READ HALF BUT THORUGHLY ..

THEN READ THE QUESTION AND TRY AND ELIMINATE OPTIONS IN

THTA ................AND THEN GO AHEAD
THIS WAY U HAVE ASSIMILATED AND APPLIED THE GIVEN OPTIONS WELL
This question tests your understanding of the author's presentation of an argument, in this case the one in the second paragraph, by asking you to identify
the answer choice that shows that argument with a similar structure but different details. The central idea to keep in mind here is "as if the norm
according to which an event happens were the event itself."

Numerous and varied are the objections that have

been advanced against the theory of selection since it
was first enunciated by Darwin and Wallacefrom the
unreasoning strictures of Richard Owen and the acute and
(5) thoughtful criticisms of Albert Wigand and Ngeli to
the opposition of our own day, which contends that
selection cannot create but only reject, and which fails
to see that precisely through this rejection its
creative efficacy is asserted.
(10) The champions of this view are for discovering the
motive forces of evolution in the laws that govern
organismsas if the norm according to which an event
happens were the event itself, as if the rails which
determine the direction of a train could supplant the
(15) locomotive. Of course, from every form of life there
proceeds only a definite, though extremely large, number
of tracks, the possible variations, whilst between them
lie stretches without tracks, the impossible variations,
on which locomotion is impossible. But the actual
(20) traveling of a track is not performed by the track, but
by the locomotive, and on the other hand, the choice of
a track, the decision whether the destination of the
train shall be Berlin or Paris, is not made by the
locomotive, the cause of the variation, but by the
(25) driver of the locomotive, who directs the engine on the
right track.
In the theory of selection the engine driver is
represented by utility, for with utility rests the
decision as to what particular variational track shall
(30) be traveled. The cogency, the irresistible cogency, of
the principle of selection is precisely its capacity of
explaining why fit structures always arise, and that
certainly is the great problem of life. Not the fact of
change, but the manner of the change, whereby all things
(35) are maintained capable of life and existence, is the
pressing question.

Question
Which of the following statements would be an apt analogue to the author's portrayal of the view of those who reject natural selection?
Choices
A
Writers are often influenced by conventions of genre more than by creativity
This is not the credited choice. The idea of creativity scrambles the parallel somewhat here, since the point of the author's model argument is perception,
not creation; if the choice had said thatreaders were influenced more by convention than by the author's creativity, it would have been closer to being
correct.
B
An election's outcome is governed by electoral rules rather than by voters

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. It is similar to the author's argument in that it concerns choice, as does the image of the train whose destination is decided
by its driver, and makes a clear distinction between the event and the closely related norm governing it.
C
One never truly makes a decision with all of the relevant information at hand
This is not the credited choice. It offers neither the idea of actions being governed by explicit rules or norms nor that of a contrast between what occurs
due to those norms and what occurs independently.
D
Only because there are laws against homicide is man tempted to kill man
This is not the credited choice. This parallel is appealingly animalistic in nature, but ultimately goes too far in proposing that the laws are the reason for
the transgression, not just the most relevant way of considering it.
E
There would be no mythological archetypes if we could not identify them as such
This is not the credited choice. It is interesting and related to the argument as portrayed in the passage, but too philosophical: the author of the text does
not deal with the creation of content by categorization so much as the difference between, in effect, content and categorization.

Comments About This Question

Question
The author's tone in the passage is:
Choices
A
Impolitic
This is not the credited choice. Be careful: the author is not really impolite, but that's not the word in question here. "Impolitic" means
imprudent or unwise, and this is certainly not an apt description of the passage.
B
Vehement
fundamentally sound and that the
This is the credited response. The author is firm in his assertions that Darwin's theory is
objections discussed, particularly the "unreasoning" ones, miss the point in an important way.
C
Satirical

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. Nothing is being made fun of in the passage; the example of a train being directed by the rails on
which it travels is vaguely humorous, but not nearly absurd enough to suggest that the author intends a parody of the Darwin critics' positions.
D
Expository
Clear explanation is not the author's primary goal here: the imaginative discussion of a
This is not the credited choice.
locomotive strays too far from the strict subject of the passage to count as exposition.
E
Obscuring
While the author takes recourse to an unexpected and not particularly scientific
This is not the credited choice.
image by way of presenting his counter-argument , he does not use it to make it less clear.

Comments About This Question

ALWAYS STICK TO WHAT U CAN DIRECTLY FIND IN THE

PARAGRAPG AND NOT THE IMPLICIT STUFF.......try to avoid
implicit stuff as muc as possible

Question
The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
Choices
A
The logic of life and evolution is essentially predetermined by natural selection
This is not the credited choice. It is a strong statement, and not one the author makes outright in the text : the
purpose of the passage is in a sense to complicate the idea of predetermination.
B
Rejection, viewed on a broad enough scale, is in itself a form of creativity

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. It is supported by the final sentence in the first paragraph of the text.
C
Reactions to Darwin and Wallace's theory of selection have been uniformly negative
This is not the credited choice. Just because the author focuses on the " numerous and varied" objections to the
aforementioned theory doesn't mean nobody is in support of it.
D
Darwin and Wallace's theory of selection insists ultimately on the supremacy of utility
the author does qualify utility as
This is not the credited choice. It is an interesting angle that conflates two separate parts of the passage:
the central message of the theory, but it is not clear that Darwin and Wallace themselves "insist" on it:
more likely it is the author's own interpretation .
E
Selection does not occur only through rejection, as critics of Darwin and Wallace argue
This is not the credited choice. It is subtly off the mark: the author does not disagree with the statement that selection occurs only through rejection; his
point is that rejection itself is the motor of a broader kind of creativity.

try to compare and weigh word and their verification .....like

"firm appraoch" ... parallel approach
Question
The structure of the passage can best be described as:
Choices
A
Objections to an argument, refutation, and summary

Your answer was incorrect

Don't be fooled by the word "objections" in the first sentence.

This is not the credited choice because it is too simplistic.
There is no two-sided objection/refutation model here.
B
A firm position in an argument supported by parallel examples
This is not the credited choice. It is close, but "parallel
examples" doesn't quite fit what the author is doing , and
moreover his position is more implied than it is "firm."
C
Juxtaposition of related viewpoints on the same question
This is not the credited choice. Two viewpoints are expressed at the beginning of the passage, but the author's work thereafter is to elaborately argue
against one, not to put them together in a new light.
D
A parallel approach in support of an implicit argument
This is the credited response. The "parallel approach"
is the metaphor about the locomotive , and "implicit
argument" is a good way to describe the author's objection to the objections described at the beginning of the
passage.
E
Metaphorical positioning of two sides of a controversy
This is not the credited choice. There is metaphor used in this passage, but only one side of the controversy --such as it
is--is really treated here.

Comments About This Question

IN LENGTHY QUESTIONS NEVER LEAVE THE LAST OPTION

UNCHECKED .........DO NOT LEAVE THAT .........MOSTLY THESE
ARE DIFFICULYT QUESTION ..........AND PATIENCE OF A PERSON
IS WHAT IS CHECKED .......................BY THE GMAC ...........SO
UST HIT WHEN U R REALLY CONFIRMED .............OR DO NOT
SPEND TIME AT ALL
This question tests your ability to identify something that the passage implies. Inference questions such as this one ask you to identify what can be
inferred, or concluded, based on the details offered in the passage. The inferences themselves will not be explicitly stated in the passage, but rather are
based on the information the passage presents. Note that the question asks us to identify which of the choices does NOT contain an inference based on
the passage. Narrow your answer choices by eliminating statements that are supported by details offered in the passage.

Collecting garbage, particularly recyclables, is an

undervalued profession. Because our society does not
appreciate the work of people who recycle our trash, the
environment will continue to suffer, as will the people who
(5) work within this profession. One problem within the recycling
profession is that collectors are not paid well enough for the
work that they do to protect the future of our environment.
Public opinion of recycling collectors continues to be low, as
people think little of the items that they discard and, in turn,
(10) think little of those who come to take away their trash.
In order to reverse public opinion and to duly compensate
those who work within the recycling profession, I would like
to suggest a solution to the problems associated with the job
of collecting and processing recyclable trash. I propose that
(15) local governments assess fines to people who do not recycle
their trash and use the revenue to pay better salaries to those
who work within recycling facilities. In this way, the fines
would encourage people to take responsibility for their trash
by sorting out the recyclable items, and would promote a
(20) more positive opinion of people who work within the
recycling industry. Furthermore, the revenue gained from the
fines would help recycling collectors make more money and
associate a monetary reward with the work that they do to
safeguard the environment.
(25) People might object to the extra money being paid to
recycling collectors, primarily because the common opinion
is that collecting trash does not require very much skill.
 People might also object to the fines penalizing them
financially for not recycling their trash. Those
(30) who do not recycle might not value the activity and could
become upset if they have to pay a fine for not doing something
they dont agree with. Recycling collection does, in fact, require
several different skills, and those skills should be rewarded
because recycling will benefit the entire community. Maybe
(35) recycling collectors do not have the kind of skills that will
save a sick patient or repair a broken vehicle, but their skills
will preserve the quality of the water that we drink and
keep clean the air that we breathe. Their work today will be
greatly appreciated in the future.
(40) Besides requiring several different skills, recycling can also
be dangerous work, and people who work within the
recycling profession should be compensated for the risks
that they take. Recycling glass, for instance, requires workers
to throw bottles into a grinder that breaks the glass into
(45) small pieces that can be processed and reused. This work is
dangerous, as small pieces of glass could easily cut exposed
skin or be inhaled. Workers must wear facemasks,
respirators, and thick gloves while they are processing glass
for recycling. Workers are also routinely exposed to sharp
(50) objects and dangerous machines that compress recyclable
material such as cardboard and aluminum cans.
Low wages prevent the recycling profession from retaining
skilled workers. This problem adds to the danger of the job
because when experienced workers leave to take higher
(55) paying jobs, the inexperienced workers are left to operate
dangerous machinery. If local communities were to fine
people who do not recycle, the extra money could be paid to
those who work in recycling facilities, hopefully encouraging
them to remain within the recycling industry instead of
(60) seeking out other better-paying jobs.
Even if local communities start charging fines to people
who do not recycle, there is no guarantee that everyone will
begin to recycle. Some people will choose to pay the fine.
Nonetheless, a financial penalty associated with not recycling
(65) will either help workers occupationally, because people will take
more responsibility for their own recycling, or it will
help them financially by contributing to the salaries of the
workers who do the job.
Question
The author of this passage implies that all of the following are true about the recycling industry EXCEPT:
Choices
A
Better pay for recycling collectors will help to increase public opinion of the profession.
This is implied, so it it NOT the credited response. This passage implies that better pay will increase public opinion about the recycling profession. The
author presents this idea at the beginning of paragraph 2 with the suggestion "In order to reverse public opinion" and (later in the paragraph) that fines
"would promote a more positive opinion of people who work within the recycling industry."
B
Those who process recycling deserve to be financially compensated in accordance with risks that they take at work.
This is implied, so it it NOT the credited response. Paragraph 4 focuses on the dangers associated with the recycling profession. The author suggests that
people who work jobs which require personal risk should be paid more, stating that "people who work within the recycling profession should be
compensated for the risks that they take."
C
The importance of recycling is often overlooked because its results are long-term rather than immediate.
This is implied, so it it NOT the credited response. The author of the passage says that recycling protects "the future of our environment" (paragraph 1)
and that recycling workers "safeguard the environment." The author also states: "Maybe recycling collectors do not have the kind of skills that will save a
sick patient or repair a broken vehicle, but their skills will preserve the quality of the water that we drink and keep clean the air that we breathe. Their
work today will be greatly appreciated in the future." It can be inferred from these statements that the author thinks people often do not realize the future
benefits but rather focus on immediate results.
D
The recycling industry must hire unskilled workers because skilled workers are taking better paying jobs elsewhere.

Your answer was incorrect

This is implied, so it it NOT the credited response. The author of this passage suggests in paragraph 5 that this is true of the recycling industry. Because
the pay is low, skilled workers "leave to take higher-paying jobs" and "the inexperienced workers are left to operate dangerous machinery." The implication
is that more unskilled workers are hired because skilled workers often take jobs elsewhere.
E
At some point in the future, laws will inevitably require people to recycle, so they should start recycling now when there is no penalty for choosing not to
do so.
There is no basis for this inference in the passage, so it is the credited response to this "EXCEPT" inference question. The author of this passage does not
state or imply that future laws will inevitably require people to recycle. The passage instead argues that local communities should adopt such laws to
protect recycling workers.
FOR BROAD VIEW OF THE OPINION SEE THE FIRST AND AND
LAST PARA ....THAST THE PLACE AUTHOR GIVES HIS VIEWS
....AND THE DECIDE
The authors viewpoint is expressed at the end of the first and last paragraphs; she classifies current levels of protection as deficient, and proposes a
way in which courts can extend protection to perfumes without entering into confusing copyright territory. Therefore, the author is likely to agree with a
statement reflecting the fact that greater intellectual property protection for perfumes is necessary.

The cosmetics industry has traditionally struggled to

obtain satisfactory intellectual property protection in a field
where counterfeits and knockoffs abound. Trademark law may
protect the advertising, name, and trade dress, but does not
(5) address the product itself. Patent law rarely covers makeup,
hair and body products, or fragrance. And traditionally,
copyright has been applicable only to text or artwork on the
packaging, not to the substance within the package.
Considering the vast resources that go into developing and
(10) marketing a product, the level of protection provided seems
deficient.
One product over which litigation has become increasingly
common is perfume. Some believe that a perfume is a work
of art, and should be protected under the same standards
(15) that apply to literature, music, and sculpture. However,
those who favor protection only for a perfumes scent, as
opposed to the formula from which it is made, or who
advocate no intellectual property protection for perfumes at
all, think that perfumes should not be compared to visual or
(20) auditory works of art, and should instead be looked at as
chemical compounds. One commentator has pointed out
that copyright is traditionally applied to immaterial works,
like the words of a book, as opposed to the paper on which
the book is printed. This argument has some merit, but
(25) becomes more muddled when perfume is compared instead
to copyrightable works like sculpture, in which the physical
embodiment is virtually impossible to separate from the
artistic expression.
Companies producing and distributing perfume knockoffs
(30) typically market their products so as to stay just on the right
side of the law, while associating themselves as closely with
the famous original products as possible. They achieve this
through using product names and packaging that imitate
those of the original scent. By cutting through the
(35) technicalities that such companies use to maintain the
legality of their efforts, and addressing the fundamental
intentions and effects produced by their actions, courts can
provide greater protection for the intensive investment that
developing companies make to bring a successful product to
(40) the marketplace. This approach seems preferable to the
potential chaos of attempting to extend copyright protection
to works perceived by olfactory means.

Question
With which of the following statements about the current state of intellectual property protection for perfumes would the author be most likely to agree?
Choices
A
Perfumes should be protected as works of art, just like literature, music, and sculpture.
Choice A is not the credited response. That is one view that the author presents, but she does not endorse it.
B
Perfumes should be protected as chemical compositions.
Choice B is not the credited response. That is one view that the author presents, but she does not endorse it.
C
Perfumes are not currently receiving sufficient intellectual property
protection.
Choice C is the credited response. The author feels that current levels of protection are deficient.
D
Perfumes are receiving too much intellectual property protection, at the cost of clarity in the law.
This statement is not true; the author feels that perfume currently receives too little, not too much, intellectual property protection. Choice D is not the
credited response.
E
Perfumes are not appropriate subject matter for copyright, trademark, or patent protection.
Your answer was incorrect

This is a distortion of the text; the author never passes judgment on perfumes appropriateness for
intellectual property protection, and instead discusses what is viable in terms of avoiding confusion in the
law. Choice E is not the credited response.

avoid extreme wording answers and understand in the first

passage about why is auhtor giving such thoughts
instanaces........concentrate on the first para very nicely
Question
The speed with which Oersted's pamphlet was translated and disseminated attests to:
Choices
A
The scientific irrefutability of his "decisive observations"

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. It tempting, but a strong word like "irrefutability" should send up warning signals: his findings were compelling indeed, but
at no point are they described as irrefutable, or impossible to contradict.
B
The general credulity of the scientific community
This is not the credited choice. It suggests that the scientific community would believe almost anything proposed to them; this is not the case, according
to the author.
C
The innovativeness of his self-publicizing methods
This is not the credited choice. The author does allude to Oersted's "rather uncommon method of publication," but the ultimate point is the quality of his
scientific findings, not the way he communicated them to other people.
D
European scientists' readiness for a breakthrough
This is the credited response. The author emphasizes the fact that some twenty years had gone by without discovery of the much-hypothesized
connection between electricity and magnetism, in which sense the scientific community would be understandably excited by Oersted's findings and eager
to pass them on.
E
European scientists' problematic linguistic diversity
This is not the credited choice. It would be a valid conclusion if not for the word "problematic," which view is neither stated nor implied anywhere in the
passage.

Question
What would be a modern-day parallel to the underlying viewpoint expressed in the passage?
Choices
A
The Internet existed long before it became popular among lay users
This is not the credited choice. It concerns the development of a technology and its corresponding popular adaptation, not a gap in the progression
scientific knowledge.
B
Scientists were slow to realize the likely connection between smoking and cancer
This is the credited response because both address an obvious gap in scientific knowledge. It is fair to strike a parallel between voltaic cells and smoking
tobacco, and between a conclusion about magnetism and a hypothesis about disease.
C
Medical research based on stem cells has been unfairly waylaid by non-scientific factors
This is not the credited choice. The interference of non-scientific factors is out of the scope of the passage's argument.
D
Genomic mapping has come about almost half a century after the discovery of DNA

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. It is close, but the passage deals with a conclusion delayed
after the discovery of a certain technology, whereas the conclusions of genomic mapping
are not yet manifest.
E
Experiments currently active in particle physics could revolutionize our idea of matter
This is not the credited choice. It does not concern a gap in the progression of scientific knowledge.

ALWAYS TRY AND AVOID VERY STRONG WORDS

Question
Which of the following best describes the tone used by the author of this passage?
Choices
A
Harsh criticism of the delay in scientific progress
This is not the credited choice. The author is not harsh in his discussion of the delay, or of the scientists who prolonged it; he is bemused at first and finally
disapproving, but never in a way one would call harsh or severe.
B
Singular focus on Oersted as a player in this period
This is not the credited choice. This is a feature of the passage but not a hallmark of the author's tone. Oersted is singled out because he was the one to
ultimately discover the connection between electricity and magnetism, but his contemporary reputation is not the focus of the passage.
C
Alignment with the frustrations of earlier scientific writers
This is not the credited choice because it is wrongly oriented. Frustration is too strong a word, especially given the
passage's perspective on the events it discusses as events of the past.
D
Observation and eventual agreement with past critics

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. The author somewhat coyly uses the "surprise" of other writers at the delay in this scientific conclusion at the beginning of
the text, but by the end states outright his agreement with that point of view.
E
Qualified praise of Oersted as a scientific genius
This is not the credited choice. There is some praise of Oersted to be found in the passage, but given that it is bookended with discussion of how surprising
it is that this discovery took so long this is unlikely to be the best choice.

DO NOT GO WITH THOUGHTS THAT ARE TEMPTING BUT NOT

HAVINF ANY MENTION EXPLICITLY IN THE PASSAGE
Question
Which of the following is most likely to be the main focus of an ashrama not mentioned in the passage?
Choices
A
Childrearing
This is not the credited choice. It is sufficiently similar to being "the center of a household and a family" to overlap with thegrihastha stage.
B
Spiritual education
This is not the credited choice. The passage mentions that theashramas begin with learning, which would encapsulate spiritual learning.
C
Accumulation of prosperity
This is not the credited choice. It is mentioned as a purusartha, not an ashrama.
D
Retreat from social life

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. It makes sense as an intermediate stage of life after being the center of a household and family but before total
renunciation.

E
Reincarnation
This is not the credited choice. It follows in the broad strokes of the other ashramas, but it concerns the afterlife, not the stages of a single human life,
which is the unit of existence at issue here.

Question
The passage focuses primarily on:
Choices
A
An argument in Hindu theology over the purpose of life
This is too broad an answer: although the disagreement at the heart of the passage concerns definitions of the purpose of life in Hindu theology, it fails to
specify that the chronology of some of the discrete purposes are in question, not the purpose of life itself.
 B
A disputed delineation of chronology in Hindu philosophy
This is the credited response. The main idea here is that some feel that moksa came later than the other purusarthas, while others claim
it can be interpreted as belonging to the same time.
C
Viewpoints about the origins and functions of the purusarthas
This is not the credited choice. The origins of one purusartha is being debated, but the functions of all of them is
not at issue, and thus not presented by way of more than one viewpoint.
D
Revised interpretations about the importance of ashramas in Hindu life

Your answer was incorrect

attempt to redefine the role of the ashrama in

This is not the credited choice. The revisions to which the author alludes do not
Hindu life; they merely conjecture about its relationship to thepurusarthas.
E
Disagreement about the legitimacy of the Hindu caturvarga
This is not the credited choice. The caturvarga came about later than the trivarga, presumably after moksa was counted formally or informally as one of
the purusarthas, but the legitimacy of the unit is not disputed, at least not according to anything stated in the passage.

ALWAYS WHEN STUCK BETWEEN TWO OPTIONS WORD

VERIFICATION HELPS BUT AT LAST ALWAYS GO WITH A "MILDER
" OPTION .......
Question
The author's approach to the passage can best be described as:
Choices
A
History framed in a revisionist perspective
This is not the credited choice. Though the author defines one side of the argument discussed in the passage as revisionism, the passage itself is even-
handed and gives equal weight to both conservative and revisionist perspectives.
B
Inflammatory treatment with intent to incite debate
This is not the credited choice. "Inflammatory" is an overly extreme way to describe the revisionist perspective mentioned in the passage, much less the
passage itself, which mentions both the revisionist perspective and its opposite with equal faith.
C
Impartial reporting of a contemporary theological dispute

Your answer was incorrect

The passage never specifies that the dispute--which is a strong word for
This is not the credited choice.
the disagreement discussed here--is contemporary .
D
Expression of apprehension about a religious idea
This is not the credited choice. The passage's reference to "apprehension" uses the word differently, in the sense of understanding; the author evinces no
actual hesitation, in part because he never tries to take a side in the debate.
E
Disinterested airing of contrasting viewpoints
This is the credited response. Disinterest is not the same thing as lack of interest: it means lack of bias, something that aptly describes a passage in which
two contrasting viewpoints are given equal coverage and support.

YOU MAY THINK THAT AUTHOR HAS NOT IN SPECIF ANY OF THE
THREE ...OPTIONS ...............BUT WHICH ONE IS MOST
DAMAGING ...AND WHICH OTHER CAN BE DEALT WITH SOME
SUPPORT OF EXAMPLES IS A MPORTANT DECISON POINT

IF YOU CANNOT COME TO LAST 2 OPTIONS TAKE A GUESS

RIGHT AWAY AS U R BOUND TO GET IT WRONG

ALSO IF THERE IS A DOUBT AMONG TWO SHCECK OUT MILDER

OPTION AND MOVE AS THERE IS A GOOD POSSIBILITY OF
DEFAULTING AFTER SPENDING 4 MINUTES SO NO USEE ...U
SCRWE UP LIKE THIS ONLY ............WHEN IN DOUBT ...JUST
REVIEW ONCE AND TAKE A CALLL
TEHER ARE MANY OTHER QUESTION TO FOLLWO
Question
The author would most likely disagree with which of the following statements?
Choices
A
It is not clear that moksa shares a genealogy with the otherpurusarthas mentioned
This is not the credited choice. It is supported by the second paragraph in particular, and the whole main idea of the text in general.
B
Hindu scriptures such as the Mahabharata are concerned with helping the reader lead a righteous life
This is not the credited choice. It is not a false or controversial statement, as it is plainly supported by the first paragraph and does not propose that these
texts are concerned only with leading a righteous life.
C
Renunciation of worldly concerns is an inevitable part of the Hindu life cycle
This is not the credited choice. It is unlikely that the author would take issue with this statement, as moksa is simply one of
the life stages demarcated in Hindu theology .
D
Disagreement is commonplace in theological interpretation

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. It is broad expressed, but not strong enough a statement for the author to be likely to disagree;
the passage presents the disagreement among scholars without any particular emphasis on its novelty....FOR THIS OITON............ NO
COUNTER IS VAVAILBALE ...SO U CANNOT SAY AUTHORO MUST DISAGREE
E
The accumulation of wealth has no part in a virtuous Hindu life
This is the credited response. It is disproved by the inclusion ofartha, which concerns "material prosperity," among thepurusarthas.

ALWAYS TRY TO READ BETWEEN THE LINESS.....OR

UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF EACH SMALL WORD WHEN A
SPECIFIC REFRENCE IS MADE TO IT IN THE PASSAGE
ESPECIALLY IF U HAVE A FEELING OF "NO CONVICTION "
...MEANSU R SURE TO MISS SOMEGTHING JUST CHECK
ONCE ...THE BASIS IN THE PSSAGE
Question
According to the passage, which of the following is a condition of pluricentrism?
Choices
A
Some official status for each of the languages concerned
This is the credited response. The key is the word "recognizes": "a language has and recognizes more than one standard spoken and written version."
B
Standardized differences in vocabulary and grammar

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. The passage does refer to systematized "divergences in syntax and lexicon," but does
not state that these are required to mark a language as pluricentric .
C
Two or more languages spoken in the same region
This is not the credited choice. As the examples of pluricentrism suggest, geography is not a condition: take the case of English in England and in South
Africa.
D
At least one "high" variant of a language and at least one "low"
This is not the credited choice. Like B, this refers to a phenomenon that commonly follows from pluricentrism but is not, as far as the text states, a
precondition for it.
E
A population of speakers who cannot write the language, and vice versa
This is not the credited choice. It is illogical and supported by nothing in the passage.
YOU GOT CONFUSED .........DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
DIGLOSSIA AND PLURICENTRISM IS ASKED AND NOT BETWEEN
TWO DIALECTS OF THE DIGLOOSSIA
Question
The primary difference between pluricentrism and diglossia is:
Choices
A
Political
This is not the credited choice. The key difference is that between a language and a "language community." Since the first paragraph gives examples of
languages shared by places that are obviously politically different--England and the United States, for instance--the difference cannot be said to be
political.
B
Geographical
This is the credited response. A language community, as depicted in the second paragraph, entails a group of speakers in the same community, and thus
in the same or related geographic region.
C
Linguistic
This is not the credited choice. It is trivially true, but not the point of the question; pluricentrism and diglossia do not collectively make any judgment about
the makeup of the languages in question.
D
Sociological

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. Both phenomena are implied to have some sociological interest, but it would be reckless to say that the distinction
between the two can be drawn fundamentally along those lines.
E
Semantic
This either implies that the differences between pluricentrism and diglossia are negligible and only a matter of rhetorical presentation or that those
differences are related to the ways languages shape and parse sense. Neither interpretation is borne out in the passage. This is not the credited choice.

LOGOCAL CONTINUATION IS SOMETHING TOUCHED AND

COMMON IN BOTH THE PASSAGES
Question
Which of the following topics would be most relevant to a continuation of this passage?
Choices
A
Geographical factors that instigate language evolution

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. Since both pluricentrism and diglossia concern language conditions in relation to geographic situations, it would be useful to
know more about the way languages develop in proximity and at distance.
B
The historical lag between spoken and written languages
This is not the credited choice. Although there is mention of a difference between spoken and written language, it is not of central enough importance in
these two paragraphs to constitute the most logical continuation of this passage.
C
How education perpetuates differences among languages
This is not the credited choice. It is interesting but not the most relevant topic: education comes into play in differentiating the poles of diglossic
languages, but the passage is more completely about ways of distinguishing languages.
D
Movements to reunify splintered languages in diglossic areas
This is out of scope: the author never discusses the idea of merging languages that have evolved apart. This is not the credited choice.
E
The role of technology in entrenching "high" vs. "low" distinctions
This would be interesting but is out of scope here. This is not the credited choice.
SOMETHING HINTED UPON LCERALY SHOULD NOT BE
REITERATED
Question
What potentially relevant information does the passage fail to account for?
Choices
A
The context in which Shaw made his famous quote
This is not the credited choice. It is fully incidental to the main concerns of the passage.
B
Whether there is a legal distinction between pluricentrism and diglossia
This is not the credited choice. It is an interesting angle but not ultimately an important one; while legality has some bearing on pluricentrism, the passage
is concerned with sociolinguistic phenomena, not political ones.
C
How sociolinguistics has evolved as a discipline over time
This is not the credited choice. It is too broad to be fully in scope; the discipline under which this discussion falls is not the issue.
D
Whether there is a causal relationship between diglossia and pluricentrism

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. The passage presents both phenomena as distinct but related, and some indication of whether one is responsible for the
other would be useful to a broader understanding of both.
E
The presence or lack of political criteria in defining pluricentrism
This is not the credited choice. It is indeed relevant information, but for our purposes the author does provide it at the beginning of the passage,
particularly by using the word "recognizes" (line 5).

UNDERSTAND WHEN U R NOT SURE ....U WILL NOT GET IT SO

DOT GET STUCK ....JUST MOVE ON
Question
Which of the following would not be a reasonable alternate name for Taylorism?
Choices
A
Procedural management
This would be an apt description, especially since "process management" is already cited as an alternate name. This is not the credited choice.
B
Workflow standardization
This is not the credited choice. Both workflow and standardization are mentioned in the first paragraph as central to Taylor's innovations.
C
Operational empiricism
This is the credited response. "Empiricism" implies measuring observable and quantifiable behaviors; however, this name does not include the sense of
using empirically gathered data to make any changes in the working environment.
D
Productive engineering
This is not the credited choice. It is somewhat vague, but still correctly apprehends the fundamental ideas behind Taylor's work: altering the engineering of
the work space in order to maximize its productivity.
E
Human optimization

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. Don't be fooled by the passage's commentary about the opposition between scientific management and human relations:
"optimization" refers to maximizing efficiency and productivity, and can refer to humans just as easily as it can to machines. Optimizing human labor is in
effect what Taylor's program proposed to do.

JUST TRY AND UNDERSTAND THE THINGS ...READ HA;LF TRY

AND ANSWER ..IF U FEEL SMETHING MORE IS THERE ...U CAN
GO AHEAD ELSE U CN FINISH IN BETWEEN AND FIRE
Question
Which of the following would be an example of workflow optimization in Taylor's time?
Choices
A
Replacing security personnel with an enhanced alarm mechanism
This is not the credited choice. The passage takes pains to point out that Taylor's studies predated most technological developments that would replace
workers; since the question specifies that the example should be "in Taylor's time," this is incorrect.
 B
Redistributing shifts and break times based on how quickly workers tire

Your answer was correct!

This is the credited response. It would be an apt example of a procedure "based on empirical observation of individual employees' working habits and
speeds."
C
Surveying workers on what improvements they feel are necessary
This is not the credited choice. It is not unrelated to the tenets of scientific management, but surveying workers for their suggestions is not really an
empirical or scientific method.
D
Increasing the ratio of managers to employees during any given shift
This is not the credited choice. This was certainly part of the application of Taylorism, but is not in itself a method of optimization; rather, it is a side effect.
E
Posting explicit and unambiguous task instructions in working areas
This is not the credited choice. Don't be thrown off by the mention of "discrete and unambiguous instructions" in the second paragraph of the passage:
posting rules is not sufficiently hands-on or effective to count as a proper illustration of Taylorist principles.

ALWAYS CHECK THE SCOPE OF THE PASSAGE ...WHERE IT IS

APPLIED AND HOW FAR IT CAN BE APPLIED
Question
Which of the following would NOT be an example of workplace improvement in a bottling plant motivated by Taylorist principles?
Choices
A
Allotting more time for the assembly step where the label is affixed to the bottle
This is not the credited choice. It would be an instance of customizing the production process in order to maximize efficiency.
B
Standardizing the distribution chain for bottles once they have been filled and sealed
This is the credited response. The scope of Taylor's improvements does not extend beyond the location of manufacture.
C
Posting visible and detailed instructions about safety in handling the filling machine

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. It squares with the passage's reference to "[turning] the workmans task into a series of discrete and unambiguous
instructions that could be followed without requiring human intuition."
D
Imposing limits on the length and number of shifts per week for each employee
This would presumably be a measure intended to avoid accidents and regulate working efficiency based on maximizing employee productivity. This is not
the credited choice.
E
Implementing regular performance reviews based on qualitative evaluations
This is not the credited choice. The passage refers to "increased managerial control" as an upshot of Taylor's practices, of which this would be an intuitive
part.

IN A LONG PASSAGE AVOID ANY EXCEPT QUESTION BECAUSE

THAT WOULD BE SO DAMN TIME CONSUMING
According to the favored method of teaching reading
these days, children should focus their attention on the sounds
of words, learning not just the twenty-six letters of the
alphabet but the forty-three different sounds derived from
(5) the letters. Children are expected to learn the phonetic
system as a supplement to their A-B-Cs and even learn to
memorize the traditional alphabet in random order. The next
step, after rules governing the sounds have been learned, is
to recognize words, not as they are actually spelled, but as
(10) they are written phonetically. For example, the word
phonics would be written as fonikz. Children must then
learn how to translate between these two forms. The fact is
that most children learn to read successfully, not by the
method of phonics, but by a method that may seem like
(15) mere guesswork.
Educators have long recognized that children learn to
read by an intuitive process known as Cognitive Prediction.
However, educators schooled in the method of phonics tend
 to have misconceptions about what Prediction is, seeing it
(20) as simple guessing. And since it differs from the rule-based
approach of phonics, many see it as a method that
undermines a childs ability to learn more complex tasks.
Earlingtons studies on Cognitive Prediction reveal that, in
fact, Prediction is a more accurate model of learning. His
(25) findings show that children are more skilled at detecting
patterns than at applying rules. Young children, before even
beginning to read, predict sounds, basing their assumptions
on words they have heard before. Is it ice cream or I
scream? Fortunately, there are three levels of prediction that
(30) children engage in as they gain more experience with the
language. The first is the prediction of syntactic units. When
a child hears (or reads) a phrase such as the large red he
or she recognizes that a noun will come next. Likewise,
children further predict semantic classes of words. A child
(35) who hears (or reads) Joe drove his truck to expects the
next word to be a location. Ultimately, children are extremely
adept at predicting story. For example, a child who
successfully reads the sentence Joe drove his truck to the
may then encounter the letters f-a-r-m. Knowing the
(40) sound of an f, the child, eyes lighting up, makes the
logical prediction that the word is something heard before: a
farm.
Earlington stresses the importance of storytelling in a
childs formative years, arguing that more than any other tool,
(45) the childs ability to predict context enables skilled reading. A
child familiar with typical stories is better equipped when
beginning to read, is able to make cognitive leaps and
predict what words the letters on the page are meant to be.
On the other hand, a child who has had phonics emphasized
(50) will work to recall the rules for translating the letters into
recognizable sounds, internally seeing the phonetic spelling
and then attempting to associate the phonetic spelling with
the actual spelling. How much wiser would it be, Earlington
posits, to teach children the meanings of words in context
(55) through pictorial representations, archetypal stories, and
even jokes that show the nonsensical misusage of words
when applied to the wrong context. uestion

TRY AND HOLD THE PREVIOUS OPTION AND COMPARE BEFORE FINNALLY HITIING ON THE
CHOSEN ONE
Of the following situations, which one is most similar to what the author is referring to when he describes a childs eyes lighting up (line 40)?
Choices
A
A child learns how to spell several words that are related to a particular topic.
This is not the credited choice. The example of the child learning the word "farm" is not about spelling.
B
A child suddenly understands how the words in a sentence are connected together in a meaningful way.
This is not the credited choice. Though the child has an intuitive understanding of how the words in the sentence are connected, predicting that a noun will
follow and that it will be a location, the "Aha!" moment occurs when the child guesses the unfamiliar word "farm."
C
A child realizes that an unfamiliar word represents a familiar concept and learns to read it thereby.
This is the credited choice. It is the same as the hypothetical example in the third paragraph. A child sees an
unfamiliar word but learns how to read it by using Prediction and by relating the word to a concept already known .
D
A child pieces together the individual sounds of a new word, translating them into an easy-to-remember phonetic spelling.
This is not the credited choice. It can be easily eliminated since it puts a positive emphasis on a child learning phonetic spelling -- this would be unlikely
since the third paragraph is about the process of Prediction, an approach almost diametrically opposed to that of phonics-based reading.
E
A child finally connects the sounds that he or she has heard before with the letters of the alphabet.

Your answer was incorrect

This is not the credited choice. Though the example at the end of the third paragraph mentions the child recognizing the letter "f" and knowing how it
sounds, the child's excitement comes from guessing the word "farm," not from knowing what an "f" sounds like.