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Nama Kelompok :
1. Riska Hariyadi
2. Taufik Firmanto
Kelas : 1 Elektronika B
FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate upon which the vast majority of rigid PCBs
are produced. A thin layer of copper foil is laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 panel.
Circuitry interconnections are etched into copper layers to produce printed circuit boards.
Complex circuits are produced in multiple layers.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted
and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are eliminated.
When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components, it is more correctly
called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term
printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is
called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly
(PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), and for
assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for
bare and assembled boards.
The world market for bare PCBs reached nearly $60 billion in 2012.
Design
Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the following steps:
PCB characteristics
Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control follows standards
published by the IPC organization.
Through-hole technology
Through-hole (leaded) resistors
Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The
resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the
current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal
traces. In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground
plane for shielding and power return. For microwave circuits, transmission lines can be laid
out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a
consistent impedance. In radio-frequency and fast switching circuits the inductance and
capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant circuit elements, usually
undesired; but they can be used as a deliberate part of the circuit design, obviating the need for
additional discrete components.
Materials
Excluding exotic products using special materials or processes all printed circuit boards
manufactured today can be built using the following four materials:
1. Laminates
2. Copper-clad laminates
3. Resin impregnated B-stage cloth (Pre-preg)
4. Copper foil
WOD
1. Conductive (Adjective)
Example sentences:
The simulation of conductive hearing impairment by occluding the ear with a finger
suggested by Weatherall is the basis of the Bing test.
Makers of electric components will want to know the dielectric or conductive properties
of their thin films.
In an emergency in the cold, conductive heat loss may be forgotten, with the casualty
being well covered with blankets but continuing to lie with nothing between him and
the ground.
2. Conduction (Noun)
The process by which heat or electricity is directly transmitted through the material of a
substance when there is a difference of temperature or of electrical potential between
adjoining regions, without movement of the material.
Example Sentences:
Disturbances in this ration can alter cardiac rhythms, transmission and conduction of
nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.
Local anesthetics block the generation and conduction of all nerve impulses - sensory,
motor, and autonomic - depending on the site of injection.
Its most important action is its ability to block the initiation or conduction of the nerve
impulse following local application.
3. Conductor (Noun)
Physics A material or device that conducts or transmits heat or electricity, especially when
regarded in terms of its capacity to do this: most polymers are poor conductors.
Example Sentences:
It has a high melting point and is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Lead is not a good conductor of electricity, heat, sound, or vibrations.
It is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity of all elements.
4. Conductance (Noun)
The degree to which an object conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current
which flows to the potential difference present. This is the reciprocal of the resistance, and
is measured in siemens or mhos.
Example Sentences:
It measures root conductance while water flows opposite to the normal direction.
Theoretically, conductivity should not be dependent on the path length of diffusion over
which conductance is measured.
Skin conductance is measured by applying a constant voltage to the two electrodes.