I.

WRITING (60 min)

Write an essay of about 350 words on the following topic:

Holidays honour people or events. If you could create a new holiday, what
person or event would it honour and how would you want people to
celebrate it? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.
READING (45 min)

Each of the texts below is followed by 4 multiple-choice questions. Read the texts and
answer the questions, marking your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.

Text 1

During the cold war, Americas leaders and intelligence services tried desperately to grasp the
motivations and inner thought processes of their Russian rivals. In later years, historians, although benefited
by hindsight and access to previously classified American documents, have gleaned very little. Recently,
however, some new insights have begun to emerge, thanks to the partial declassification of Soviet-era
records. James Hammersmiths Inside the Cold War provides a profound, if scholarly, peek behind the veil
of secrecy that has surrounded the way the Soviet Union made foreign policy decisions under Khrushchev,
who reigned as leader from 1955 to 1964.
The book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in learning about the cold wars most
perilous phase, and how the world managed to survive it, relatively unscathed.
Hammersmiths thoughtful analysis reveals tantalizing clues to one of the cold wars most enduring
mysteries: Why did Khrushchev, who often extolled the virtues of peaceful coexistence with the West,
risk full-scale nuclear war by basing nuclear weapons in Cuba? How could Khrushchev be a man of great
warmth and totally belligerent, as President Nixon once described him?
Hammersmith argues that Khrushchev had two goals: easing tensions with the West, and improving
living conditions in the Soviet Union, which at the time were appallingly low. Hammersmith says that
Khrushchev imagined a monumental accord with the United States, resulting in complete demilitarization
of both super-powers, effectively ending the cold war, which would allow him to focus on allocating
resources to the Soviet civilian economy, rather than the East-West struggle. However, Khrushchevs
strategy of achieving these goals was constantly shifting and evolving. At times, Khrushchev used
diplomacy and offered to negotiate. At other times, he attempted to use the fear of nuclear annihilation to
force concessions at the bargaining table.

Zubok, Vl. Book Review: Inside the Cold War by J. Hammersmith

1. How has Soviet cold war policy become better-understood, according to the reviewer?
A. through the actions of American leaders
B. through the study of Soviet and US rivalry
C. through the research of Hammersmith
D. through the work of American historians
2. What is Hammersmiths overall opinion of Krushchev?
A. He was unbalanced.
B. He was a war-monger.
C. He was irresponsible.
D. He was rational.
3. According to Hammersmith, what did Khrushchev want most of all?
A. to have friendly relations with the United States
B. to improve the Soviet economy
C. to put pressure on the United States
D. to strengthen Soviet defense
4. What is the reviewers opinion on Inside the Cold War?
A. It effectively clarifies the Cuban missile crisis.
B. It is an exceptional critique of American foreign policy.
C. It offers essential insight into the Krushchev era.
D. It successfully explains Khrushchevs power.
Text 2

I think the Kyoto Protocol as a preliminary agreement and as such it will make only a small difference.
But I would like to propose a way to improve upon it by supplementing it with technological fixes. We need
to look at the current situation and how it can be stabilized. Lets call the difference between these two the
stabilization zone.
That zone can be divided into a number of steps, each of which represents a way that carbon-dioxide
emissions might be reduced. We do not need to eliminate emissions altogether, but we can eliminate merely
those in the stabilization zone. This task is, I feel, far more achievable than trying to stop greenhouse
emissions altogether.
These steps are broad ways of curbing carbon dioxide emissions. Each of these steps can then be broken
down into practical sub-steps, such as nuclear power, or investing in renewable energy.
In order to achieve this, and thus limit greenhouse gasses, there initially needs to be an improvement in
existing technologies, such as ways of generating electricity from renewable energy sources. We should also
start building what might be called emissions awareness, by which I mean the education of the public
about the huge range of things that either generate or consume power, and how the public can reduce their
power consumption. In the long term, this may even be seen by some firms as a new business opportunity.
The approach also encourages changes in the way we think. Many environmentalists want to get away
from fossil-fuel use and thus keep the carbon dioxide that they generate out of the atmosphere, though they
would reject a move towards nuclear power. I think there could be a way to balance that way of thinking and
ways to continue using fossil fuels.
In conclusion, the first step should be the simplest: reforestation. Simply replanting the equivalent of
what is being lost would thus make a useful contribution. Indeed, the Kyoto protocol allows rich countries
to pay poor ones to do just that. However, I would like to propose an addition to the Kyoto protocol,
providing an incentive to rich countries not to cut the trees down in the first place. Changing that is
something that even the most skeptical environmentalist would surely applaud.

Kibert, Charles J. et al. The Ethics of Sustainability

5. What does the speaker propose should be done with the Kyoto protocol?
A. It should be improved by additions.
B. It should be completely rewritten.
C. It should be cancelled altogether.
D. It should be replaced by a different agreement.
6. What are the steps the speaker mentions?
A. means of monitoring carbon dioxide
B. methods of reducing emissions
C. ways to produce power without coal
D. means of enhancing the use of nuclear power
7. According to the speaker, what should the public be educated about?
A. alternative ways to consume power
B. existing technology
C. global ban on fossil fuel consumption
D. new business opportunities
8. The speaker suggests rich countries pay poor countries to
A. cut down trees.
B. cut their emissions.
C. plant trees
D. applaud environmentalist additions to the protocol.
IV. USE OF ENGLISH (60 min.)

ERROR IDENTIFICATION
Identify the error in each of the following sentences by choosing between A, B and C.
Mark all answers on your ANSWER SHEET.

13. These negotiations are in the early stages, when I am confident that a contract
will be signed.
A B C

14. He accused his boss about saying that he was too contemptuous of other peoples opinions.
A B C

15. There arent many thank-yous involved in divorce, the end result being a virtual decimation and
A B
division of the couples assets, and no a small fee for my help.
C
16. Earlier this year, the supreme court has declared that the UK government was failing in its legal
A B
duty to protect people from the harmful effects of air pollution.
C
17. They were only about four miles away, so they made a specially trip to Rower Lodge.
A B C

18. But occasionally something better happens: when a client leaves a meeting visibly much confident
A A B
and hopeful than when they arrived.
C

19. Violence associating with alcohol and drug use should be treated with medical and psychological
A A B
intervention.
C

20. No matter how exhausted I feel, to look my best helps fuel me through.
A B C

21. What is been said is irrelevant; the research results will be crucial in establishing a plan of action.
A B C

22. As firefighters were assessing the damage and securing the area, they went into a
A A
second hangar that was holding canisters of liquid air, acetone and gas.
B C
Cloze test

In the following text there are 10 missing words and phrases. Select the
correct choice from the list after the text for each blank (23 32) and mark it
on your ANSWER SHEET.

Its often dangerous to generalize, but .....23..... threat, I would say that Americans are
more down the line. They dont hide their hopes and fears. They applaud ambition and
openly reward success. Brits are more comfortable with ..... 24 ..... losers. We embrace the
underdog until its no longer the underdog. We like to bring authority down ..... 25 ..... or two.
Just for no reason at all. Americans say, have a nice day whether they mean it or not. Brits
are ..... 26 ..... to say this. We tell ourselves its because we dont want to sound insincere but I
think it might be for the opposite reason. We dont want ..... 27 ..... anything too soon. Failure
and disappointment ..... 28 ..... around every corner. This is due to our upbringing. Americans
are ..... 29 ..... to believe they can be the next president of the United States. Brits are told, It
wont happen for you.
Theres a ..... 30 ..... wisdom in the U.K. that Americans dont get irony. This is of
course not true. But what is true is that they dont use it all the time. It shows up in the smarter
comedies but Americans dont use it as much socially as Brits. We use it as ..... 31 ..... as
prepositions in every day speech. We tease our friends. We use sarcasm as a shield and a
weapon. We avoid sincerity until its absolutely necessary. We mercilessly make fun of people
we like or dislike basically. And ourselves. This is very important. Our brashness and
swagger ..... 32 ..... with equal portions of self-deprecation. This is our license to hand it out.
This can sometimes be perceived as nasty if the recipients arent used to it. It isnt. Its
play fighting. Its almost a sign of affection if we like you, and ego bursting if we dont. You
just have to know which one it is.
Ricky Gervais, The difference between American and British humour

23 A. at B. under C. by D. over
24 A. lives B. lives C. lifes D. lifes
25 A. an inch B. a peg C. a volume D. a rung
26 A. frightening B. elated C. terrified D. competing
27 A. to greet B. to dream C. to fail D. to celebrate
28 A. lurk B. view C. look D. appear
29 A. grown B. bred C. brought up D. risen
30 A. old B. received C. receiving D. given
31 A. correctly B. liberally C. specifically D. economically
32 A. is laden B. is uploaded C. is heaving D. is weighted
PARAPHRASE
In sentences 33 through 42 below complete (B) by paraphrasing (A) and preserving the original
meaning.

33. (A) You didnt call him and he didnt come.

(B) If ...............................................

34. (A) Everybody in our community knows Dr Martin well.

(B) Dr. Martin .............

35. (A) It was only two years ago that I started buying fabrics for that company.
(B) For two years .....

36. (A) He repaired our shoes for us.

(B) Our shoes. .................. ...................................

37. (A) As soon as the alarm was sounded the soldiers jumped out of bed.
(B) No sooner ......

38. (A) Profiteers will continue to make lots of money while the war lasts.
(B) Provided ........

39. (A) Am I right in supposing this is the one you want?, I asked.
(B) I asked them ......................

40. (A) You must be on time for the concert.

(B) It is crucial..........

41. (A) Though she applied with several agencies, Ann had received only one
(B) confirmation so far.
Despite

42. (A) My father is both generous and understanding.

(B) Not only ..
KEY

Reading I (1)(2):
1C, 2A, 3B, 4C;5A, 6B, 7A, 8C

Cloze Test III:

23B, 24D, 25B, 26C, 27D, 28A, 29C, 30B, 31B, 32A

Error I
13B, 14A, 15C, 16B, 17C, 18B, 19A, 20B, 21A, 22C

Paraphrase I
33 (b) If you had called him he would have come.

34 (b) Dr. Martin is well-known in our community.

35 (b) For two years now I have been buying fabrics for that
company.

36 (b) Our shoes were repaired for us.

37 (b) No sooner had the alarm been sounded then the soldiers
jumped out of bed.

38 (b) Provided the war ends, the profiteers will cease/stop making
lots of money.

39 (b) I asked them whether/if I was right in supposing/to suppose

that was the one they wanted.

40 (b) Its crucial you came/were/are on time for the concert.

41 (b) Despite having applied with several ....

42 (b) Not only is my father generous, he is also understanding.