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NOTATION
9.0 INTRODUCTION
9.1 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.
9.2 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.
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Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads [STD]
Mn = nominal moment strength of a section [STD]
Mn = nominal flexural resistance [LRFD]
Mn/dc = non-composite dead load moment at the section
Mr = factored flexural resistance of a section in bending [LRFD]
Ms = maximum positive moment
Ms = unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights
MSDL = unfactored bending moment due to super-imposed dead loads
Mservice = total bending moment for service load combination
MSIP = unfactored bending moment due to stay-in-place panel
Mu = factored bending moment at section [STD]
Mu = factored moment at a section [LRFD]
Mws = unfactored bending moment due to wearing surface
Mx = bending moment at a distance (x) from the support
m = material parameter
m = stress ratio = (fy/0.85f c )
Nb = number of beams [LRFD]
NL = number of traffic lanes [STD]
Nu = applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile [LRFD]
n = modular ratio between deck slab and beam materials
P = diaphragm weight concentrated at quarter points
P = load on one rear wheel of design truck (P15 or P20) [STD]
Pc = permanent net compression force [LRFD]
Peff = effective post-tensioning force
Pi = total pretensioning force immediately after transfer
Ppe = total pretensioning force after all losses
Pr = factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zone provided by transverse reinforcement
Ps = prestress force before initial losses
Pse = effective pretension force after allowing for all losses
Psi = effective pretension force after allowing for the initial losses
P20 = load on one rear wheel of the H20 truck [STD]
Q = total factored load [LRFD]
Qi = specified loads [LRFD]
q = generalized load [LRFD]
RH = relative humidity [STD]
Rn = coefficient of resistance
Ru = flexural resistance factor
Rw = total transverse resistance of the railing or barrier [LRFD]
S = width of precast beam [STD]
S = average spacing between beams in feet [STD]
S = spacing of beams [LRFD]
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9.7.1 INTRODUCTION
9.7.2 MATERIALS
9.7.3 LOADS
9.7.3.1 Effective Span Length
9.7.3.2 Dead Loads
9.7.3.3 Live Load
9.7.3.4 Load Combination
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Prestressing strands:
1/2-in. diameter, low-relaxation
Area of one strand = 0.153 in.2
Ultimate stress, f s = 270,000 psi
Yield strength, f *y = 0.9fs = 243,000 psi
Initial pretensioning, fsi = 0.75fs = 202,500 psi [STD Art. 9.15]
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 28,000 ksi [STD Art. 9.16.2.1.2]
Panel dimensions: 8-ft wide x 9 ft-6 in. long x 3-1/2 in. deep
Reinforcement is welded wire reinforcement:
Yield strength, fy = 60,000 psi
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi [STD Art. 8.7.2]
Top reinforcement clear cover = 2.5 in. [STD Art. 8.22.1]
Bottom reinforcement clear cover = 1.0 in.[STD Art. 8.22.1]
Future wearing surface: additional 2 in., unit weight = 150 pcf
New Jersey-type barrier: unit weight = 300 lb/ft/side
1 1/2" min.
3 1/2"
6" 2"
2" 2" Continuous variable 1'-4" 2"
3 1/2" SIP 2" depth bearing strip 2"
deck panel AASHTO-PCI
12'- 0" Bulb-Tee
9.7.3.1 In the design of the SIP panel, the effective span length is taken conservatively as the
Effective Span Length panel length, 9'-6", as shown in Figure 9.7.2-1.
For the composite section, STD Art. 3.24.1.2 states that slabs continuous over more
than two supports and supported on the rigid top flange of pretensioned beams, with
top flange width-to-minimum-thickness ratio greater than 4.0, S is the distance
between edges of the top flange plus one-half of beam top flange width.
42
Therefore, S = 8.5 + 0.5 = 10.25 ft.
12
3.5
9.7.3.2 Weight of 3.5-in.-thick SIP panel = (0.150) = 0.044 kip/ft2
Dead Loads 12
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4.5
Weight of 4.5-in.-thick CIP slab = (0.150) = 0.056 kip/ft2
12
2.0
Weight of 2 in. wearing surface = (0.150) = 0.025 kip/ft2
12
Weight of New Jersey barrier = 0.300 kip/ft/side
Construction load (applied to the SIP precast panel only) = 0.050 kip/ft2
where:
S = effective span length = 10.25 ft
P20 = load on one rear wheel of the HS20 truck = 16,000 lb
50
Impact, I = 0.3 [STD Eq. 3.1]
(L + 125)
where:
L = length in ft of the portion of the span that is loaded = 10.25 ft
50
I= = 0.37 > 0.3, therefore, I = 0.3 (Controls)
(10.25 + 125)
In slabs continuous over three or more supports, a continuity factor of 0.8 is applied
to both positive and negative moment. [STD Art. 3.24.3.1]
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where
Ec = modulus of elasticity, psi
wc = unit weight of concrete, pcf = 150 pcf
STD Article 8.7.1, indicates that the unit weight of normal weight concrete is 145
pcf. However, precast concrete mixes exhibit a relatively low water/cementitious
material ratio and high density. Therefore, a unit weight of 150 pcf is used in this
example. For high strength concrete, even this value may need to be increased based
on test results.
9.7.4.2 For simplicity, the pretensioning reinforcement is ignored in the calculations of the
Composite Section composite section properties.
Figure 9.7.4.2-1 shows the dimensions of the transformed composite section. Since
a 1/2-in. wearing surface is considered to be an integral part of the 4-1/2 in. CIP slab,
only the structural depth of the CIP slab, 4 in., is considered.
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12"
9.7.5
REQUIRED PRESTRESS
9.7.5.1 The number of strands required is usually governed by concrete tensile stress at ser-
Service Load vice loads. Tensile stress at the bottom fiber of the composite section due to the self-
Stresses, Bottom Fiber, weight of the SIP panel, the CIP concrete slab, wearing surface, barrier load and live
Composite Section loads is:
M SIP + M CIP M ws + M b + M LL + I
fb = +
Sb S bc
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For bending moment due to SIP panel and CIP slab, the span length is taken con-
servatively as the panel length, 9'-6", while for the wearing surface and live load, the
span length is 10'-3".
The Standard Specifications does not give any guidance about how force actions of the
composite deck can be determined. Therefore, the guidelines provided by the LRFD
Specifications in Article 4.6.2.1.6 are used in this example, where the composite deck
is considered as a continuous beam supported by infinitely rigid supports. Figure
9.7.5.1-1 gives the bending moment due to the wearing surface and barrier load.
Figure 9.7.5.1-1 4'- 3" 12'- 0" 12'- 0" 12'- 0" 4'- 3"
Bending Moments in
ft-kips/ft -1.150
CL
-0.226 -0.148 -0.315
9.7.5.2 Allowable concrete tensile stress at service loads [STD Art. 9.15.2.2]
Allowable Tensile Stress
for Concrete 6 f c = 6 8, 000 / 1, 000 = 0.537 ksi
9.7.5.3 The required precompression stress at the bottom fiber = 1.343 0.537 = 0.806 ksi.
Required Number of
Strands
Pse is the total effective prestress force after all losses. Since the center of gravity of
strands is concentric with the center of gravity of the SIP panel:
Pse Pse
0.806 = =
A 42
Pse = 33.9 kips/ft = (33.9)(8.0) = 271.2 kips/panel
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Using 1/2-in. diameter, 270 ksi, low-relaxation strand and assuming 15% final losses,
the final prestress force per strand is = fsi(area of strand)(1-final losses)
= (202.5)(0.153)(1 0.15) = 26.3 kips
Try (10) 1/2-in. diameter, 270 ksi, low-relaxation strands per panel. The strands are
placed in one layer at mid-height of the SIP panel.
where
Es = 28,000 ksi
Eci = 4,888 ksi
fcir = concrete stress at the center of gravity of pretensioning steel due to preten-
sioning force and the self-weight of the panel, immediately after transfer
Assume an initial prestress loss of 5%.
Therefore, the total prestress force after transfer = (0.153)(202.5)(1 0.05)(10
strands) = 294.3 kips
fcir = 294.3/[(3.5)(8)(12)] = 0.876 ksi
28, 000
ES = 0.876 = 5.018 ksi
4,888
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Figure 9.7.6.3-1
Concrete Stresses due 1.68"
to Wearing Surface 0.023 ksi 3.43"
and Barriers 1.75"
0.046 ksi
9.7.6.6 Final prestress losses = 6.500 + 5.018 + 10.351 + 3.656 = 25.525 ksi
Total Loss at
Final prestress loss ratio = 25.525/202.5 = 12.6%
Service Loads
Effective prestress, fse = 202.5 25.525 = 176.975 ksi
Total prestress force at service loads, Pse = (0.153)(176.975)(10 strands)
= 270.8 kips/panel = 270.8/8.0 = 33.9 kips/ft
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9.7.7
STRESSES IN SIP
PANEL AT TRANSFER
9.7.7.1 [STD Art. 9.15]
Allowable Stress Limits Compression: 0.6fci = 0.6(6,500)/1,000 = +3.900 ksi
Tension: the maximum tensile stress should not exceed:
Because the strand group is concentric with the precast concrete panel, the midspan
section is the critical section that should be checked.
9.7.7.2 Effective pretensioning stress at the end of pretensioning process = 37.8 kips/ft
Stresses at Midspan
Bending moment due to self-weight of the panel, MSIP = 0.496 ft-kips/ft
Pi M SIP
Top concrete stress of the SIP panel, ft = +
A St
37.8 0.496(12)
ft = + = +0.900 + 0.243 = +1.143 ksi
42 24.5
Allowable compressive concrete stress: +3.900 ksi OK
P M
Bottom concrete stress in the SIP panel, fb = i SIP
A Sb
37.9 0.496(12)
fb = = +0.900 0.243 = +0.657 ksi
42 24.5
Allowable compressive concrete stress: +3.900ksi OK
9.7.8
STRESSES IN SIP
PANEL AT TIME
OF CASTING
TOPPING SLAB
9.7.8.1 [STD Art. 9.15.2.2]
Allowable Stress Limits Assume that at the time of casting the CIP concrete slab, the precast SIP concrete
panel reaches its 28-day concrete strength, 8,000 ksi.
Compression:
Case I: due to all load combinations:
0.6f c = 0.6(8,000)/1,000 = +4.800 ksi
Case II: due to effective prestress and permanent (dead) loads:
0.4f c = 0.4(8,000)/1,000 = +3.200 ksi
Case III: due to live loads plus 1/2 the sum of the prestressing force and
permanent (dead) loads:
0.4f c = 0.4(8,000)/1,000 = +3.200 ksi
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Tension:
For members with bonded reinforcement:
6 f c = 6 8, 000/1,000 = 0.537 ksi
9.7.9
STRESSES IN SIP
PANEL AT SERVICE
LOADS
9.7.9.1 [STD Art. 9.15.2.2]
Allowable Stress Limits Compression:
Case I: due to all load combinations:
for the SIP panel: 0.6f c = 0.6(8,000)/1,000 = +4.800 ksi
for the CIP topping: 0.4f c = 0.4(4,000)/1,000 = +1.600 ksi
[STD Art. 8.15.2.1]
Case II: due to effective prestress and permanent (dead) loads:
for the SIP panel: 0.4f c = 0.4(8,000)/1,000 = +3.200 ksi
Case III: due to live loads plus 1/2 of the prestressing force and
permanent (dead) loads:
for the SIP panel: 0.4f c = 0.4(8,000)/1,000 = +3.200 ksi
Tension:
for members with bonded reinforcement:
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Case II:
ftg = +0.807 + 0.553 + 0.001 = +1.361 ksi
Allowable compressive concrete stress: +3.200 ksi OK
Case III:
ftg = 0.5(+0.807 + 0.553 + 0.001) + 0.015 = +0.696 ksi
Allowable compressive concrete stress: +3.200 ksi OK
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The design flexural strength, Mn, for rectangular sections, is given by:
* * p *f *
Mn = A s f su d 1 0.6 su [STD Eq. 9-13]
f c
where
= strength reduction factor = 1.0
A*s = area of pretensioning steel = (10)(0.153)/(8.0) = 0.191 in.2/ft
d = distance from extreme compressive fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement = 0.5(3.5) + 4 = 5.75 in.
A* 0.191
p* = ratio of pretensioning steel = s = = 0.00277
bd 12 (5.75)
f c = specified compressive strength at 28 days = 4.0 ksi
f *su = average stress in pretensioning steel at ultimate load
= fs[1 (*/1)(p*fs/fc)] [STD Eq. 9.17]
where
* = factor for type of pretensioning reinforcement = 0.28 (for low-relax-
ation strand)
1 = stress factor of compression block:
0.85 for fc 4.0 ksi
0.85 0.05(fc 4.0) 0.65 for fc > 4.0 ksi
= 0.85
fs = ultimate strength of pretensioning reinforcement = 270 ksi
0.28 0.00277 ( 270)
f *su = 270 1 = 253.4 ksi
0.85 4.0
Check limit on f *su: [STD 9.17.4.2]
lx 2
f *su + f se [STD Eq. 9-19]
D 3
where
lx = distance from end of the prestressing strand to center of panel = 9.5/2 =
4.75 ft
D = nominal diameter of strand = 0.5 in.
fse = effective stress in prestressing strand after losses = 176.975 ksi
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lx 2 4.75(12) 2
Thus, + f se = + (176.975) = 231.983 ksi
D 3 0.5 3
Therefore, f su = 231.983 ksi (Controls)
*
f su* 231.983
p*
= 0.00277 = 0.16 < 0.361 = 0.36(0.85) = 0.306 OK
fc 4.0
Note that the compression strength of the topping should be used to determine 1.
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where
fr = modulus of rupture [STD Art. 9.15.2.3]
fpe= compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress force only (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied loads
P 33.9
= se = = 0.807 ksi
A 42
Md/nc = non-composite dead load moment at the section
= MSIP + MCIP = 0.496 + 0.632 = 1.128 ft-kips/ft
M*cr = (0.671 + 0.807)(102.6/12) (1.128)[(102.6/24.5) 1] = 9.041 ft-kips/ft
1.2M*cr = 10.849 ft-kips/ft < Mn = 19.185 ft-kips/ft OK
9.7.13
NEGATIVE MOMENT
SECTION OVER
INTERIOR BEAMS
9.7.13.1 STD Article 3.24.1.2 specifies the span length that can be used for calculating bend-
Critical Section ing moments for slabs continuous over more than two supports. However, the
Standard Specifications does not specify the location of the critical section. Therefore,
as a conservative approach, the critical section is considered to be at the center of the
beam.
9.7.13.2 Negative moment occurs only from wearing surface and live load while barrier load
Bending Moment results in positive moment.
Due to wearing surface, Mws = 0.315 ft-kips/ft
Due to barrier load, Mb = +0.255 ft-kips/ft
Due to live load, MLL+I = 6.370 ft-kips/ft
Total service bending moment = 0.315 + 0.255 6.370 = 6.430 ft-kips/ft
Total factored bending moment, Mu = 1.3[0.315 + 0.255 1.67(6.370)]
= 13.907 ft-kips/ft
9.7.13.3 Assume welded wire reinforcement will be used with D26 wire. With 2.5-in. clear
Design of Section cover, the effective depth is:
d = 3.5 + 4.0 0.5(0.575) 2.5 = 4.712 in.
b = 12.0 in.
13.907 (12)(1, 000)
Rn = (Mu/bd2) = = 696.0 psi/ft, ( = 0.9)
0.9(12)( 4.712) 2
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60, 000
m = (fy /0.85f c ) = = 17.65
0.85( 4, 000)
1 2mR n 1 2(17.65)(696.0)
= 1 1 = 1 1 = 0.0131
m f y 17.65 60, 000
As = (bd) = 0.0131(12)(4.712) = 0.74 in.2/ft
Use D26 @ 4-in. spacing, As = 0.78 in.2/ft
A sf y 0.78(60.0)
a= = = 1.15 in.
0.85f c b (0.85)(4.0)(12)
Mn = 0.9(Asfy)(d 0.5a)/12 = 0.9(0.78)(60.0)[4.712 0.5(1.15)]/12
= 14.521 ft-kips/ft > Mu = 13.907 ft-kips/ft OK
0.85 1 f c 87 , 000
b = 87 , 000 + f [STD Eq. 8.18]
fy y
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z
fs = 0.6fy [STD Eq. 8-61]
(d c A )
1/ 3
where
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of
the closest bar, in. For calculation purposes, the thickness of the concrete
clear cover used to compute dc should be taken not greater than 2.0 in.
= 2.0 + 0.5(0.575) = 2.288 in.
A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforce-
ment and having the same centroid as that reinforcement divided by the
number of bars, in.2 = 2(2.288)(4) = 18.30 in.2
z = 130 kip/in. (severe exposure conditions)
130
fs = = 37.4 ksi > 0.6fy = 36 ksi
[ ]
1/ 3
2.288(18.30)
j = (1 k/3) = 0.88
M service (6.430)(12)
fs = = = 23.9 ksi < 36.0 ksi OK
(jdA s ) (0.88)(4.712)(0.78)
9.7.14
NEGATIVE MOMENT
SECTION OVER
EXTERIOR BEAMS
9.7.14.1 As noted before, STD Article 3.24.1.2 specifies the span length that can be used in
Critical Section
calculating bending moments for slabs continuous over more than two supports.
However, the Standard Specifications does not specify the position for the critical sec-
tion.
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9.7.14.2 Two loading cases should be considered for the overhang design:
Bending Moment
Case 1: under live load, HS20, combined with dead loads. STD Article 3.24.2.1
states that the wheel load is applied at 1.0 ft from face of barrier, as shown in Case 1,
Figure 9.7.14.2-1.
2
8 40.5
MCIP = (0.150) /2 = 0.570 ft-kips/ft
12 12
2
12 + 13.5
Mws = (0.025) /2 = 0.056 ft-kips/ft
12
35.5
Mb = (0.300) = 0.888 ft-kips/ft
12
Live load moment: [STD Art. 3.24.5.1.1]
Live load moment with impact, MLL+I = (P/E)X(1 + I) (Eq. 9.7.14.2-1)
where
P = P20 = load of the design truck wheel of the rear axle = 16 kips
X = the distance from load to point of support = 13.5 in.
E = width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed [STD Eq. 3-17]
13.5
= 0.8X + 3.75 = 0.8 + 3.75 = 4.65 ft
12
I = impact fraction = 0.3
Case 2: under collision force with the barrier combined with dead loads. STD Article
2.7.1.3 states that a 10-kip horizontal force should be applied at the top of the barrier,
as shown in Case 2, Figure 9.7.14.2-1.
MCIP = 0.570 ft-kips/ft
Mws = 0.056 ft-kips/ft
Mb = 0.888 ft-kips/ft
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where
X = distance from center of the post to the point under investigation
= 15/2 + 25.5 = 33.0 in.
33.0
Therefore, E = 0.8 + 5 = 7.20 ft
12
Mcol = (10/7.20)(2.67) = 3.708 ft-kips/ft
Total service bending moment, Mservice = (0.570 + 0.056 + 0.888 +3.708) = 5.222
ft-kips/ft
Since the Standard Specifications does not provide guidelines for the load factor that
should be used with the collision force, a conservative approach is considered by
using the load factor used with live loads; i.e., = 1.3 and = 5/3 = 1.67.
40.5" 40.5"
4'-3" = 51" 4'-3" = 51"
Case 1 Case 2
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12.893(12 x 1, 000)
Rn = (Mu/bd2) = = 645.2 lb/in.2, ( = 0.9)
0.9(12)( 4.712) 2
60, 000
m = (fy /0.85 fc) = = 17.65
0.85( 4, 000)
1 2mR n 1 2(17.65)(645.2)
= 1 1 = 1 1 = 0.0120
m f y 17.65 60, 000
As = (bd) = 0.0120(12)(4.712) = 0.68 in.2/ft
0.85 1 f c 87 , 000
b = 87 , 000 + f [STD Eq. 8.18]
fy y
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130
fs = = 37.4 ksi > 0.6fy = 36 ksi
[(2.288)(18.30)]
1/ 3
j = (1 k/3) = 0.88
M service (6.546)(12)
fs = = = 24.3 ksi < 36.0 ksi OK
(jdA s ) (0.88)(4.712)(0.78)
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where
Aw = area of individual wire to be developed, in.2
sw = spacing of wire to be developed 0.26 60, 000
ld = 0.03(0.575)(60,000 20,000)/ 4, 000 = 10.9 0.20
4 4, 000
= 12.3 in.
Since this length is less than the width of the barrier, 15 in., development of the rein-
forcement at the face of the barrier should be satisfactory.
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