MDB 2013-FLUID MECHANICS I

Finite Control Volume Analysis

Linear momentum equation

Dr. Jundika Candra Kurnia

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Room : 19-03-20
Phone : 05-368-7157
jundika.kurnia@petronas.com.my
 Lesson outcome:
At the end of the lecture the student should be
able to:
Select appropriate control volume
Understand the concept of the linear momentum
Apply linear momentum equation to the content
of a finite control volume to get important answer
Fly board
 The linear momentum
Newtons second law of motion
DmV D
Dt

Dt sys
VV

Fsys
sum of external forces (11)
acting on thesystem
Time rate of changeof the
linear momentum of the system

For a system and a fixed, non deforming CV that

are coincident at an instant time (RTT with B=mV
and =V)
D

Dt sys
VdV
t CV
VdV VV n dA
(12)
CS

Time rate of Time rate of change of Net rate of flow

change of the linear the linear momentum of linear momentum
momentumof of the contents of through the
the sy stem the control volume control surfaces
 The linear momentum
Combining Eqs (11) and (12) gives

VdV VV n dA Fcontentof the control volume (13)
t CV CS

Eq (13) commonly referred as linear momentum

equation
For moving, non deforming control volume, the
linear momentum equation becomes

VdV VW n dA Fcontentof the control volume (14)
t CV CS

where V W VCV
 The linear momentum
Important notes on liner momentum equations
The forces involved in Eqs 13 and 14 are body and surface
force.
The only body force considered is one associated with gravity
It is directional; it can have components in x,y,z coordinate
directions
The sign (+ or -) of momentum depend on the sign
of velocity and the Vn product
Force is + if the force is in the assigned positive
coordinate direction and - otherwise
Only external forces acting on the contents of the
control volume are considered in the linear
momentum equation
 The linear momentum
Example of applications
Calculate anchoring force Calculate weight of a
suspended object
 The linear momentum
Example 4
Water enters the horizontal circular cross-sectional sudden
contraction nozzle, as illustrated in the figure, at section (1)
with a uniformly distributed velocity of 7.5 m/s and pressure
500 kPa. The water exits from the nozzle into the atmosphere
at section (2) where the uniformly distributed velocity is 30
m/s.

Determine the axial component of the anchoring force required

to hold the contraction in place.
 The linear momentum
Example 5
Exhaust (assume to have properties of standard air) leave 1 m
diameter of chimney, as shown in the figure, with a speed of 2
m/s. Because of the wind after a few diameter downstream,
the exhaust flows in horizontal direction with speed of 5 m/s

Determine the horizontal component of the force that the

blowing wind exert to the gas
 The linear momentum
Example 6
A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal circular cross-sectional
jet of water symmetrically as indicated in figure. The jet leaves
the nozzle with a velocity of 30 m/s. The fluid speed remains
constant along the vane surface

Determine the x direction component of anchoring force required

to (a) hold the vane stationary, (b) confine the speed of the
vane to the right at 3 m/s.
 The linear momentum
Example 7
The thrust developed to propel the jet ski shown is a result of
water pumped through the vehicle and exiting as a high speed
water jet. For the conditions shown in the figure

Determine flowrate which is needed to produce a 1.3 kN thrust?

Assume the inlet and outlet jets of water are free jets.