Streamflow

2112342 Principle Hydrology

2-2557

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Topics after mid-term
Streamflow

Streamflow Hydrographs

Data Analysis II: Probability Analysis

Relations between Precipitation and Runoff

(Infiltration)

Subsurface Water/Groundwater

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Hydrologic Cycle
EVAPORATION

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION PRECIPITATION

SURFACE detention OVERLAND

INTERCEPTION storage FLOW

DIRECT
INFILTRATION RUNOFF

SOIL moisture storage INTERFLOW CHANNEL

storage

CAPILLARY RISE PERCOLATION

GROUNDWATER
GROUNDWATER storage
FLOW
BASE FLOW

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Streamflow ( )
Water Stage Water Surface Elevation
Stage measurement
Type of gages
Manual/Non-recording
Recording
Discharge
Measurement equipment Current meters
Rating Curve Stage-Discharge Relation
Streamflow Network
Record Extension
Planning Site Selection
Interpretation of Stremflow Data
Water Year
Hydrograph
Adjustment of Data
Mean Annual Runoff
Streamflow Variations

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Stage Measurement
Non-recording (Manual) Gage
Staff Gage Visual Observation

Recording Gage
Floating Type

Bubbler Gage
stilling well

Crest-Stage Gage

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Stage Measurement
Floating Type Bubbler Gage

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Selection of Streamflow Measuring Station

Accessibility

Adequacy /

Stability

Permanency

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Current Meter
Price Current Meter (rotating cups, >= 3)

Propeller-type Meter

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Water Velocity
Relation between number of revolution (N) per second
and velocity (v)

v = a + bN
a starting velocity (to overcome mechanical friction)
b constant of proportionality

Mean velocity in a vertical profile

measurement should be made with a minimum change in stage
velocity at 0.6D below the surface closely approximates the
mean velocity in the vertical (see table for multipoint
measurements)

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River Cross Section

C.2

30.00

LB. ELEV + 25.599 M.(MSL.) RB. ELEV + 26.460 M.(MSL.)

26.00
Observed Water Level + 20.105 M.(MSL.)
14 Dec 201
22.00

18.00
-

14.00

River Bed + 13.625 M.(MSL.)

10.00
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
-

: (http://hydro-5.com)
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Discharge: Velocity-Area Method

Velocity contours (Isovels)

Velocity profile

Source: Field measurement of soil erosion

and runoff (FAO, 1993)

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Mean Velocity in a Vertical
Type Depth in vertical Observation points Mean velocity
Single point 0.3-0.6 m 0.6D from surface = 0.6

Two point 0.6-3.0 m 0.2D and 0.8D 1

= (0.2 + 0.8 )
2
Three point 3.0-6.0 m 0.2D, 0.6D, 0.8D 1
= (0.2 + 20.6 + 0.8 )
4
1
= ( + 30.2 + 20.6
Five point > 6.0 m S, 0.2D, 0.6D, 0.8D, B 10
+ 30.8 + )

D = Depth of water measured from water surface

vS is measured 0.3 m below the surface or 0.3 m below the trough of

any surface water

vB is measure 0.3 m above the bottom of the stream

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Discharge
Continuity Equation

Qi Ai vi
Velocity-Area Methods
Dividing a stream into a number of vertical sections, each section should not
include more than 10% of total flow

Q Qi Av
i i

(v1 v2 ) (d1 d 2 )
Mean-section method: Qi bi
2 2
(b b )
Mid-section method: Qi vi di 1 2
2
Velocity-Contour Method
Isovels

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Other Methods of Obtaining Streamflow
1. Slope-Area Computation
Chezy-Manning Formula

1
q AR s
2 / 3 1/ 2

n Mannings coefficient
A wetted cross section area
s water surface slope
R hydraulic radius
= A/P where P is wetted perimeter

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Other Methods of Obtaining Streamflow
2. Rough Measurement by Float
Surface float velocity is about 1.2 times the mean velocity
Shallow flow float velocity = mean velocity

L
floats velocity: V
t
Three types of floats (1) surface floats, (2) subsurface
floats, (3) rod floats
The velocity of the float is multiplied by a reduction
coefficient (0.85 for surface float and 1.0 for subsurface
and rod float)

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Other Methods of Obtaining Streamflow
3. Dilution Method
High velocity area, small streams, shallow flows,
inaccessible areas
Inject tracer e.g. salt, fluorescein dye, radioactive
material, rhodamine B into stream (easily measurable
material not present in the stream and not likely to be lost
by chemical combination in the stream, nonpolluting
substance)
Complete mixing of tracer
Accurate determination of concentrations

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Dilution Method
Constant Injection Rate Method
A solution of concentration C1 of a selected tracer is
injected at a constant rate q at station 1
The concentration of the tracer is measured at station 2
downstream

q = rate of injection of tracer solution [L3/t]

Q = discharge of the stream [L3/t]
C1 = concentration of tracer as injected [m/L3]
C2 = diluted concentration at downstream [m/L3]

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Constant Injection Rate Method

Conservation of mass
Mass rate at station 1 Mass rate at station 2
qC1 (Q q )C2
qC1 QC2 qC2
C1 C2
Q q
C2
C1is generally much greater than C2 , then
C1
Q q
C2

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Dilution Method
Sudden Injection Method
A volume V of a tracer solution of concentration C1 is
injected over a short period at station 1
At station 2 downstream, the concentration of tracer Ci is
measured at various times
Mass of tracer at station 1 VC1
x
Mass of tracer at station 2 Q Ci dt
0
N
Ci (ti 1 ti 1 )
VC1 Q
i 1 2
N is the number of samples collected
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Stage-Discharge Relations
Rating Curve ( )

Rating Curve
9

6
Stage (m)

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Discharge (cms)

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Stage-Discharge Relations
Rating Curve
Stage (m) 10

1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Discharge (cms)

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Extension of Rating Curves
1. Assuming that the equation of the rating curve is

q k ( g a )b
g - gage height
a, b, k station constants

Consider 3 points of Observed Rating Curve that makes

q2 q1q3
g1 g3 g 2
a
g1 g3 2 g 2

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Extension of Rating Curves
2. Chezy formula

q AC Rs

when width of channel is large R ~ D

then we can plot q vs. AD1/2 (linear relationship)

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Issues
Shifting Control
scour & deposition in bed and banks
growth of vegetation
Backwater Effects
Measurement
problems in gaging
small stream insufficient depth for ordinary current
meter
mountain stream steep gradients and high velocities
cannot be gaged satisfactorily by velocity-area method
large river difficult to accurately locate the instruments,
bed of the river is deep, swift currents cause a drag
downstream

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