Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
SPE
SPE 23442
This pepar wes prepared for preaantetlon et the SPE Eastern Regionel Maellng held In Lexington, Kentucky, October 22-25, 1991.
Thie paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committ- following review of Information contained In an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the SNety of Petroleum Englnaara end are aub]ect to corraotlon by Ihe author(a). Tha material, as presented, does not rmcessarily reflect
eny position of the society of Petroleum Englneere, Ita officere, or membere, Pepera presented at SPE meatinge are subject 10publication review by Editorial Commillaes of Iho Society
of Petroleum Englnaara. Permieeionto copy is restricted !Gan abstract of not more Ihan 300 words. Illustrations may not tM copied. The abstract should contai,l conspicuous acknowladgmant
of where and by whom the papw la presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Sox SWWS, Richardson, TX 7S0834S36 U.5A. Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.
261
Iutlined in detail. A summary of this methodology which also quation 9 can be written as:
Ictails the implemented changes to the previous approach are
Irescntedin this section.
(~+k)V2p+k1Vh(~)vw
s
Starting with the gas and water equations which represent
he two-phase flow in wet-gas sands, one can write:
&Vln(#)vp=Oq~f (11)
w
(1)
[5)=+ [%1 n the linearization of the atmve expression it is assumed that:
k
($s. (12)
v,
[1
#.vr
w
.$
-1IIw
(2) =ap
B@
L
=bp (13)
B.
(3)
vhere a and b are constants. Therefore, Equation 11 can be
mitten as:
(4)
(AB+L)V2P+?+V $%+
I I
Trimsforming Equation 19 into dimc,lsionless form yields:
ilA~ aApD
.la
1
r~ a rD D a rr2 = -
a ID
(2(
Vlnu=$Vu (lo)
262
.
In the case of pressure decline curves, pressure-time data To demonstrate the compatibility of the corresponding water
generated by the simulator was used to caI.ulate the dimension- production type curve to that of the gas, a second type curve
less pressure drop and the dimensionless time groups. These matching for this example was also performed this time using the
dimensionless values were then plotted on log-log scale. Pres- water production type curve with the water flow rate versus time
sure decline type curves are generated for different initial forma- data, As it can be seen in Figure 11 a match point with coordi-
tion pressures, nates
In both cases type curves are constructed for different ~=o,2, tD=2m ~YHWC
and q. = 700, t = 0,9 MtPld
drainage areas. In the constmction of type curves all of the pres- [ 1. [ 1
sure and saturation dependent variables are evaluated at initial
conditions,
263
s used. It should be noted that in both cases of gas and water shown in Reference 5 for production decline curves and demon-
mxluction type curves the value of dimensionless time and real strated here for pressure type cumes, the pro~ed type cumes
ime in match points arc the same, This is essentially true since have been found to exhibit unique characteristics for different
Ksth type cumes share the same abscissa. This observation sets of dative permeability curves. It should be noted that for a
hould be used as a guide line in obtaining a match point. given real time wet-gas sands which share the same properties
Following the same procedure as discused before and using with the exception of relative permeability characteristics, will be
Equation 26 the rmeability and porosity of the formation are displayed at different locations on the type curve. These shifts
xdculated to be r 3.48 md and 16.4%, respectively. The actual caused by the relative permeability characteristics arc shown in
Ares used in the simulation run were 23.5 md for the permea- Figure 17.
bility and 16,2% for porosity.
Application of the proposed pressure diop type curve is
As it was mentioned earlier, existing type curves for gas demonstrated in the following example,
eservoti assume flow of single phase. This assumption creates
;ignificsnt limitations on the use of these type curves when ini- Example #3
,ial water saturation is higher than the formations critical water
mturation. Use of single-phase type curves, when analyzing a Using the data shown in Table 4, a simulation run was con-
eservoir which is producing under two-phase flow conditions, ducted and a pressure drop versus time data was generated,
will result in the over estimation of the reservoirs performance Using the pressure drop type curve constructed for initial forma-
when all reservoirs parameters are known, On the other hand, tion pressure of 4000 psi, a type curve matching was performed.
lse of the single-phase type curves will lead to under estimation Figure 18 displays the match point as:
]f reservoir properties if type curve matching is performed. Fol-
owing example focuses on demonstrating these shortcomings.
Example #2
[ 1 1
qDR= 0,033,IDR= 3WKJT@Jmc and [ q = 1X1O,t= O.01~mnd
During the construction of the presure type curves for
different initial formation pressures, it was observed that all of
Using Reference 3, permeability of the formation is calculated to these type cutwes were showing qualitatively the same behavior
x 3.47 md, Using the calculated permeability value, one can and they could be collapsed into a single pressure type curve. It
:alculate the formation porosity as 1.5%. Comparison of these was found that this can be done with a proper shifting in the
ralues to actual input values of 23.5 md and 16,2%, highlights dimensionless time group. Pressure type curves for initial forma-
:he inadequacy of using single-phase type curves in analyzing the tion pressure of 2000 psi was chosen to provide the base for this
iata generated flom a gas reservoir under two-phase flow condi- purpose. Figure 19 shows the amount of shift in dimensionless
tions, If performance prediction of the reservoir is the goal then time needed for any initial formation pressure. These shifts can
Jse of single-phase type curves will result in overestimation of also be represented using the two following simple relationships
;he reservoir capabilities, For the above match point, if the input for two different pressure ranges:
values for permeability and porosity were used the single-phase
!ype curves would predict a gas flow rate of 380 MMSCFD
instead of simulated value of 67.7 MMSCFD, at t=O,Olday. Imrt =3.8574X10-Spi+ 0.882852 for R c 2350 psig (29)
1~~, = 4,3574X
10A pi-0.00507 for p,> 2350 psig (30)
To construct the pressure type curves, formation and fluid
propeflies shown in Table 3 were used. Again pressure versus Following example will demonstrate the use of the shifting
time data were generated using the numerical modelf. Dimen- functions described in Equations 29 and 30,
sionless ressure drop and dimensionless time groups were calcu-
lated anJ Iottul on log-log scale. Relative permeability charac- Example #4
teristics of set A in Figure 9 was used in the construction of the
proposed pressure drop type curves. Figurw 13 and 1,4 show
ths dimensionless pressure drop curves for initial fonnatlon pres- In order to demonstrate the use of pressure ty~ curves
sures of 20(KIpsi and 6000 psi, respectively. In Figures 15 and developed for initial formation pressu~ of 2000 psi, in analyzing
16 results of some of the verification tests are displayed. Similar the data generated from a reservoir wuh dtfferent initial pressure,
type curves have been constructed for other values of initial pres- a simulation run was designed with initial pressure of 5183 psi.
sure and are available from the authors upon rquest. As it is Formation and fluid properties for this run arc shown in Table 5.
.
SPE 23442 S. MOHAGHEGH ANDT.ERTEKIN 5
Subscripts
Using the new value of ~ and the calculated permeability, poros-
ity is calculated as 11.65% from Equation 23. Actual input D= dixmc;onless properties
e=
values for_permeability and porosity were 9.45 rrd and 12.85%, g=
respectively. gas properties
Sc = standard condition
1= total properties
26s
Table 3. Formmbo snd nuld data wed
in tbe KwBtsuetloo of tbe PsW8MN
type curves fw wet*ae mods.
Poroeiry (%) 6
Reurvoir Tcnspmrure ~)
1.0
I
WeUtme PressureQA) 383.4
39,45
Wster Viscoeiry
(Cp)
I 1.0
206
Figure
1. Gas production type
curves for ~~ = 0.1 and p,
=ZOOI
ptit.
i!
,-o
$
,:
Dimt?nsionless Time
.
SPE 23442 :
.
Set A Set B
Figsuc7. Afpfdim Of waurpmduaiontypecurves10a rcscwoirwishfollowing Chamcteristix
5-=S0%.
P.=l@Opsi.w=lfXI pSi. k=13.7 d +=.6% h=352 fL
*,
,,
87
1 *
;0s
,.
.3
PI
.,
.,
u *
.
Set C Set D
~ Figure
9. Ftelativc
pcnncahili!y
chamcwristics used in analyzing the Pcrfomance of k proposed
s
i5 type Curws
D-MuAollrcssmm?
Figure 10, Type curve matching using gas production type curve for Example #l,
Figure 11, Type curve matching using water production type curve for Example #l,
lga ,
q
107 D= .-:
w
0,1
0,01
%R
106 1111 I
P- mmmm m I 0.001
270
Dimendohess Time
Figure IS, Appllc&IIon of prewwe Iype cwvcs to a rcwvok with following chsractctistics:
S,, .S0%, A=1783 Pd, qxE7MXl SC.PD, kmo, I ml, 4u8%, hm49 fl,
Dimeaa{oheas I{me
Figure 16, Application of prcmIre IypO cosvcs to a resrmoir with following chuactcnstics
S,, -60%, PI-5872@, e,m=29300 SCFD, k=23.1 rm!, 0=1 1,3%, h=44 fl.
9 Set D
i
Figure 17, Sensitivity of the pmposcd IYIM curves 10 the relative pcrmcahllity curves given In Figure 9,
Flgusw 18. Type curve rrulchlng ucln~ prmwe Iyp+ curve for Example #3,
2?2
,,*
SPE 23442
I 1
I
1 ! 1
2000 4000
Pressure (psi)
3
l!
I
Jxmmdon&41 mu
279