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Introduction
OnTuesdayJanuary21,at8:06pmlocaltime,astrongearthquakeshookthecoastalregionofthestateofColima,Mexico.
TheearthquakewasstronglyfeltinthestatesofColima,JaliscoandMichoacn.Theeffectsoftheearthquakewerealsofeltin
MexicoCity.ThereportedmagnitudevariesfromMw7.4(HarvardCMT)toMw7.6(USGS).TheNationalScience
Foundationsponsoredreconnaissanceteamcarriedoutabasicevaluationofthegeotechnicalengineeringaspectsofthe
earthquake,focusingonsoilliquefaction,landslidesandapparentsiteeffects.Theteamvisitedthemunicipalitiesof
Manzanillo,Tecomn,ColimaandneighboringVilladelvarez,whoselocationsareshowninFigure1.Themajorroadways
connectingtheseurbancenterswerealsotraveled.Severalmembersofthegeotechnicalengineeringteamalsoconductedan
aerialreconnaissanceofstateofColimaandpartsoftheneighboringstateofJalisco.AsecondEarthquakeEngineering
ResearchInstitute(EERI)sponsoredstructuralengineeringreconnaissanceteamalsovisitedtheregionshortlyafterthe
earthquake.Thepreliminaryfindingsofthestructuralengineeringreconnaissanceteammayaswellasadditionalinformation
abouttheearthquakemaybefoundontheEERIwebsite.

Theeffectsoftheearthquakeareasfollows:

21confirmeddeadbygovernmentofficials(pressreportsindicatethat30havedied)
500+injured(thisaveryuncertainfiguresincetherehasnotbeenasystematiccollectionandconfirmationofthenumberof
personsinjured).
13,493residentialstructureshavebeenreportedofsufferingsomelevelofdamage.Manyofthesereportshavecomefrom
publicsurveysof
rapidvisualinspections.ThesereportsthenserveasthebasisforassigninginspectorsorganizedandtrainedbytheColima
CollegeofArchitects
andCivilEngineers.(InMexico,theterm"College"isequivalentto"Association").
Ofthe13,493structuresreported,11,009havebeeninspectedwiththefollowingofficialresults:
2,728totaldamage
4,150partialdamage
4,131safeforoccupancy

56disasterassistancecentershavebeenestablishedbythemilitarytoprovidefood,shelter,medicalassistanceandpublic
information.
600structureshousingmediumtosmallbusinesssufferedsomelevelofdamage.

ThesefigureswereconfirmedbyStateCivilProtectionauthorities,althoughtheycautionedthatthenumberofstructures
damagedwillmostlikelyincreaseasfurthersafetyinspectionsareconducted.Thereareseveraltownsthathavenotbeen
inspectedyet.
Figure1.
Overview
Mapof
Region.
 returntoindex

SeismicityandGroundMotions
SEISMICITY

Theinitialreportsonthemagnitudeofthe2003ColimaearthquakevaryfromMw7.4(Harvard
CMT)toMw7.6(USGS).Thereportedlocationofthehypocenteralsovariesdependingonthe
reportingagency.Table1liststhesourceparametersoftheeventasreportedbyvariousagencies.
Figure1isaplotofthelocationoftheepicentersasreportedbyvariousagencies,alongwiththe
locationsofaftershockepicentersreportedbytheServicioSismolgicoNacionaldeMxico(SSN).
Thesignificantdiscrepanciesinmomentmagnitudeandepicenterlocationobscureanypreliminary
conclusionsontheunusualdamagedistribution(foreexample,muchlargerdamageinlandinthecity
ofColimathaninthecoastalcityofManzanillo,whichisclosertotherupturezoneasdefinedby
aftershockhypocenters).Thedamagedistributioncontrastswiththatofthe1995Mw8.0Manzanillo
earthquake,wheredamagewaslargelyfocusedneartheepicentralregion.

The2003Colimaearthquakeoccurrednearthejunctureofthreetectonicplates:theNorthAmerican
Platetothenortheast,theRiveraPlatetothenorthwest,andtheCocosPlatetothesouth.Boththe
RiveraPlateandtheCocosPlatearebeingsubductedbeneaththeNorthAmericanPlate.Theslower
subductingRiveraPlateismovingnorthwestatabout20mmperyearrelativetotheNorthAmerican
Plate,andthefasterCocosplateismovinginasimilardirectionatarateofabout45mmperyear(
seeUSGS).The2003earthquakeisaninterplatesubductioneventthatoccurredatthecontact
betweentheNorthAmericanplatewitheitherthesubductingCocosorRiveraplates.Theeventfilled
aseismicgaplocatedinbetweentherupturezonesoftheMw8.01995Manzanilloearthquakeanda
Mw7.6earthquakein1973(Figure2).AfaultplanesolutionbyDr.Y.YagifromtheInternational
InstituteofSeismologyandEarthquakeEngineering(IISEE),Tokyo,isshowninFigure3.The
ruptureplanehasapproximatedimensionsof80kmx50km.

GROUNDMOTIONS

TheManzanilloPowerplantrecordistheonlystrongmotionrecordoftheearthquakethatwas
obtainedwithin100kmfromtheruptureplane.Inaddition,variousrecordsatdistancesgreaterthan
120kmwereobtainedfromstrongmotionarraysinGuadalajaraandMexicoCity.TheManzanillo
PowerPlantrecordregisteredmaximumaccelerationsof0.263gintheEWdirection,0.329gintheNS
direction,and0.191gintheverticaldirection.Strongshakinglastedapproximately30s.Itwas
reportedthatearthquakeinducedsubmarinemovementrupturedthepowerplantsmain2.4m
diametercoolingwaterintakepipe,whichrequiredtheplanttooperateatareducedcapacityinthe
daysafterthemainevent.BasedonthedatapresentedinTable1,itisestimatedthattheManzanillo
powerplantisbetween10kmand40kmfromtheepicenter.

Figure1.
Epicenter
 locationof
mainshock
and
aftershocksas
reportedby
theUSGSand
SSN.
Includedalso
isthe
epicenter
locationofthe
Mw8.01995
Manzanillo
earthquake.

Figure2.
Approximate
locationof
ruptureplanes
ofsubduction
zoneevents
since1973
(Fromthe
SSNwebsite.
Clickherefor
more
information).
 Figure3.
Faultplane
solutionby
Dr.Y.Yagi.
Thecontours
correspondto
ruptureplane
displacement.

 returntoindex

ApparentSiteEffects
DamagesurveysintheconjoinedcitiesofColimaandVilladelvarezclearlyindicatedlocationsof
damageconcentration.DamagesurveyswerecarriedoutusingPQuakesoftware(GeorgiaInstituteof
Technology)todocumentdamagetomanmadestructures.PQuakedirectlyintegratesdigital
photographyandhandheldGPStechnologytofacilitatedocumenting,mapping,analyzingand
visualizingdamagedata.TheuseofPQuakepermittedadigitaldatasetoftheearthquakeeffectstobe
createdinatimelymanner.Damagesurveyswereperformedeitherbyassigninganaveragedamage
index(D0=nodamage,D5=collapse)toawholeblock(BlockSurvey)orbyassigningdamage
indicestoindividualbuildings.Figure1showstheresultsofthedamagesurveys,clearlyindicating
locationsofdamageconcentrationaroundtheneighborhoodsofSanIsidro(Villadelvarez)and
LomasdeCircunvalacin(Colima)[Figure2to4].Inaddition,damageindowntownColimatoadobe
housingwasextensive[Figure5].

TheSanIsidroneighborhoodislocatedneartheArroyodePereira,asmallcreekflowingtothesouth
acrossColima/Villadelvarez.Mostofthedamagedareaoverlieshighlyheterogeneousfill.
Evidencesofliquefactionwerefoundinareasofhighdamageconcentration.Significantground
settlementwasobservedatsomelocations,possiblyduetocollapseofpoorlycompactedfills.There
werenumerousreportsofopenpitsandminingearlierinthe1900satthislocation.Poorfillingof
thesepitscouldexplainlocalizedzonesoflargesurfacesettlement.Althoughconstructionqualityin
theSanIsidroneighborhoodispoor,otherneighborhoodswithsimilarconstructiondidnotsufferas
muchdamage.

TheLomasdeCircunvalacinneighborhoodisunderlainbyvolcanicdebrisavalanchedepositsthat
alsounderliemostofthenorthcentralsectionofColima.Whilethisunitishighlyheterogeneous,itis
reportedlystiffandperformswellasafoundationmaterial.IntensedamageintheLomasde
Circunvalacinneighborhoodislimitedtoafewcityblocks.Constructionpatternsdonotvaryinthis
neighborhood,suggestingthatlocalizeddamageisduetolocalizedgroundmotionamplification,
suspectedtobeassociatedwithfills.

Figure1.
Damage
surveysinthe
 cityofColima
indicating
areasofhigh
damage
concentration

Figure2.
Typical
damageto
structuresin
the
neighborhoods
ofSanIsidro
(Villade
lvarez)and
Lomasde
Circunvalacin
(Colima).

 Figure3.
Typical
damageto
structuresin
the
neighborhoods
ofSanIsidro
(Villade
lvarez)and
Lomasde
Circunvalacin
(Colima).

Figure4.
Typical
damageto
structuresin
the
neighborhoods
ofSanIsidro
(Villade
lvarez)and
Lomasde
Circunvalacin
(Colima).


Figure5.
Typical
damageto
adobehousing
indowntown
Colima.

Photographstakenbymembersofthegeotechnicalreconnaissanceteam
 returntoindex

SoilLiquefaction
SoilliquefactioncauseddamageinthecoastalcityofManzanilloandinthecitiesofneighboringVilla
delvarezandColima,locatedapproximately80kminland.Liquefactionwasalsoobservedalonga
rivervalleysouthofTecomn.Liquefactionmayhavealsooccurredatsomeadditionallocationsin
thesparselyhabitedregionsofthestateofColima,thoughthiswasnotconfirmedduringthe
reconnaissance.InManzanillo,hometooneofthelargestportsinMexico,liquefactionwaslargely
confinedtowaterfrontsitesincludingmultiplelocationsatthecommercialshippingport,apublic
walknearthecenteroftown,andapromenadelocatedoffamajorboulevard(seephotographs
below).Liquefactionrelateddamageattheportoccurredprincipallyatundevelopedornoncritical
areasandportoperationswerenotsignificantlyaffectedbyliquefaction.

Duringthe1995earthquake,thePortofManzanillosufferedconsiderabledamageduetoliquefaction.
Sincethen,variousgroundimprovementtechniques(forexample,stonecolumns,vibrocompaction)
havereportedlybeenusedduringrepairsornewconstructionattheporttoincreaseliquefaction
resistanceofthegroundatlocationsessentialfordailyoperations.Thesegroundimprovementefforts
wereundertakeninresponsetothesignificantliquefactionthatoccurredattheportinthe1995
Manzanilloearthquake.Itappearedthattheseimprovedsitesgenerallyperformedwell,withno
obviousliquefactionrelatedgrounddeformationfeatures.Quantitativeassessmentoftheperformance
oftheseimprovedareaswouldprovidevaluableinformationaboutperformanceoftheground
improvementtechniquesusedattheport.Otherareasoftheportwheregroundimprovementhadnot
beenperformedapparentlysufferedseismiccompactionandlateralspreading.Adetailedreviewof
theperformanceofportfacilitieswasnotperformed,becausetheteamcouldnotgetauthorizationto
entersomeportionsofthefacilities.

Observedgrounddistortions(groundcrackingwithpossiblelateralspreading)inaresidentialdistrict
locatedabout3kmnortheastofManzanillo'scitycentersuggestthatliquefactionmayhavealso
occurredinthisneighborhood,thoughthiswasnotconfirmed.Thisportionoftownwasreportedly
underlainbymiscellaneousfill.AmajorityofthewaterfrontliquefactionsitesinManzanillowere
markedbylateralspreadingofthegroundtowardthefreeface.Thehorizontaldisplacementsvaried
betweensites,butwereoftenintherangeof13m.Figure1showslateralspreadofapedestrian
promenadelocatedoffamajorboulevard,whichwasnotdamaged.Thepromenadesurfaceconsisted
ofpavingblocks,whosepositionsaftertheearthquakeclearlypreservethedeformationscausedby
lateralspreading.Apparently,a0.20.5mthickcrustofsiltysandmovedoveranunknownthickness
ofliquefiedground.Anoverturnedconcreterailingisvisibleneartherightportionofthephotograph.
Thegroundslopewasabout3%andmaximumlateralspreaddisplacementsatthesitewereonthe
orderof2m.

InthecityofVilladelvarez,justnorthwestofColima,liquefactionandconsequentlateralspread
andshallowfoundationfailuresdamagedanumberofresidencesinaneighborhoodlocatedabout3
kmnorthwestofthetowncenter.Portionsofthisneighborhoodwerereportedlybuiltonreclaimed
landadjacenttotheArroyodePereira,asmallcreek.Shallowsubsurfacematerialsatthesite
consistedofuncompacted,miscellaneousfill.Localresidentsreportedthatimmediatelyafterthe
earthquake,muddywaterwasejectedfromcracksinpavementsurfacesanddamagedconcretefloor
slabs.Figure8showsaconcretecolumnsupportingamodernthreestoryresidentialstructurelocated
intheColimaneighborhooddamagedbyliquefaction.ItistypicalconstructionpracticeinColimato
supportcolumnsandloadbearingwallsonshallowfoundationsconsistingofspreadandwall
footings.Duringtheearthquake,thecolumnexperiencedalossofbearingcapacityanddroppedabout
30cm,causingsignificantstructuraldamagetothebuilding.Liquefactionandconsequentlossof
strength,groundsettlement,andlateralspreading,aloneorincombination,aresuspectedcausesof
otherdamagetotheneighborhood,includinguplifted,sunken,orcrackedconcretefloorslabscracked
anddistortedpavementsandsidewalksandlaterallydisplacedresidentialstructures.

Photographs

Figure1.
Liquefaction
inducedlateral
spreadtoward
acoastal
lagoonin
Manzanillo
(forscale,
eachpaving
blockis20cm
square).

Figure2.
Lateralspread
andground
settlement
relatedto
liquefactionof
apedestrian
walkwaynear
thetown
centerof
Manzanillo.
Theconcave
shapeofthe
pavementnear
therightofthe
photograph
suggests
settlementof
ground
surface.
 Figure3.
Liquefaction
and
consequent
laterspreadat
thePortof
Manzanillo.
Thisportion
oftheportwas
temporarily
closedto
trafficduring
the
reconnaissance
visit.

Figure4.
Lateralspread
atthePortof
Manzanillo.
Thisportion
oftheportis
wasunder
constructionat
thetimeofthe
earthquake..
Figure5.
Lateralspread
towardthe
waterfront
faceatthePort
ofManzanillo.

Figure6.
Aerialviewof
acontainer
terminalatthe
Portof
Manzanillo.
Thewhile
linesonthe
groundinthe
frontofthe
photograph
denoteareasof
liquefaction.
 Figure7.
Mediumto
finegrained
sandejecta
froma
pavement
crackadjacent
toaresidence
inthecityof
Colima.

Figure8.The
shallow
founded
columninthe
centerofthe
photograph
dropped30cm
from
liquefaction
induced
strengthlossin
thefoundation
soils.
Photographstakenbymembersofthegeotechnicalreconnaissanceteam
 returntoindex

Landslides
LandslidestriggeredbytheColimaearthquakewereobservedduringbothaerialandground
reconnaissance.Aerialreconnaissancewascarriedoutina4seat,fixedwingaircraftonthemorning
ofJan.29andcoveredmostofthestateofColimaandimmediatelyadjacentpartsofthestateof
Jaliscototheeastofthevolcanoes,NevadodeColimaandVolcandeColima(VolcandeFuego).
GroundreconnaissanceinvolvedautomobiletraversesinthevicinityofManzanillofromManzinillo
souththroughTecomntoCerrodeOrtegafromManzanillotoColimaviaMexicoHighways200
and110fromColimathroughMinatitlntoManzinilloviasecondaryroadsandseveraltraverses
alongsecondaryroadsnorthofColimaaroundtheareaofthevolcanoes.Limitedtraversesbyfoot
werealsocarriedoutatselectedlocalities.

Inall,theearthquaketriggeredlandslideswithnumbersestimatedinthethousands.Asclassified
accordingtothesystemofKeefer(1984),thevastmajorityweredisruptedlandslides,specifically
rockfalls,rockslides,soilfalls,anddisruptedsoilslides.Severalliquefactioninducedsoillateral
spreadswerealsoobserved(Figure1),aswasasingleembankmentfailurethatisclassifiedasa
coherentslide.

Twoareasofparticularlyhighlandslideconcentrationswerenoted.Thefirstofthesewasalongthe
steepwallsoftheRioArmeraanditstributary,theRioRemate,northofColimainthevicinityofthe
townofZacualpan.Alongeachriver,astretchof6to8kmwassubjectedtosuchintenselandsliding
thatmaterialwasremovedfromstretchesofslopehundredsofmeterstomorethanakilometerlongin
eachofseverallocalities(Figure2).Mostoralloftheseareaswereontheoutsideofmeanderbends.
Thecliffswherethelandslideoccurredweretypically150to200highandhadslopeinclinations
estimatedasrangingfromabout70tovertical.Theywerecomposedofverywellgradedvolcanic
debrisavalanchematerialreworkedbyfluvialactionandinterbeddedwithfluvialdeposits.These
materialshadlittleornomatrixcementation.

WhenthisareawasvisitedonthegroundonJan.28andagainonJan.31,thecliffsweresounstable
thattogethertheywerestillproducingseveralfallseachminute(Figure3).OnJan.31,infact,20
fallsoccurredfromasingle1kmlongsectionofcliffinaperiodof15minutes,suggestingthat
approximately2000fallswereoccurringthereeachday.Theseweretypicallysmall,rangingfroma
fewcubicmeterstoperhaps50cubicmetersofmaterialeach.Thecontinuinginstabilityofthese
cliffs,exacerbatedbytheongoingremovalofmaterialbyfalls,indicatesapossiblecontinuinghazard
tovillages,dwellings,andotherinfrastructureinthisarealocatedclosetothecliffs.

Theotherareaofhighlandslideconcentrationwasalonga6kmstretchoftheBarrancade
Atenquique,adeep,steepsidedcanyoncutintotheeasternflankofNevadodeColima.Thererock
falls,soilfalls,rockslides,anddebrisslidesoccurredinvolcanicmaterialsexposedoncanyonwalls,
typicallyconsistingofanupperfinegrainedpyroclasticdeposit,amiddleunitconsistingofwell
induratedlava,andalowerunitconsistingofapyroclasticblockandashflowdeposit(Figures.4and
5).Volumesoftheindividuallandslidestypicallyrangedfromafewtoafewhundredsofcubic
meterseach,andthehighestlandslideconcentrationsrangeduptoabout40landslidesperlinear
kilometerofcanyonwall.Slopeswerenearverticalandrangeduptoabout500mhigh.The
landslidesinthisareadamagedsomeirrigationsystems.

Threesmallerareaswithmoderatelandslideconcentrationswerealsoobservedfromtheair.Twoof
these,onthesouthflankofVolcandeFuegoandalongseveralsmallercanyonssouthoftheBarranca
deAtenquique,evidentlyinvolvedsimilarmaterialstothosealongtheBarrancadeAtenquique.The
thirdarea,alongthelowervalleyoftheRioArmeranearthecoast,producedamoderatenumberof
landslidesalonghighwayandrailroadcutsaswellasalongthebedrockvalleywalls.

Outsideoftheareasdiscussedabove,nearlyallofthedisruptedlandslidesthatoccurredwerealong
artificialcuts.Fewerthan20landslidesfromnatural,unalteredslopeswereobservedoutsidethose
areasduringeitheraerialorgroundbasedreconnaissance.Thelargestcutslopesfailureswerealong
theColimatoMinatitlnroad,betweentheRioArmeraandthevillageofPlatanarillos(Figure6).
CutslopefailureshadreportedlyblockedthemainhighwayfromColimatoManzanilloandtheroad
fromColimatoMinatitln,buttheseblockageshadbeenremovedbythetimetheseareaswere
observedduringthereconnaissance.LandslidesreportedlyalsoblockedtheroadfromGuadalajarato
ZapotitlandeBadillo,westofthevolcanoes.

REFERENCECITED

Keefer,D.K.,1984,Landslidescausedbyearthquakes:GeologicalSocietyofAmericanBulletin,v.
95,p.406421

Figure1.
Lateral
spreadinfill
forcauseway
between
marshand
coastal
lagoonin
cityof
Manzanillo.
Thislateral
spreadis
further
discussedin
the
liquefaction
section.

Figure2.
Stretchof
cliffalong
RioArmera
northwestof
Colima
denudedby
landslides
duringthe
earthquake.
Beforethe
earthquake,
thisstretch
ofslopewas
reportedly
 vegetatedin
amanner
similartothe
unfailed
stretchof
slopeatthe
extreme
rightofthe
photograph.
Clickhereto
downloada
1.5MB
movieof
post
earthquake
(Jan.28)
landslidesin
progress.

Figure3.
Oneofthe
largerfalls
observed
fromtheRio
Armera
cliffsonthe
afternoonof
January28,
2003.A
plumeof
dust
accompanied
thefall,
whichhad
anestimated
volumeof
20cubic
meters.

 Figure4.
Landslides
alongone
stretchof
canyonwall
inthe
Barrancade
Atenquique,
ontheeast
flankof
Nevadode
Colima
volcano.

Figure5.
Partof
depositof
rockfallthat
blockeda
secondary
roadinthe
Barrancade
Atenquique
area.Total
volumeof
rockfall
depositwas
estimatedat
300cubic
meters.
 Figure6.
Rockfall
fromcut
alongroad
between
Colimaand
Minatitln.

Photographstakenbymembersofthegeotechnicalreconnaissanceteam
 returntoindex

Acknowledgments
FinancialsupportforthegeotechnicalengineeringreconnaissancewasprovidedbytheNational
ScienceFoundation(NSF)undergrantnumber0321781.AppreciationisexpressedtoDr.CliffAstill
(NSF)forhisinterestandsupportofthiswork.Prof.DavidFrostandDr.ScottDeaton(Georgia
InstituteofTechnologyandDataforensics,Atlanta,GA)providedthesoftwarePQUAKE,whichwas
usedtorecordandorganizedataduringthegeotechnicalreconnaissance.

ThereconnaissanceeffortwasmademuchsimplerthankstothecoordinationwiththeEERI
reconnaissanceteamledbyDr.RichardKlingner.TheEERIreconnaissanceteam,composedof
RichardKlingner,AnnaLang,andPaulFlores,initiatedtheirreconnaissancetwodayspriortothe
NSFteamreconnaissanceteam,andtheirobservationsservedasaguidetotheNSFteam.TheNSF
reconnaissanceteamalsobenefitedfromthecollaborationoftheCentroNacionalparalaPrevencion
deDesastres(CENAPRED)/SociedadMexicanadeIngenieraSsmica(SMIS)team.Inparticular,we
wouldliketoacknowledgedehelpoftheteamleader,SergioAlcocer,andteammembersLeonardo
FloresCoronaandCarlosReyesSalinas.

Dr.TonatiuhDomnguezReyes,directoroftheVulcanologicalObservatoryintheUniversityof
Colima,generouslyprovidedthehelpofhisstaffinthereconnaissanceefforts.Inparticular,thehelp
ofDr.DomnguezpermittedthecollaborationofCarlosNavarroOchoainthereconnaissanceeffort.
Thisreportincludesmanyoftheobservationsandinsightsobtainedduringmeetingswithfacultyof
theVulcanologicalObservatoryandoftheCivilEngineeringdepartmentattheUniversityofColima.
Wewouldliketothankalltheindividualspresentatthesemeetings.Theinstallationsofthe
VulcanologicalObservatorywereusedforthisandothermeetings.

Dr.MarioG.OrdazSchroederprovidedusefulinsightsintositeresponseandseismologicalissuesin
theColimaEarthquake.

HugoSaucedoAcosta,presidentoftheColegiodeIngenierosCivilesdeColima,andLilianaG.
AlfaroSantos,directoroftheCmaraMexicanadelaIndustriadelaConstruccin(CMIC),provided
accesstoadatabaseofresidentialdamagecollectedaftertheearthquake.ThehelpofRobertoC.
CazaresSerrano,ofCMIC,inobtainingthisinformationisgreatlyvalued.

SalvadorL.DazdelCastillo,anengineeratSueloEstructura,S.C.,inGuadalajara,Mexico,
generouslyvolunteereddamageobservationsandpicturesfromgroundfailurescausedbythe
earthquake.

Inaddition,anumberofpeopleinthefieldvolunteeredtheirhelpandmadethereconnaissancework
easier.TheseindividualsincludeJorgeCardonaLpez,GabrielBautista,andSergioNegrete,who
guidedusinvisitsthroughVilladelvarez,andIng.FernandoBrizuelaGudio(Coordinadorde
ProyectosEstratgicos),anengineerwiththeCityofManzanillo,whoguidedusinourvisitthere.

Alargenumberofadditionalindividualshelpedusduringthisreconnaissance.Somenamesmaybe
missingduetoourmistakealone.Ourgratitudegoestoallthosethatcollaborated.