Teck the city’s wastewater (Fig. I). st and West hank sehemes. ‘the ong tunnel (4~$ m.in diameter) that reaches to ATES writ as shown in Figs, and 3.8 a vast concrete cylinder, 8m high, whose bate [rein apespeiom grou level Us structure consists of rw concentric wale nt inner dey eel USomithick reinforced concrete (RC) walls, with an outer diameter of 28 we shone bare sea af gg hd MSLI. surrounded by an outer wet well (2 Ssm-ihick RG walls, wilh an meet re hits Fy AMOS se tess at 18.0 MSL), The wet well was constuced ot ne ones oes Location and Site Constraints [The ATPS js located 10 the eas of River Nile, some 300) m 10 the so Canal Cre iA his ste. the ground-water table (GWT) i high (12.00 MSL) ea ne eat Teeep ing Sem of sui clay followed by medium to coarse sand and yravaito below the tera Tonnes, highly permeable. The site was in close proximity to very oid batons ee Mongitions: Safety meseures were requited (0 protect these buildings during Hee ese vwowks, Another challenge was that the ATPS si stativn, The opetstion snethod employed! (Am formed » part ofan existing wastewater pumping fon was not to be interrupted hy the construction Conse, Enarg Dep. Daag Uae. Zaaatys Eph ‘cet. Conte, Engr. Dep Zattag Oni. Zagaae: ES Aa Lee Const oug. Dept Bagig Unie Sagea Epp cd win he ASCE TAM HS To cuenta Ste one month writen requet man be bboy PSCE Meat of lunti, Te mana for tt Paper wos saeancd Tee Gan ai nanan? 26192 3M pe fart of te Joaral ay Conmmacien Pareastar cain i Sti, Mo 1 Maoh s- GASCHL ISH Era etna 5araaa DPSS Ree pats ‘OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING ANG MANAGEMENT.Seale in kn \, ro atexandil =: tropes 1 REE Ring Boag mere tao contracts 0 Holwan AND FUNDING \ EAST BANK CONTRACTS FIG. 1. East Bank Scheme abit Ameria Contact V4 JOURNAL OF CONSTRUGTIC ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT —“FIG, 2. Wain Components of ATP: (9) Oster Wal: (8) Dep Wel 8 6) ry Wet Wet 6) Bottom Plog: (6) berinanent Gane; (0) Putrp Room (g) Suparsucture Contract ‘The contract of ATBS was awarded through international tender. The term of reference e supgested four different alternatives for the construction works; wel open eaiston, compressed s air caisson, diaphragm wall. and freezing. The contract was awarded to Christian! and Nielson ; 3 Misr Concrete Joint Venture (C-MC), sho proposed the wet open caisson method. " CONSTRUCTION METHOD F $ ‘An excavation and sinking technique was used in «hich the caisson was built(on the surface Excavation within the caisson allowed the caisson to sink to its final elevation. Exeavation = proceeded while allowing the water level within the caisson to remtin ot ity stati level in the. | existence of ground wa.er ‘ Caisson Sinking ‘The sinking of ATPS caisson was performed using a combination ofthe following techniques: + Sinking under the weight of the caisson walls + Using a cutting shoe under the wall to reduce the contact arca between the wall nd the soil, which increases the strese on the soil, Excavaiing the soil beside the cutting shoe to allow the soil hgneath to fall towards the excavated holes ‘Reducing the skin friction on the wall to reduce the fesistince-to caisson sinking, ‘The construction method used involved three main operations: (2) Removal of material from within the caisson; (2) ground control; and (3) vertical construction of caisson bay {Armer 1992). Removal of Matera rom within Caisson General excavation of the soll, taking. profile suituble for constructing the caisson. wis performed using a heavy excavator to excavate the soil rom + 17.00 to +9.00 MSL. (Fig. 4) Hand excavation was performed to produce the required horizontal and vertiea profiles. ‘A 3.0-m-deep cutting shoe forthe outer caisson wall was constructed to facilitate the caisson sinking. Fits the toe (the lowest part of the cutting shoe) wi assembled and welded on & - temporary unreinforced concrete support using 16 pieces of steel plates. The eutting she win ‘hen constructed of reinforced conercte, poured in three lifts using special steel shutters (ig. #)RG Cusng ot Cusing hoe and Dowel se nes ip Pl tt connate ara tundaion wrking abe (met te Swat ae a Onda I aon wo Ota) for icra cps ey Simmonng riche eng sand pe age the wom 3 and ateraly onary ge the Gotom ofthe ston nae? geamiay Wel. The materad Being Ben Pubs the wet wl rom ere ets byt rence pba! OW as cated back ee Nak ome saint required level.FFG. 5. Calason Staking and Wet Excavation Control of Caisson Sinking The caisson sinking to its final elevation was controlled by: (1) Monitoring the wate ide and outside the taisson; and (2) controlling the location ofthe wet omeavenon ‘The measurements of water level weie made using Kint instruments, The ware level ins the caisson was kept higher than the GWT outside the eaison bya small valve (abnor 40 ees aars to prevent water seepage and maintain the desired sinking rate. If the ingide water lovl one tower than the GWT. seepage under the caisson shoe from outside to inside would ladece angerous effects such as low of bentonite (used as lubricam) feom the ~the caisson. This action would ifitease' fe ‘of GWT: Besides, the Now of fine tures, On the other hand, ifthe inside water level was highes the seepage would be from inside to outside. leading tothe stat shoe. sich would also rede the sinking rate : J ‘Tis location of the wet éteavation was conirolled by investigating the profile of soil afer : excavation. Three methods were used: fonat instrument, divers. and surveying works, € the foil profiles of thé different areas under the to determine to which area excavation should procecd ivéts who descended ta the bottom of the aisson and mensused : the distanes between the euting shoe and the soil. This information enabled them ie derecstes . Ihe location and the level of excavation, graphically display a section of the sain, provide ‘description of the soil, and take a sample for laboratory anal A rope and a weight were used to determine the depth and the location ofthe caisson wall ‘fhe section of soil under water could then be dravin to show the level of exewretne wench ‘The curves drawn were then combined with the sonar profiles 10 determine ihe loin of equlred excavation, A diver equipped with jetting equipment ausisted Teel enemy nd leveling of the bottom of the excavation, “The sonar instrument was'wsed to determi caisson, These profiles wert an Anadditional method ulized Ground Control Ground control was wsed to st and bentoniteystury were uied 3 A temporary dewatering syste was installed around the caisson perimeter to reduce the OWT from + 12.00 0 +9.00 MSL.16 enable further excavation in tre ait ‘A bentonite slurry was injeeted ito the 200-mm annulus trench formed by the eulting shoe in the outside walls ofthe ealsoa (Fig. 5). This reduced the friction between the coset oo the soll well as supported the sides ofthe annulus space during the exiror sehing Vertical Construction of Caisson Body b . ‘The caisson body was verically structed cdncutrent with the excavation and eniszon sink« ing, The 2 S.thick perimeter Wall ofthe caisson was cat using special ste! shutery ie op proximately 3.0-m lifts, continously’ adding weight to the strvctare, . When the caisson was sunk tof inal elevation. the bentonite slurry use for ground control TEcEaRsEA bY a tndesment gout Hig slomp concrete was then poured ithe suns {rench through a teme pipe reaching the bottom of the exc he bentonite slurry was displaced upwards and removed completed. This increased the shin fiction between the, the calson sinking iabilize the sol during the caisson sin ing: Partial dewatering 8 means of ground control, avation. As coneftiing continued. from the tfench until concreting was is6n and the soll leading to stopping {JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 47 1 BL