Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation

River Basin Management Agency of the Brantas and Bengawan Solo River Basin
Jalan Surabaya No 2A Malang 65115

Current Status on Sedimentation and its

Countermeasures: Experience of Jasa Tirta I
Public Corporation

Raymond Valiant RURITAN

Director for Technical Affairs

Collaborative Workshop on Sedimentation and Dam Technology

Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation and Japan Water Agency
Malang, East Java 18 December 2013
 Presentation Outline

Water Resources in Indonesia

Fluvial Problems in the Basins
Mitigation Strategies to Sedimentation
Adaptation to Sedimentation Problems
 Collaborative Workshop on Sedimentation and Dam Technology (2013)

WATER RESOURCES IN INDONESIA

Raymond Valiant RURITAN

 Indonesia: Abundant in Water
A vast archipelago along the equator INDONESIA 3.906,5

with close to 17,000 islands, cross-roads SUMATERA 840,7

JAVA 164,0
between Asia dan Australia
BORNEO 1,314,0
INDONESIA = 3,906 / 16.6 CELEBES 299,2
[km3 / 1.000 m3/capita]
LESSER SUNDA 49,6
MOLLUCAS 176,7
Sumatera
Borneo Celebes PAPUA 1,062,1
840.7 / 16.73
1,314 / 95.9 299.2 / 17.5

Papua
1,062 / 299.5

Mollucas
176.7 / 71.1
Lesser Sunda
Java 49.6 / 3.88
164 / 1.21

Blessed with the monsoon and dipole climate, fertile land due to geo-volcanic benefits, this
archipelago hosts 237,64 million inhabitants (2012)
Water Distribution Problem INDONESIAN
POPULATION

Even water is abundant, equality

against time and space affected by the
population distribution.

Source: Sarwoko & Anshori (2003) recalculated Source: Indonesian Water Outlook(2012)
 Water Resources Legislation in Indonesia
Institutons and Government Agencies in a River Basin

Water Resources Law No 7 / 2004 Govt Regulation No 42 / 2008

The new water resources law
(no 7 of 2004) was enacted to
replace to older one (no 11 of
1974).
Basic issues in the new water
law that are addressed:
Equality and transparency
Water use right
River basin management
Water service fee, etc.
This regulation describes and
stipulate implementation of the
Water Resources Law No 7 of
2004.
Various issues are regulated
within this regulation:
Water management
Institutional set-up
Water allocation and licensing
Methods of water service
calculation, etc.
 Water Resources Legislation in Indonesia

Institutons and Government Agencies in a River Basin

In regard to the Water Resources Law the following schematic diagram show
relationship between institutions and agencies within a river basin. A coordination
body serves as a hub for the regulator, developer, operator and users to confer.

Coordination between Institutions in a River Basin

 Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation
Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation was establishe a (basin-wide) river basin organization on the
purpose of rendering bulk-water services and operation-maintenance of the infrastructures.
Establishment = Government Regulation No 46 of 2010
2004 Water
Indonesian Economic Growth Resources Act No 7
15%
2010 the new
mandate of Jasa Tirta
First Economic Growth Period Second Economic Growth I Public Corporation
10% (1969-1981) Period
(1986-1997)
ECONOMIC GROWTH

5%

0%
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
-5% Slower Economic Growth
(2001-now)
1970 Jatiluhur Authority 1990 Jasa Tirta I 1998
(now Jasa Tirta II Public Public Corporation Indonesian
-10% Corporation) Citarum Brantas Economic Crisis

2005 Indonesia
1982-1984 become a net oil
-15% Middle East Crisis importer

Source: World Bank (2013) and Index Mundi (2013) recalculated

Reservoir Bening Barrage Gerak Mrican Reservoir Selorejo Barrage Wonorejo Barrage Lengkong Baru

Barrage Lodoyo Reservoir Wlingi Reservoir Sutami Reservoir Sengguruh Rubber Dam Menturus

Reservoir Lahor Tulungagung Tunnel (Neyama) Barrage Gunungsari Rubber Dam Jatimlerek Rubber Dam Jati

Barrage Babat Jabung Gate Floodway Pelangwot Reservoir Wonogiri Barrage Colo
 Collaborative Workshop on Sedimentation and Dam Technology (2013)

FLUVIAL PROBLEMS IN THE BASIN

Raymond Valiant RURITAN

 Erosion Remains an Important Fluvial Driver
Erosion as the Main Problem
660000 670000 680000 690000 700000 710000

9140000 9140000

TATAGUNA LAHAN

SUB DPS
Erosion is a persistent problem as 9130000 9130000
BRANTAS HULU

land use changes, related to rainfall KETERANGAN :

Sunga i

and land-use within the basin. 9120000 9120000

Sub DPS

Bendu ngan

TATA GUN A LAH AN :

Design of most reservoirs can not Air Taw ar

H utan

Ke bun

accurately predict erosion change 9110000 9110000 Pa dan g R u m put\T anah K oso ng

Pe m ukim an

Sa w a h Irigasi

over years.
Sa w a h Tad ah H ujan

Se m ak B e lu kar

9100000 Ta nah La dan g

9100000

Example: Sutami
Reservoir, estimated in 1960s = 1 9090000 9090000
500 0 0 500 0 100 00 150 00 Me ter s

mm year-1 and now is changing from 9080000 9080000

2,1 to 2,9 to 3,3 and close 3,9 mm 660000 670000 680000 690000 700000 710000

year-1.

Source: PJT-1 (calculated) Source: Valiant (2013)

Erosi Lahan

13
 Sedimentation Problems in the Basins
Increase of Sediment Load Sedimentation at Reservoirs
Observation at Gadang Observation at Tawangrejeni

Sedimentation Rate at the Sutami Reservoir (completed 1972)

Year of Gross Storage Effective Storage Sedimentation
Survey Rate
million m % million m % juta m/tahun
1972 343.00 100 253.00 100
1977 261.68 76 194.48 77 16.26
1982 221.29 65 167.20 66 8.08
1987 192.41 56 152.87 60 5.78
Indicated
1992 189.97 55 154.81 61 0.49
decrease in
1994 185.27 54 148.41 59 2.35
trapping
1995 184.59 54 148.62 59 0.68
efficency
1997 183.42 53 146.63 58 0.59
1999 180.45 53 144.13 57 1.49
2003 174.57 51 145.15 57 1.47
2006 171.16 50 143.40 57 1.14
2012 168.28 49 133.90 53 0.56
Source: PJT-1 (calculated)
 Need to Adapt with Current Situation

Current situation Choice to be Made

Average annual loss of Reservoir Survey
Remaining Storage
Volume Loss
reservoir storage capacity in
million m annually
the world is around 1-2 %
(Morris, 1997). Sutami 2007 174,3 1,4%
Sengguruh 2005 1,4 5,5%
Recent condition of reservoir
Lahor 2006 30,6 0,5%
storage capacity in Indonesia
Wlingi 2007 4,5 2,6%
varies between 0.3% up to 3%
Lodoyo 2007 2,8 1,9%
annually.
Selorejo 2007 41,7 0,9%
Average annual loss of Wonorejo 2005 110,8 2,3%
reservoir storage capacity in Bening 2007 25,7 0,9%
China is 2.3%, the highest in Wonogiri 2004 663,0 0,6%
the world. Kedungombo 2008 680,0 0,3%
In comparison to 1.8% of Saguling 1999 603.3 2,4%
Algeria, 1.02% of Japan and Cirata 2000 1.910,2 0,2%
0.24% of the USA Jatiluhur 2000 2.448,0 0,5%
(Zhou, 2007). Mrica 2001 87,5 3,0%

Source: Valiant (2013)

 Reservoir Sedimentation Countermeasures
Checkdams

Upper area dredging

Diverting Conservation
infrastructure activities

Sediment by
pass channel

Hauling

Dredging

Spillway flushing

Down flushing

Source: Sumi (2003)

 Collaborative Workshop on Sedimentation and Dam Technology (2013)

MITIGATION STRATEGIES TO
SEDIMENTATION

Raymond Valiant RURITAN

Small checkdams to address overland erosion Eco-friendly gully plugs to control reel erosion

PJT-I conservation activities (2008-2012)

Year Check-dam Plantings
2008 38 229.660
2009 42 224.410
2010 60 769.820
2011 53 1.310.530
2012 66 1.983.970
Total 259 4.518.490
Reforestation and tree planting
 Collaborative Workshop on Sedimentation and Dam Technology (2013)

ADAPTATION TO SEDIMENTATION
PROBLEMS

Raymond Valiant RURITAN

Effects of Sedimentation to Reservoir Operation
1. Reservoirs are 2. Water levels within a 3. Flood storage is
designed to effectively reservoir is stipulated designed to with take a
store water in a certain in accordance to the certain volume of
amount and efficiently reservoir water, but it remains
control the incoming design, including flood risky whenever
flood in accordance to routing and storage sedimentation occurs
the design criteria's. function analysis. in a different pattern.
Introducing the Control Water
Level (CWL) to adapt with the
storage changes
Flood Storage
FWL
HWL
m3
Effective Storage = (A-B)
Whereas:
A = water volume between HWL and LWL
B = sediment volume below the LWL

LWL

Sediment Materials goes Finer

Nutrient Concentration Increases
Source: Ratag (2007)
Rainy Season (Nov-Apr)
Adaptation to
Reservoir Changes
Flood routing shows increased
risk whenever the reservoir
Dry Season (May-Oct) receives a peak flood =
sedimentation impose risk.
Adapt = create a control water
level (CWL) lower than the HWL
during the rainy season.
Flood Routing at Sutami Reservoir (Q = 1,161 m3/s) 29 Jan-2 Feb 2002 Flood Routing at Sutami Reservoir (Q = 2,057 m3/s) 25-27 Dec 2002
Reservoir Flood Routing with Pul's Method Reservoir Flood Routing with Pul's Method
Flood Discharge Outflow as 1999 Outflow as 1997 Outflow as 2010 Flood Discharge Outflow as 1999 Outflow as 1997 Outflow as 2010
1.500,0 2.500,0

2.000,0

1.000,0
Discharge (m3/second)

Discharge (m3/second)

1.500,0

1.000,0
500,0

500,0

- -
1
3
5
7
9

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
Source: Valiant (2011) Time Step (t = 1 hour) Time Step (t = 1 hour)
Sedimentation Problems Related to Fluvial Aspects

Keduang River

Wonogiri Reservoir, Central Java, Indonesia

Sedimentation problem of Wonogiri is related to
blockings to the intake.
The Government of Indonesia has built an additional
sediment by-pass.
 Sedimentation Relation to Reservoir Characteristics
Reservoir sedimentation characteristics (Basson & Rosenboom, 1997)
100.000

Quadrant I Quadrant II

Inflow function: KW = CAP / MAR 10.000

CAP = reservoir capacity
MAR = mean annual run-off
Storage function: KT = CAP / MASY
CAP = reservoir capacity
MASY = mean annual sediment yield 1.000
Cirata

KT = CAP / MASY
Kedungombo
Jatiluhur (Ir. H. Juanda) Lahor
Wonogiri
Wonorejo Selorejo 100
Lodoyo
Bening Karangkates (Ir. H. Sutami)
Wlingi
Saguling

Mrica (P.B. Soedirman)

Sengguruh
10

Quadrant IV Quadrant III 1

0
1 0,1 0,01 0,001 0,0001

KW = CAP / MAR
 Approach to Sediment Countermeasures
Sutami, Selorejo, Wonorejo, W
Lodoyo and Wlingi
onogiri and Widas

First Quadrant Second Quadrant Sediment Removal Volume

Designed to withstand or Mean annual runoff is Reservoir
receive a-50 to 100 years equally compared to Dredge (m3) Flush (m3)
of sediment load. sediment load.
Because KW > 0,2 not Sufficient mean annual Sengguruh
enough water to flush. runoffto conduct reservoir 3,795,461 -
19952012
Dredging and mechanical flushing.
approaches to secure Sutami
3,072,484 -
against sedimentation 20042012
Sengguruh
Wlingi
3,553,843 9,215,356
19952012
Fourth Quadrant Third Quadrant
Proportional sediment Reservoirs with sediment Lodoyo
600,953 3,601,097
load with annual runoff. control purposes, KT < 100 20032012
Solely possible to control and KW < 0.2 Selorejo
by means of sediment Sufficient mean annual 1,024,428 -
20012012
trapping in the upstream runoff to conduct
Wonogiri
catchment area. reservoir flushing. 902,084 -
20062011
Catchment area Flushing is more suitable
management. upon KW < 0.03 TOTAL 12,949,253 12,816,633
Flushing Activities at Sengguruh and Lodoyo Reservoir
Dredging Activities in the Jasa Tirta I Reservoirs
 Conclusion

Sedimentation is a persistent problem in Brantas and

Bengawan Solo River Basin; and is much related to the
fluvial drivers of the basin (i.e: river morphology,
catchment area land-use, precipitation pattern etc.).
Climate and physical adversities are a common
precursor of future sedimentation problems.
Sediment management involves mitigation and
adaptation programs, both related to the
geomorphological and hydrological considerations.
Technology approaches comprises sediment dredging,
flushing, by-pass, embankment heightening etc, but
must be carefully decided, whenever dealing with
aging dams.