p310-NPTEL-Power-System-Protection S.A Soman PDF

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Power System Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit S.A.Soman
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Department of Electrical Engineering
Summary
IIT Bombay

Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Overview Electrical Energy Systems
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Circuit Introduction
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
What is a circuit breaker?
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Electrical Energy is
Relays Generated at few kV and stepped up.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Transmitted through AC and HVDC lines.
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
Stepped down and distributed at load centers.
breaker?
Its natural mode of synchronous operation knits the system
Summary
together.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Why do we need protection?
Relays Electrical apparatus operates at various voltage levels and
Introduction
Evolution of Relays may be enclosed or placed in open. Under abnormal
Circuit operating conditions protection is necessary for
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker? Safety of electrical equipments.
Summary Safety of human personnel.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Electrical Energy Apparatus Protection
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Systems
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
What is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Types of Protection
Overview
Systems
Types of Protection Transmission Line Protection
Relays Transformer Protection
Introduction
Evolution of Relays Generator Protection
Circuit Motor Protection
Breaker
What is a circuit
Busbar Protection
breaker?
System Protection
Summary
Out-of-Step Protection
Under-frequency Relays
Islanding Systems
Rate of Change of Frequency Relays
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
What is a Relay?
S.A.Soman A relay is a logical element which process the inputs (mostly
voltages and currents) from the system and issues a trip
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
decision if a fault within its jurisdiction is detected. Inputs to
Types of Protection a relay are
Relays
Introduction Current from a current transformer.
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Voltage from a voltage transformer.
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Evolution of Relays
Relays If we zoom into a relay, we can see three different types of
Introduction
Evolution of Relays realization:
Circuit
Breaker
Electromechanical Relays.
What is a circuit
breaker? Solid State Relays.
Summary
Numerical Relays.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
Electromechanical Relays
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Relays First generation of

Introduction
Evolution of Relays
relays.
Circuit Uses the principle of
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
electromechanical
Summary
energy conversion.
Immune to
electromagnetic
interference and rugged.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Solid State Relays
Overview These relays were developed with the advent of transistors,
Electrical Energy
Systems operational amplifiers etc. Their functionality is through
Types of Protection
Relays
various operations like comparators etc. Their advantages
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
are
Circuit More flexible.
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Self checking facility.
Summary Less power consumption and low burden.
Improved dynamic perfomance characteristics.
High seismic withstand capacity.
Reduced panel space.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
Numerical Relays
S.A.Soman Operation of a numerical relay involves analog to digital
conversion of voltage and currents obtained from VT and
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
CTs. These samples are fed to the microprocessor or DSP
Types of Protection where the protection algorithms process these signals and
Relays
Introduction
necessary decisions are taken.
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection Its advantages are
Relays
Introduction Maximum flexibility.
Evolution of Relays
Circuit
Provides multiple functionality.
Breaker
What is a circuit Self checking and communication facility.
breaker?
Summary It can be made adaptive.

Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Types of Protection
Relays
Introduction
Evolution of Relays
2 Relays
Breaker
What is a circuit
Evolution of Relays
breaker?
Summary
3 Circuit Breaker
4 Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview What is a Circuit Breaker?

Electrical Energy
Systems A circuit breaker is basically a switch to interrupt the flow of
Types of Protection
Relays
current.
Introduction
Evolution of Relays It opens on relay command.
Circuit
Breaker
It has to handle large voltages and currents.
What is a circuit
breaker? The inductive nature of power system results in arcing
Summary between the terminals of a CB.
CBs are categorized based on the interrupting medium
used.
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overview
Electrical Energy
Systems
Types of Protection
Summary
Relays
Introduction Necessity of a protection system.
Evolution of Relays
Circuit Types of Protection.

Breaker
What is a circuit
breaker?
Three generations of relays.
Summary Role of circuit breakers.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle S.A.Soman
Differential
Protection
Principle Department of Electrical Engineering
For Transmission
Lines
IIT Bombay
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Protection Paradigms - Apparatus Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Overcurrent Protection
Principle
Overcurrent
Protection Directional Overcurrent Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
2 Distance Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
3 Differential Protection
Differential
Protection Principle
Principle
For Transmission For Transmission Lines
Lines
For Tapped Lines For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Principle of Overcurrent Protection
S.A.Soman When the current in a system exceeds a predetermined
Overcurrent
value, it indicates the presence of a fault.
Protection
Principle
Relaying decision is based solely on the magnitude of
Directional
Overcurrent current.
Protection
Distance Used in radial distribution systems.

Protection
Principle Overcurrent relaying and fuse protection uses this
Differential principle.
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Directional Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent Uses both magnitude of current and phase angle
Protection
Principle information for decision making.
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection Used in radial distribution systems with source at both
Distance ends.
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Distance Protection
S.A.Soman The basic principle is that the apparent impedance
Overcurrent seen by the relay reduces drastically in case of line
Protection
Principle
fault.
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
If the ratio of apparent impedance to the positive
Distance
sequence impedance is less than unity, it indicates a
Protection
Principle
fault.
Differential This protection scheme is inherently directional.
Protection
Principle Impedance relay and Mho relay use this principle.
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle of Differential Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
It is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical
Protection
equipment would cause the current entering it to be
Distance
Protection different from the current leaving it.
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Differential By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

Protection
Principle
phase or in both, fault can be determined.
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Differential By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

Protection
Principle
phase or in both, fault can be determined.
For Transmission
Lines It is an attractive option if both the ends of the
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers apparatus are located near each other.
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Differential Protection for Transmission Lines
S.A.Soman Its implementation requires a communication channel.
Overcurrent It is extremely accurate.
Protection
Principle Its zone is demarkated by CTs.
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Differential Protection for Tapped Line
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Differential Protection for Transformer
S.A.Soman CTs are selected in such a way that under normal
conditions the scaled CT currents will match in
Overcurrent
Protection magnitude.
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Under fault condition, differential current will flow
Protection
through the overcurrent relay.
Distance
Protection Overcurrent relay pick up is set above the no load
Principle
current value.
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principle
Overcurrent
Principle
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Principle
Protection
Principle
Differential
Principle
Lines
For Transformers
Summary For Busbars
4 Summary
Power System
Protection Differential protection for Busbar
S.A.Soman
If the fault is external the algebraic sum of the currents
Overcurrent
Protection
entering the bus is zero.
Principle
Directional
If the fault is on the bus the sum is not zero.
Overcurrent
Protection
Distance
Protection
Principle
Differential
Protection
Principle
For Transmission
Lines
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Protection
Principle
Summary
Directional
Overcurrent
Protection Basic Principle of
Distance Overcurrent Protection.
Protection
Principle Directional Overcurrent Protection.
Differential Distance Protection.
Protection
Principle
Differential Protection.
For Transmission
Lines Applications of Apparatus Protection.
For Tapped Lines
For Transformers
For Busbars
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
S.A.Soman
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection IIT Bombay
Lightning
Overvoltages
Lightning Protection
Devices Protection Paradigms - System Protection
Summary
Protection Paradigms - System Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman 1 Power System Dynamics
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
2 System Protection Relays
System
Protection Example System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and Rate of Change of Frequency
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of Relays
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Undervoltage and Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection 3 Lightning Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Lightning Overvoltages
Devices
Lightning Protection Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics Overview of Power System Dynamics
Overview
System protection requires study of system dynamics and
System
Protection control. Power system dynamics
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Can be described in terms of a set of differential and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays algebraic equations.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Analysis is done by EMTP.
Lightning
Protection Post fault system stability is determined by transient
Lightning
Overvoltages
stability studies.
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman System Protection Relays
Power System
Following relays are used to detect system disturbances
Dynamics and for enhancing system stability.
Overview
System Under frequency and over frequency relays.

Protection
Relays Rate of change of frequency relays.
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of Under voltage relays.
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay Reverse power flow relays.
Lightning
Protection
Vector shift relays.
Lightning
Overvoltages For example, consider a voltage distribution system with
Devices
local generation which is synchronized with the grid. During
Summary
grid disturbances, the local plant generators have to be
isolated from the grid.
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Example System with Local Generation
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Loss of Utility in the Example System
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Underfrequency and Rate of Change of Frequency Relays
Dynamics
Overview Load-generation imbalance in a system leads to fall in
System
Protection
frequency.
Relays
Example System Underfrequency relay detects this drop and isolates
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
local generation from the grid.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay Load-generation balance has to be maintained in the
Lightning
Protection
islanded system.
Lightning
Overvoltages In order to speed up the islanding decision, rate of
Devices change of frequency relay is used.
Summary
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
Undervoltage Relay
S.A.Soman If the fault on the grid is close to the plant, voltage at
Power System
the supply point of plant generator drops.
Dynamics
Overview This drop in voltage is used as a signal in undervoltage
System relay.
Protection
Relays
Example System
Reverse Power Relay
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
During prefault state, power was being fed to the plant.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
Undervoltage Relay
Power System
Dynamics
System relay.
Protection
Relays
Example System
Reverse Power Relay
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
During fault in the utility system, the plant will be
Lightning
Protection
isolated from the grid and it may be connected to the
Lightning
Overvoltages downstream loads.
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
Undervoltage Relay
Power System
Dynamics
System relay.
Protection
Relays
Example System
Reverse Power Relay
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Devices
Then, power will flow in reverse direction from plant
Summary
generator to feed the downstream loads.
Power System
Protection
Undervoltage Relay
Power System
Dynamics
System relay.
Protection
Relays
Example System
Reverse Power Relay
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Devices
Then, power will flow in reverse direction from plant
Summary
generator to feed the downstream loads.
This reversal of power flow can be used to island the
plant generator.
Power System
Protection Operation of Reverse Power Flow Pelay
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection Operation of Reverse Power Relay
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Protection
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Lightning discharges produce overvoltage surges and they
are extremely harmful. Lightning overvoltages can be
Power System
Dynamics classified as
Overview
System
Induced overvoltages.
Protection Overvoltages due to shielding failures.
Relays
Example System Overvoltages by back flashovers.
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
Overview
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System
Relays
Example System
Underfrequency and
Frequency Relays
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay
Lightning
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
4 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview Lightning Protection Devices
System The most commonly used devices for protection against
Protection
Relays lightning are:
Example System
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Shielding by earth wires.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay Proper earthing of transmission towers.
Lightning
Protection Surge Arrestors like ZnO varistor.
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Power System
Dynamics
Overview
System Summary
Protection
Relays
Example System
Power System Dynamics.
Underfrequency and
Rate of Change of
Frequency Relays
Various System Protection Relays.
Undervoltage and
Reverse Power Relay Lightning Protection.
Lightning
Protection
Lightning
Overvoltages
Devices
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
S.A.Soman
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
IIT Bombay
Desirable Attributes of Protection

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Desirable Attributes
Desirable
Attributes Dependability
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Reliability Selectivity
Speed in Reliability
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
Summary Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy Conflict
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Dependability
Desirable A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is
Attributes
Dependability expected to trip.
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay
Speed in
will operate correctly.
Relaying
Necessity of Speed Dependability can be improved by increasing the
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
sensitivity of the relaying scheme.
Summary No. of correct trippings 100
%Dependability =
Total No. of desired trippings
Sensitivity
It is the ability of the relay to pick up even on smallest
possible faults.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Security
Desirable
Attributes
Security is a property used to characterize false
Dependability
Security
trippings.
Selectivity
Reliability A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is
Speed in not expected to trip.
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict operate incorrectly.
Summary
Security can be improved by improving selectivity of the
relaying scheme.
No. of correct trippings 100
%Security =
Total No. of trippings
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
Selectivity
S.A.Soman It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault.
Desirable A relay should be able to discriminate whether the fault
Attributes
Dependability is in its jurisdiction or not.
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection.
Speed in Protection zones are classified into primary and backup
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
zones.
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Selectivity is usually provided by
Time discrimination. Overcurrent and distance relays
Desirable
Attributes use this principle.
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Applying differential protection principle. In the case of
Reliability
differential protection, the CT location provides crisp
Speed in
Relaying demarcation of zone of protection.
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Desirable Attribute of Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Reliability
Desirable
Attributes
It is the ability to not to fail in its function.
Dependability
Security It can be achieved by redundancy.
Selectivity
Reliability Redundancy in protection depends on the criticality of
Speed in
Relaying
the apparatus.
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying Reliability can be improved by providing backup
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
protection.
Summary
No. of correct trips 100
% Reliability =
No. of desired trips + No. of incorrect trips
Number of desired tripping can be greater than or equal to
number of correct trippings.
Power System
Protection
Zone of Protection
S.A.Soman A relays zone of protection is a region which defines its
Desirable jurisdiction.
Attributes
Dependability It is shown by demarcating the boundary.
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
It is essential that primary zones of protection should
Speed in
always overlap so that no portion of the system ever
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
remain unprotected.
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes Necessity of Speed in Relaying
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
A fault should be cleared as quickly as possible in order
Reliability to
Speed in
Relaying
Maximize safety
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability to
Speed in
Relaying
Maximize safety
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Minimize equipment damage
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability to
Speed in
Relaying
Maximize safety
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Minimize system instability.
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability to
Speed in
Relaying
Maximize safety
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Minimize system instability.
Summary The relay should quickly arrive at a decision and circuit
breakers should be fast enough.
Power System
Protection
For a single machine infinite bus system,
S.A.Soman
2
Desirable 2H ddt 2 = Pm Pe
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Occurrence of fault reduces
Selectivity
Reliability
Pe to zero and increases.
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Speed in At point D, Pe > Pm and
Relaying
Necessity of Speed the machine decelerates.
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Relaying
in Relaying
d
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict At point E, dt = 0 and
Summary Pe = Pm .
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Relaying
in Relaying
d
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Summary Pe = Pm .
As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
2
Attributes
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Reliability
Relaying
in Relaying
d
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Summary Pe = Pm .
As reduces, generator
starts accelerating and the
swing reverses.
Finally system stabilises at
point O.
Power System
Protection As per equal area criteria, the post fault system
S.A.Soman reaches stable equilibrium if accelerating area is equal
Desirable
to the decelerating area.
Attributes
Dependability
If a machine goes out-of-step with the rest of the
Security
Selectivity
system, it has to be islanded to a sub-system.
Reliability As the fault clearing time increases, the stability margin
Speed in
Relaying
reduces.
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
The fault clearing time at which the stability margin
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict reduces zero is known as critical clearing time.
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Dependability
Security Security
Selectivity
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
2 Speed in Relaying
3 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman The consequences of quick tripping decisions are
Desirable
Nuisance tripping or tripping when there is no fault.
Attributes
Dependability
Tripping for faults outside the relay jurisdiction.
Security
Selectivity
High-speed system tend to be less accurate because of
Reliability lesser amount of information.
Speed in
Relaying
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Desirable
Attributes Summary
Dependability
Security
Selectivity
Desirable Attributes of a Protection System
Reliability
Dependability
Speed in
Relaying Security
Necessity of Speed
in Relaying
Sensitivity
Speed Vs. Accuracy
Conflict
Selectivity
Summary Reliability
Speed Vs Accuracy Conflict
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT Power System Protection
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification S.A.Soman
Summary

IIT Bombay
Introduction to CT
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction 1 Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
2 Equivalent Circuit of CT
Classification
of CTs Modeling of CT
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
3 Classification of CTs
ANSI/IEEE Classification
4 Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Introduction All electrical measurements and relaying decisions are
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
derived from current and voltage signals. CTs and VTs are
Modeling of CT
necessary because
Classification
of CTs They scale down line currents and bus voltages to fed
ANSI/IEEE
Classification into the relays.
Summary
They are sensors for the relay.
They electrically isolate the relaying system from the
apparatus.
Electrical isolation from the primary voltage provides
safety for both human personnel and equipment.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
Equivalent Circuit of CT
S.A.Soman
It is similar to that of a regular transformer.
Introduction The main difference is that CTs have current source
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
excitation.
Modeling of CT
Primary winding of the CT is connected in series with
Classification
of CTs the transmission line.
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
4 Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction Modeling of CT
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
It is assumed that CT primary is connected to a current
Modeling of CT
source.
Classification
of CTs Primary winding resistance and leakage reactance are
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
neglected.
Summary
Magnetizing impedance from primary side is shifted to
secondary side.
The load on the secondary side are the relay burden
and the lead wire resistance.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Modeling of CT
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Modeling of CT
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Total impedance on the secondary side is the sum of
Relay burden.
Introduction
Equivalent Lead wire resistance.

Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT Leakage impedance of secondary winding.
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
The secondary voltage developed by the CT is given by,
S.A.Soman E2 = 4.44fN2 m
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT If Bm corresponding to the peak sinusoidal flux m is
Modeling of CT
above the knee point, the CT will saturate.
Classification
of CTs During saturation, the performance of CT deteriorates.
ANSI/IEEE
Classification CT is to be operated always in closed condition.
Summary The magnetizing impedance falls down during
saturation.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
Classification of CTs
S.A.Soman
CTs can be classified into
Introduction
Measurement CTs.
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Protection CTs.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Measurement CTs.
Equivalent
Circuit of CT They have lower VA capacity than protection grade CTs.
Modeling of CT
It has to be accurate over a range of 5% to 125% of
Classification
of CTs
normal current.
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
It is not expected to give linear response during large
Summary
fault currents.
Protection CTs.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Measurement CTs.
Equivalent
Circuit of CT They have lower VA capacity than protection grade CTs.
Modeling of CT
It has to be accurate over a range of 5% to 125% of
Classification
of CTs
normal current.
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
It is not expected to give linear response during large
Summary
fault currents.
Protection CTs.
It is expected to give linear response upto 20 times the
rated current.
Its performance has to be accurate in the range of
normal currents to fault currents.
In order to get linear response, CT burden has to be
kept low.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
4 Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction ANSI/IEEE standards classify CTs into two types:
Equivalent
Circuit of CT Class T CTs.
Modeling of CT
Classification
Class C CTs.
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Ratio Error
Classification
It is the percentage deviation in the current magnitude in the
Summary
secondary from the desired value.
Ip
N Is IE
Ratio Error = 100 = 100
Is Is
During saturation, ratio errors are very large.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
Class T CTs
S.A.Soman It is a wound type CT with one or more primary turns on
Introduction a core.
Equivalent It has high leakage flux.
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT Its performance can be determined only by test.
Classification
of CTs
CT burden should be kept as low as possible.
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent Class C CTs

Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Its leakage flux is very small.
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
It is more accurate.
Classification
Summary
Its performance can be evaluated from standard
exciting curves.
Ratio error is maintained within 10%.
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Classification
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Summary
Introduction to CT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Equivalent
Circuit of CT
Modeling of CT
Summary
Classification Equivalent circuit and modeling of CTs.
of CTs
ANSI/IEEE
Classification
Measurement CTs and Protection CTs.
Summary Class T CTs and class C CTs.
Ratio error.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
S.A.Soman

IIT Bombay
CT Tutorials
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
2 Problem 2
Problem 4
Problem 5 3 Problem 3
Problem 6
4 Problem 4
5 Problem 5
6 Problem 6
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 1
Problem 4 A 1200/5, C400 CT with excitation curves shown in fig is
Problem 5 connected to a 2 burden. Based on the accuracy
Problem 6 classification, what is the maximum symmetrical fault
current that may be applied to this CT without exceeding
10% ratio error?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 6
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3 Problem 2
Problem 4 A 1200/5, C400 CT is connected on the 1000/5 tap. What is
Problem 5
the maximum secondary burden that can be used so that
Problem 6
we can maintain rated accuracy at 20 times rated
symmetrical secondary current?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 3
Problem 5
Assume that secondary burden of a 300/5, class C CT is
Problem 6 5. The relay setting is 2A. Using excitation curve, calculate
the primary current required to operate the relay.
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3 Problem 4
Problem 4
A relay is expected to operate for 7000A primary current.
Problem 5
The class C CT ratio is 600/5. Secondary burden is 3.5.
Problem 6
Will the CT saturate at this burden? Also, comment on the
ratio error.
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 5
What will be the approximate % error if a 500/5 class C CT
Problem 6 is connected to a burden of 2.5 and the secondary current
is 68A?
CT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Problem 6
Problem 1
If a 300/5 class C CT is connected to a meter with
Problem 2 resistance RI = 1 and secondary current in the CT is 4.5A,
Problem 3 find out the primary current, voltage developed across the
Problem 4 meter and % ratio error. Lead wire resistance RL = 0.02
Problem 5 and secondary resistance RS of a 300/5 CT is 0.15.
Problem 6
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current Power System Protection
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation S.A.Soman
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection IIT Bombay
Summary
CT Saturation and DC Offset Current
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Origin of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
2 CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Consequences of CT Saturation
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor 3 CT Oversizing Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
4 Cautions in CT Selection
5 Summary
Power System
Protection
Origin of DC Offset Current
S.A.Soman Fault current consists of
Origin of DC
Symmetrical AC component.
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
DC offset current.
Offset Current
If Rline + jLline models the line impedance, then for a fault
CT Saturation
due to DC at t = t0 , the fault current will be,
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Vm sin(t + ) tt0
Saturation
i(t) = + I0 e ( )
CT Oversizing |Zline |
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
5 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Peak Value of DC Offset Current
Origin of DC The peak value of DC offset current is obtained by setting
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
the current at t0 to zero. It is given by,
CT Saturation
due to DC Vm
Offset Current I0 = sin(t0 + )
Consequences of CT |Zline |
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor The peak value of DC offset current depends upon the
Cautions in following parameters:
CT Selection
Summary
Time at which fault strikes.
Phase angle of AC voltage.
|Zline | and of transmission line.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
The severity of DC offset current is maximum when,
Origin of DC
Offset Current =
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
t0 = 2
CT Saturation
due to DC It can be also concluded that,
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation Peak value of DC offset current can be as high as the
CT Oversizing symmetrical AC peak.
Factor
Cautions in DC offset current can be positive or negative.

CT Selection
Summary
If = and t0 = 0, DC offset current may be totally
absent.
It has adverse impact on CT performance.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
CT Saturation due to DC Offset Current
Origin of DC
Offset Current
When a CT core is saturated due to DC offset current, it
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
cannot faithfully replicate the primary current waveform. The
CT Saturation secondary current is given by,
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT N1 I0 t
Saturation
i2 = e
CT Oversizing N2
Factor
Cautions in The voltage developed across CT secondary would be,

CT Selection
Summary
N1 RI0 t
v2dc (t) = e
N2
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Power System
Protection Assume that initial flux in the transformer core at t = 0 is
S.A.Soman (0) = 0.
Origin of DC
Using Faradays law,
Offset Current v2 = N2 ddt
Peak Value of DC Rt t
(t) (0) = N12 0 v2 dt = NN 1 RI0
Offset Current
2 (1 e
)
CT Saturation 2
due to DC Vm
Offset Current Since,maximum value of I0 = |Zline | ,
Consequences of CT
N1 RVm
Saturation
max
dc = N22 |Zline |

CT Oversizing
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Power System
Protection
It can be seen that
S.A.Soman AC voltage induced flux is sinusoidal in nature and it
has zero average value.
Origin of DC
Offset Current DC offset induced flux is unidirectional and its average
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current value is not zero.
CT Saturation
due to DC
The peak value of instantaneous flux in the core is
Offset Current
Consequences of CT RVm N1 N1 RVm
Saturation
2
+ 2
CT Oversizing
|Zline | N2 N2 |Zline |
Factor
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
Introduction
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
CT Saturation
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
CT Oversizing
Cautions in
CT Selection
Summary
5 Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
The secondary current
Offset Current
will not faithfully replicate
CT Saturation
due to DC the primary current.
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
Secondary current is
CT Oversizing clipped.
Factor
Cautions in
This clipping of CT
CT Selection current leads to blinding
Summary
of the relay.
The relay should be fast
enough to take decision
before CT saturation.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
CT Oversizing Factor
Origin of DC
Offset Current The way to avoid CT saturation on DC flux is by oversizing
the core so that for flux, max max
Peak Value of DC
ac + dc , corresponding B is
Offset Current
CT Saturation max
ac +dc
max
due to DC below knee point.The factor max
ac is known as core
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Saturation
oversizing factor.
max
CT Oversizing Core oversizing factor = 1 + dc
max
Factor ac
Cautions in = 1 + = 1 + L line
Rline
CT Selection
Summary
= 1 + XR
It is to be noted that high amount of oversizing is not
practical.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Cautions in CT Selection
Origin of DC
Offset Current The following precautions have to be taken while selecting a
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current CT for a particular application.
CT Saturation
due to DC The CT rating and continuous load current should
Offset Current
Consequences of CT match.
Saturation
CT Oversizing The maximum load current should be less than 20

Factor
times the CT rated current.
Cautions in
CT Selection The voltage rating of CT should be compatible.
Summary
It should be ascertained that magnetizing current is
kept much below the pick up value.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Origin of DC
Offset Current
Peak Value of DC
Offset Current
Summary
CT Saturation Origin of DC offset current.
due to DC
Offset Current
Consequences of CT
Range and peak value of DC offset current.
Saturation
CT saturation due to DC offset current.
CT Oversizing
Factor
CT oversizing factor.
Cautions in
CT Selection Precautions to be taken while selecting a CT.
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT Power System Protection

CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem S.A.Soman
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
IIT Bombay
Introduction to VT
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Equivalent Circuit of a VT
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
2 CCVT
Communication
Ferro
CCVT in Power Line Communication
Resonance
Problem
Classification 3 Ferro Resonance Problem

of CCVTs
Summary
4 Classification of CCVTs
5 Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
Voltage Transformers
S.A.Soman
The measurement of voltage for various relaying
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT schemes is done by a VT.
CCVT The equivalent circuit of a VT is similar to that of a
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
conventional transformer.
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer

Circuit of a VT
CCVT A capacitor potential divider is used to cut down VT

CCVT in Power Line
Communication
size and cost.
Ferro
Resonance A reduced voltage is fed to primary of the VT.
Problem
Classification A tuning inductor is connected to compensate for

of CCVTs
capacitance effect.
Summary
1
When L = (C1 +C2 ) , the relay sees the actual
voltage.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Equivalent Circuit of a VT
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
2 CCVT
Communication
Ferro
CCVT in Power Line Communication
Resonance
Problem
Classification 3 Ferro Resonance Problem

of CCVTs
Summary
4 Classification of CCVTs
5 Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection CCVT in Power Line Communication
S.A.Soman
Capacitance potential
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
divider provides a shunt
CCVT path for high frequency
CCVT in Power Line
Communication signals.
Ferro
Resonance
High frequency signals
Problem
can be coupled to power
Classification
of CCVTs line for communication.
Summary Frequency range is 50 -
400kHz.
A drainage reactor is
connected to block the
path to ground for RF
signal.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection Ferro Resonance Problem in CCVT
S.A.Soman Nonlinearity of the iron cores of reactor and transformer
Equivalent causes ferroresonance.
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
Hence, ferroresonance suppression circuit is included
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
in the secondary of CCVT.
Ferro This will aggravate transients in the CCVT.
Resonance
Problem
The differential equation of the equivalent R-L-C circuit is
Classification
of CCVTs given by,
Summary dv di 1 d 2i
= R + i +L 2
dt dt Ceq dt
During fault, v(t)=0 and the equation will be,
d 2i R di 1
+ + i = 0
dt 2 L dt LCeq
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman The standard form of the equation is given by,
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT d 2i
+ 2n + n2 i = 0
CCVT dt 2
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro It can be seen that the response of the circuit depends upon
Resonance
Problem
Classification The damping constant .

of CCVTs
Summary The natural frequency n in rad/sec.

The point on the voltage waveform where the fault
strikes.
The transients formed are known as subsistence transients.
It can reduce the accuracy of distance relays.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT Classification of CCVTs
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
CCVTs are classified into two types:
Communication
Class 1
Ferro
Resonance
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs Class 2
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Class 1
Ferro
Resonance Maximum ratio error is 1%.
Problem
Maximum phase angle error is 40 min.
Classification
of CCVTs Class 2
Summary
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
CCVT
CCVT in Power Line
Communication
Class 1
Ferro
Resonance Maximum ratio error is 1%.
Problem
Classification
of CCVTs Class 2
Summary Maximum ratio error is 2%.
Introduction to VT
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Equivalent
Circuit of a VT
CCVT
Summary
CCVT in Power Line
Communication Role of voltage transformers.
Ferro
Resonance Equivalent Circuit of a CCVT.
Problem
Use of CCVT in pilot wire communication.
Classification
of CCVTs
Ferroresonance problem in CCVTs.
Summary
Classification of CCVTs.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
S.A.Soman

IIT Bombay
VT Tutorials
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
1 Problem 1
2 Problem 2
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection Problem 1
S.A.Soman Design a CCVT for a 132kV transmissiion line using the
Problem 1
following data. Resistive burden (3)=150VA, frequency
Problem 2
deviation to be subjected to, f = 3Hz, phase angle error
= 40minutes. Consider four choices of V2 as 33kV, 11kV,
6.6kV and 3.3kV. Transmission line voltage V = 132kV. The
standardized VT secondary voltage is 110 volts(L-L).
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 2
Problem 1 The equivalent circuit of a CCVT is shown in figure. The
Problem 2
values of C1 and C2 are 0.0018F and 0.0186F
respectively. Tuning inductor has an inductance of 497H
and a resistance of 4620. Xm of the VT referred to 6.6kV
side is 1M, core loss = 20 watts per phase, VA burden =
150VA per phase. Value of Cm for compensating the current
drawn by Xm is equal to 3.183 109 F.
(a) Verify the appropriateness of choice of L and Cm .
(b) Find out the nominal value of V /V2 .
(c) If the frequency drops from 50Hz to 47Hz, what would be
the values of ratio error and phase angle error?
VT Tutorials
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 1
Problem 2
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components S.A.Soman
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors IIT Bombay
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Sequence Components
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Sources of Fault Current
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current 2 Sequence Components
Sequence
Components Positive Sequence Components
Positive Sequence
Components Negative Sequence Components
Negative Sequence
Components Zero Sequence Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Unbalanced
Phasors Linearity in Transformation
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network
Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Computation
Three Phase Fault Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Estimation of fault current is very important because
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Fault current estimates and fault impedance form input
Components
Negative Sequence for setting and coordination of protective devices.
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Since the system should withstand the resulting
Synthesizing stresses due to fault, equipment ratings are decided
Unbalanced
Phasors based on these values.
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
The fault current in a system is contributed by
Sequence
Components Synchronous Motors and Condensors
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Induction Machines
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synchronous Generators
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Electrical Utility System
Phasors
Linearity in
Distributed Generation
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Sequence Components
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
The concept of sequence components was introduced
Sequence by Charles. L. Fortescue in 1918.
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
His intuition was that any 3 unbalanced system has 6
Negative Sequence
Components
degrees of freedom whereas a balanced 3 has only 2
Zero Sequence
Components degrees of freedom.
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Hence an unbalanced 3 phasors can be synthesized
Phasors by 3 sets of balanced phasors. They are
Linearity in
Transformation Positive Sequence Components
Modeling Negative Sequence Components
Network
Zero Sequence Components
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Positive Sequence Components
Introduction
Sources of Fault It represents a set of balanced phasors Va1 , Vb1 and
Current
Sequence
Vc1 .
Components
Positive Sequence They are the balanced set of phasors in steady
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
operation of an ideal system.
Zero Sequence
Components If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
positive sequence voltage, it causes rotation in anti
Phasors clockwise direction.
Linearity in

Vb1 = a2 Va1
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Vc1 = aVa1
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Negative Sequence Components
Introduction
Sources of Fault It represents a set of balanced phasors Va2 , Vb2 and
Current
Sequence
Vc2 .
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
The order of Vb2 and Vc2 has been reversed with
Negative Sequence
Components
respect to positive sequence phasors.
Zero Sequence
Components If the stator of an induction motor is subjected to
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
negative sequence voltage, it causes rotation of rotor in
Phasors clockwise direction.
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Vb2 = aVa2
Network
Fault Current
Vc2 = a2 Va2
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction Zero Sequence Components

Sources of Fault
Current
It represents a set of balanced phasors Va0 , Vb0 and
Sequence
Components

Positive Sequence
Vc0 .
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Application of zero sequence voltage will not cause any
Zero Sequence
Components rotation of rotor of an induction machine.
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
This is because the net mmf induced in the air gap is
Phasors
Linearity in
zero.
Transformation

Modeling Va0 = aVb0 = Vc0
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Mathematical Description of Sequence Components
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Va 1 1 1 Va0
Sequence
Components
Vb = 1 a2 a Va1
Positive Sequence
Components Vc 1 a a2 Va2
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Or
Synthesizing [V abc ] = [T ][Va012 ]
Unbalanced
Phasors
Va0 1 1 1 Va
= 1 1 a a 2 Vb
Linearity in
Transformation
Va1
Modeling 3
Network Va2 1 a2 a Vc
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current
Sequence
Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Significance of Linearity in Sequence Transformation
Current
Sequence Sequence transformation matrix provides a

Components
Positive Sequence
methodology to convert sequence domain phasors to
Components
Negative Sequence phase domain phasors.
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current

Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Components
Zero Sequence
Components Inverse transformation matrix converts phase domain
Synthesizing phasors to sequence domain phasors.
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current

Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Components
Zero Sequence
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Transformation
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current

Components
Positive Sequence
Components
Components
Zero Sequence
Unbalanced
Phasors
Linearity in
There is no loss of information in either domain.
Transformation
Modeling
Both transformations are linear.
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Modeling Network in Sequence Domain
Introduction
Sequence component analysis is used when network is
Sources of Fault
Current
balanced but phasors or loads unbalanced. Consider a
Sequence transposed transmission line with self impedance Zs and
Components
Positive Sequence
mutual impedance Zm .
Components
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
Va Zs Zm Zm Ia
Components
Vb = Zm Zs Zm Ib
Synthesizing
Unbalanced Vc Zm Zm Zs Ic
Phasors
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
Va0 Zs + 2Zm 0 0 Ia0
Network Va1 = 0 Zs Zm 0 Ia1
Fault Current
Computation
Va2 0 0 Zs Zm Ia2
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Current Advantages of Sequence Transformation
Sequence
Components
It is used when the network is balanced and it provides
Positive Sequence
Components
decoupling of the network.
Negative Sequence
Components
Zero Sequence
It can be applied for both balanced and unbalanced
Components
loads.
Synthesizing
Unbalanced
Phasors
Zero sequence currents provide sensitive earth fault
Linearity in
Transformation
detection technique.
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 Introduction
Introduction
Sources of Fault
Sequence
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Components

Unbalanced
Linearity in
Transformation
Modeling
4 Modeling Network
Network

Computation
Sequence Components
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Introduction
Sources of Fault Three Phase Fault
Current
Sequence
For a three phase fault,
Components
Positive Sequence
I2 = I0 = 0 and I1 = Ia
Components
Negative Sequence
For a solid fault, fault current
I1 = ZV1
Components
Zero Sequence
Components
Synthesizing
For fault through an
Unbalanced
Phasors
impedance Zf
Linearity in
Transformation
I1 = Z1V+Zf
Modeling
Network
Fault Current
Computation
Three Phase Fault
Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3 Problem 4 Problem 5 Problem 6 Problem 7 Problem 8 Problem 9 Problem 10
Sequence Components (Tutorial)
S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering,

IIT Bombay
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

Outline
1 Problem 1
2 Problem 2
3 Problem 3
4 Problem 4
5 Problem 5
6 Problem 6
7 Problem 7
8 Problem 8
9 Problem 9
10 Problem 10

Problem 1
The currents in a 3 - unbalanced system are given by

Ia = (10 + j4)A, Ib = (11 j9)A, Ic = (15 + j9)A
Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence currents.

Problem 2
The zero, positive and negative sequence voltages of phase a

are given below. Find out the phase voltages Va , Vb and Vc

V0 = 2000 , V1 = 21030 , V2 = 150190

Problem 3
A 20MVA, 6.6kV 3-phase generator has a positive sequence

impedance of j1.5, negative sequence impedance of j1.0
and zero sequence impedance of j0.5. and Zn = 0 (a) If a
single phase to ground fault occurs on phase a find out the
fault current. (b) If the fault is through an impedance of j2,
what will be the fault current?

Problem 4
In a 3 system, if the per unit values of positive, negative and

zero sequence reactances are given by j0.1, j0.085 and j0.05
respectively. Determine the fault current, if the fault is of the
following types (a) L-L-G (b) L-L.

Problem 5
Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance

of a feeder if its self impedance is j1.67 and mutual
impedance is j0.67. Self impedance Zs = 1.67 and mutual
impedance Zm = 0.67

Problem 6
Assuming b phase to be reference phasor define the sequence

transformation matrix.

Problem 7
Comment if the two sequence transformations obtained by

taking a phase and b phase as reference are identical or not.

Problem 8
In problem No. 2 if the data represented sequence components

with b phase as reference phasor, instead of a phase,

compute Va , Vb and Vc . Comment on the result.

Problem 9
Analyze a bolted S-L-G fault on phase b of an unloaded

transmission line using sequence components with b phase as
reference phasor.

Problem 10
Derive the relationship between zero, positive and negative

sequence phasors defined with b as reference phasor and
corresponding sequence phasors defined with a as reference
phasor.

Thank You

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
S.A.Soman
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of Mutually
Coupled Lines
Modeling of IIT Bombay
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling of Power Apparatus
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Modeling of Electrical
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
1 Review of Per unit Calculation and Modeling of
S.A.Soman Apparatus
Review of Per 2 Modeling Aspects of Static Apparatus
unit
Calculation Modelling of Transmission Line
and Modeling
of Apparatus Modeling of Mutually Coupled Lines
Modeling Modeling of Transformer
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
3 Modeling of Synchronous Machine
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Sequence Modeling of Induction Machines
Coupled Lines Modeling of Electrical Utility Systems
Modeling of
Transformer Load Modeling
Modeling of
Synchronous
Modeling of Series Capacitors
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
4 Sequence Network Admittance Matrix Formulation
Machines
Utility Systems
5 Short Circuit Analysis Using Sequence Components
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Calculation of Short Circuit MVA
Capacitors
Objectives
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation Objectives
and Modeling
of Apparatus Per unit calculation and its advantages.
Modeling Modeling aspects of static apparatus like transmission
Aspects of
Static line and transformers.
Apparatus Modeling of rotating machine like synchronous
Modelling of
Transmission Line
machines and induction machines
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Formation of sequence admittance matrices.
Transformer
Evaluation of Thevenins equivalent.
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Review of Per unit Calculation and Modeling of
Apparatus
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Actual Quantity
Review of Per Per Unit Quantity =
unit
Calculation
Base Quantity
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Base(KVA) 1000
Modeling Base Current(Amp) =
Aspects of
Static
3 Base Volts
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line Base(Volt)
Coupled Lines
Base Impedence(Ohm) =
Modeling of 3 Base Current
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine Actual Impedance(Ohm) Base(MVA in 3 phase)
Sequence Modeling
ZP.U =
(Base(Line Voltage in kV))2
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Advantages of P.U computation
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
1 Manufactures usually provide equipment data with
unit
Calculation
name plate rating as base.
and Modeling
of Apparatus
2 Range for acceptable % or p.u. values can be easily
Modeling fixed.
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
3 Especially useful in networks with multiple voltage
Modelling of
Transmission Line
levels interconnected through transformers.
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
4 P.U impedance of transformer is independent of the kV
Transformer
base.
Modeling of
Synchronous 5 Standard base conversion (scaling with MVA Base)
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
formulae are available.
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modelling of Transmission Line
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modelling of Transmission Line contd..
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman

Review of Per Va Zs Zm Zm Ia
unit Vb = Zm Zs Zm Ib
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Vc Zm Zm Zs Ic
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Applying sequence transformation, we get
Apparatus
Modelling of
V1 = Z1 I1 , V2 = Z2 I2 and V3 = Z3 I3
Transmission Line
where Z1 = Z2 = Zs Zm and Z0 = Zs + 2Zm
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Thus, for a transposed transmission line, the positive
Modeling of and negative sequence impedances are equal. A
Synchronous
Machine commonly used approximation for Z0 is to assume it to
Sequence Modeling
of Induction be three times Z1 .
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Mutually Coupled Lines
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
~ dl~ = inet .
H
Modeling of
Transformer
Amperes law H.
+
Modeling of
Synchronous
inet = ia+ (t) + ib+ (t) + ic+ (t) = 0

Machine
Sequence Modeling
inet = ia (t) + ib (t) + ic (t) = 0
of Induction
+
Machines
inet = I0
Utility Systems
Load Modeling Conlusion: Mutual coupling exhibits only in zero sequence
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
networks.
Mathematical Explaination
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per 1
a1 a2
v a

unit Zs Zm Zm I 1 1 1 I
Calculation 1 b1 b2
b
v = Zm Zs Zm I +j 1 1 1 I
and Modeling

of Apparatus
1 1 2
Modeling v c Zm Zm Zs Ic 1 1 1 Ic
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus Applying sequence transformation we will get
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
1
01
Transformer
v 0 Zs + 2Zm I 3
Modeling of 1 1 21
v = ZsZm I +j 0

Synchronous
Machine 1 1
Sequence Modeling v 1 Zs Zm I 2 0
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Ground
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
+ve sequence circuit, lground = 0, resistance/impenace
Review of Per
unit of ground or neutral wire plays no role. Hence ground
Calculation
and Modeling for +ve sequence circuit is equipotential surface.
of Apparatus
Modeling
Same Conclusion can be drawn for -ve sequence
Aspects of current.
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
For zero sequence current, ground potential or drop in
Transmission Line
Modeling of Mutually the neutral conductor is not zero. It (arrests) the voltage
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
profile.
Modeling of Usually, this drop orequivalent impedance is lumped
Synchronous
Machine with apparatus impedance to creates a equipotential
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
ground plane.
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Core Type Transformer
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines Modeling of +ve and -ve sequence impedance is
Modeling of
Transformer
staright forward - (Equation) net leakage impedance in
Modeling of
Synchronous p.u
Machine
Sequence Modeling
Zero sequence modeling
of Induction
Machines ~a + ~b + ~c = 0 [by KCL]
Utility Systems Hence 0 = 0
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Practically, zero sequence flux leaks through tank
Capacitors
creats heating. Tank is not (saturates)
Modeling of Shell Type Transformer
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer +ve and -ve sequence impedance = leakage
Modeling of
Synchronous
impedance
Machine
Sequence Modeling
Zero sequence impedance
of Induction
Machines Low reluctance to zero sequence flux
Utility Systems High impedance
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Bank of 1 transformer
Power System
Protection +ve seq impedance = -ve seq imp = zero sequence
S.A.Soman impedance
Review of Per
Role of circuit interconnections on + - and zero seq
unit
Calculation
circuits of transformers
and Modeling
of Apparatus
+, -ve sequence cirduits, staright forward,
Modeling
zero sequence circuit
Aspects of In delta winding zero sequence currents are exists
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
in star-ungrounded with I0 = 0 i.e. leads to o.c
Modeling of Transformer contd..
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Synchronous Machine
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
00
unit
Calculation
The subtransient reactance Xd determines the current
and Modeling
of Apparatus
during the first cycle after fault occurs.
Modeling In about 0.1sec, reactance increases to transient
Aspects of 0
Static reactance Xd .
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
In about 0.5sec to 2sec reactance increases to Xd , the
Coupled Lines synchronous reactance; this is the value that
Modeling of
Transformer determines the current flow after a steady state
Modeling of
Synchronous
condition is reached.
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Synchronous Machine
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit During a fault, motor acts as a generator to supply fault
Calculation
and Modeling current. The rotor carrying the field winding is driven by the
of Apparatus
inertia of the rotor and load. Stator excitation is reduced due
Modeling
Aspects of to drop in voltage. The fault current diminishes as the rotor
Static
Apparatus decelerates. The generator equivalent circuit is used for
Modelling of
Transmission Line synchronous motor. The constant driving voltage and three
Modeling of Mutually 00 0
Coupled Lines reactance Xd , Xd , and Xd are used to establish the current
Modeling of
Transformer
values at three points in time. Synchronous condensers can
Modeling of
Synchronous be treated in same manner as synchronous motors.
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Negative sequence Impedance of Synchronous
Machines
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling For a synchronous machine, positive and negative
of Apparatus
sequence impedances cannot be equal.
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Hence, double frequency emf and currents are induced
Apparatus
Modelling of
in rotor.
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Negative sequence impedance is 70-95% of
Modeling of
Transformer
subtransient reactance.
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Zero Sequence Impedance of Synchronous
Machines
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Zero Sequence currents cannot create rotating mmf. In
Review of Per fact, with sinusoidally distributed three phase windings,
unit
Calculation the net flux at any point in the air gap is zero.
and Modeling
of Apparatus Hence, zero sequence impedance is only a small %
Modeling
Aspects of
(0.1-0.7) of the positive sequence impedances
Static
Apparatus Since synchronous machines only generate positive
Modelling of
Transmission Line sequence voltage, the internal voltages used with
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
negative sequence and zero sequence networks are
Transformer
zero.
Modeling of
Synchronous If Y point is grounded through impedance Zg , then 3Zg
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
will have to be added to zero sequence impedance of
Machines
generator.
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection In asynchronous machines, transient state of current is
S.A.Soman damped quickly i.e. within 1-2 cycle. During a fault,
Review of Per
rotor is driven by inertia of load and rotor itself. There is
unit
Calculation
no dc field excitation on rotor. Rotor winding is short
and Modeling
of Apparatus
circuited. Hence, whatever rotor excitation is present, it
Modeling
is due to the induced fields in the rotor from the rotating
Aspects of
Static
stator mmf. As stator excitation is lost and rotor slows
Apparatus
Modelling of
down, this field is lost quickly. The current contribution
Transmission Line
of an induction motor to a terminal fault reduces and
Coupled Lines
Modeling of disappears completely after a few cycles.
Transformer
Modeling of
As a consequence, only the sub transient value of
00
Synchronous
Machine
reactance Xd is assigned for positive and negative
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
sequence. This value is almost equal to the locked
Machines
rotor reactance. Subsequently, machine behaves as a
Utility Systems
kV 2
Load Modeling passive element with impedance of value Z = MVA
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
where rated LL voltage and 3 phase MVA rating is used.
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Modeling of Electrical Utility Systems
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
The generator equivalent circuit can be used to represent a
and Modeling
of Apparatus
utility system. Usually, the utility generators are remote from
Modeling the industrial plant. The current contributed to a fault in the
Aspects of
Static
remote plant appears to be merely a small increase in load
Apparatus
Modelling of
to the very large central station generators, and this current
Transmission Line
contribution tends to remain constant. Hence, it is
Coupled Lines
Modeling of represented at the plant by single valued equivalent
Transformer
Modeling of
impedance referred to the point of connection.
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Load Modeling
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit One approximate way of accounting prefault load flow
Calculation
and Modeling condition in short circuit analysis associated with
of Apparatus
transmission system is to model load as positive sequence
Modeling
Aspects of shunt impedance.
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
V1 |Vi2
=
I1
Coupled Lines (Pi jQi )
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of old .
The shunt load impedances are added into diagonal of Ybus
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Sequence Network Admittance Matrix
Formulation
Power System
Protection
I1abc abc Y abc abc V1abc

S.A.Soman
Y11 12 Y1n
Review of Per
I2abc abc Y abc
Y21 22
abc
Y2n V2abc
=

unit
Calculation
.. .. .. .. .. ..
and Modeling
. . . . . .
of Apparatus
Inabc abc Y abc
Yn1 n2
abc
Ynn Vnabc
Modeling
Aspects of abc V 012

Static V1
[T ] 1
Apparatus
V abc V2012
[T ]
Modelling of

2
Transmission Line
=

.. .
..
[T ]

Coupled Lines .
Modeling of
Transformer
Vnabc [T ] Vn012
Modeling of
Synchronous 0
0 0
Machine Ibus YBUS Vbus
Sequence Modeling
of Induction I1 = 1
YBUS V1
Machines bus bus
Modeling of Electrical 2
Ibus 2
YBUS 2
Vbus
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Differences between YBUS Modeling in SCA
and LF
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
Load flow analysis uses only positive sequence
and Modeling
of Apparatus
admittance matrix while short circuit analysis requires
Modeling
positive, negative and zero sequence admittance
Aspects of
Static
matrix.
Apparatus
Modelling of In load flow analysis, the voltage at generator terminal
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
is assumed to be fixed. Hence, source impedance and
Modeling of
Transformer
internal generator voltages are not modeled.
Modeling of
Synchronous
In SCA
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
SCA
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 , Y 2 andY 0
Step1: Build Ybus
Review of Per bus bus
unit
Calculation Step2: To compute Thevenins equivalent impeance at
and Modeling
of Apparatus bus i inject 1pu current in each network and solve for
Modeling
0 ][V 0 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 0
v i.e. solve [Ybus i ii
Aspects of
Static
1 ][V 1 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 1
[Ybus i ii
Apparatus 2 ][V 2 ] = [e ] and obtain Z 2
Modelling of [Ybus i ii
Transmission Line
Coupled Lines Step3: Use Standard fault current calculate formulae to
Modeling of
Transformer solve for fault currents
Modeling of
Synchronous Remark: Solution in step-2 can be done by efficient
Machine
Sequence Modeling
sparse matrix computational technique.
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Apparatus
unit
and Modeling
Aspects of
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
Modeling of
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Calculation
and Modeling
of Apparatus
Modeling 3 short circuit MVA = I3 (in pu) 3 base MVA

Aspects of
Static S L G Short circuit MVA = ISLG (in pu) 3
Apparatus
Modelling of
Transmission Line
base MVA
Coupled Lines
Modeling of
Transformer
Modeling of
Synchronous
Machine
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Closing Remarks
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Review of Per
unit
Fault analysis methods are quasi steady state model of
Calculation
and Modeling
dynamic system. It uses Limited Data
of Apparatus
More accurate models requires EMTP -EMTP requires
Modeling
Aspects of large data
Static
Apparatus
Modelling of
approximate asymmetrical currents due to dc offset in
Transmission Line
fauls analysis are obtained by using approximate
Coupled Lines
Modeling of multiplier (... .....)
Transformer
Modeling of SCA ysed for relay coordination, breaker () selection

Synchronous
Machine etc.....
Sequence Modeling
of Induction
Machines
Utility Systems
Load Modeling
Modeling of Series
Capacitors
Problem 1 Problem 2
Sequence Modeling (Tutorial)
S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering,

IIT Bombay

Problem 1 Problem 2
Outline
1 Problem 1
2 Problem 2

Problem 1 Problem 2
Problem 1
Figure shows the single line diagram of a 13.8kV system
connected to a 480V bus through a 13.8kV/480V transformer.
Two motor loads of 400hp and 600hp are connected to the bus
through three parallel three core copper cables. If a 3 phase
bolted fault occurs at F1 , compute the fault currents. Repeat the
calculations for fault at F2 .

Problem 1 Problem 2
Problem 2
Figure shows the single line diagram of a 3 bus system. The
sequence data for transmission lines and generators are given
in table. If a bolted single line to ground fault occurs at F,
calculate the fault current. If the fault impedance is j0.1 pu;
what will be the fault current?

Problem 1 Problem 2
Problem 2 (Contd.)
Sequence Data in pu
Description
Zero Positive Negative
Generator-A j0.03 j0.25 j0.15
Generator-B j0.02 j0.20 j0.12
Transmission Line 1 j0.24 j0.08 j0.08

Problem 1 Problem 2
Thank You

Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac- S.A.Soman

teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting Department of Electrical Engineering
Characteristics
IIT Bombay
Classification
of Fuses
Non-Current Limiting
Fuses Fuse Protection
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection 1 Abnormality and Faults
S.A.Soman Abnormal State
Abnormality Sources of Fault Current
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
2 Introduction to Fuse
Current
Introduction to
3 Fuse Characteristics
Fuse
Thermal Characteristics
Fuse Charac-
teristics Interrupting Characteristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
4 Classification of Fuses
Characteristics
Non-Current Limiting Fuses
Classification
of Fuses Current Limiting Fuse
Fuses
Current Limiting
Power Class and Distribution Class Fuses
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
5 Physics of Arc Interruption
Fuses
Physics of Arc 6 Summary

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Abnormal State
S.A.Soman Pertains to deviation from the rated operating point.
Abnormality
Operation in this state for a long time can lead to
and Faults
Abnormal State
damage of the equipment.
Sources of Fault
Current
It is also unsafe to operate in this region.
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality In a radial system with single source, the magnitude of fault
and Faults
Abnormal State current depends upon the following:
Sources of Fault
Current
Source contribution.
Introduction to
Fuse Transformer impedance.
Fuse Charac-
teristics Motor contribution
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Distance of fault from the source.
Characteristics
Classification
The transformer short circuit current is given by,
of Fuses
Fuses 100
Current Limiting Isc = Transformer Full Load Current
Fuse %Z
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Introduction to Fuse
S.A.Soman A fuse is a device that opens a circuit with a fusible part
which is heated and severed by current flowing through it.Its
Abnormality
and Faults operation involves two phases.
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Melting of the fuse element when the current has large
Introduction to
enough magnitude.
Fuse
Current interruption when the arc stuck is de-ionized.
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Fuse Characteristics
Sources of Fault
Current
Thermal Characeristics
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal Interrupting Characteristics
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse Current rating.
Fuse Charac- Melting characteristics.
teristics
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse Current rating.
Fuse Charac- Melting characteristics.
teristics
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Voltage rating.
Classification
Interrupting rating.
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection Thermal Characteristics
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State The melting time of fuse
Sources of Fault
Current is inversely proportional
Introduction to
Fuse
to the square of
Fuse Charac-
magnitude of current.
teristics
Thermal This relationship is given
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
by its melting time
Classification current characteristics.
of Fuses
Fuses
Fuse has very inverse
Current Limiting
Fuse
time current
Power Class and
Distribution Class characteristics.
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection Interrupting Characteristics
S.A.Soman
During arcing period, fuse must withstand transient
Abnormality
and Faults voltage condition and steady state recovery voltage.
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Because of the stored energy in the inductive elements
Introduction to of the power system, for large currents, arcing time is
Fuse
large.
Fuse Charac-
teristics Addition of melting time and arcing time gives the total
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
clearing time.
Characteristics
Classification
Total clearing curve (TCC) gives this information.
of Fuses
These characteristics are used to coordinate fuse with
Fuses
Current Limiting overcurrent relays.
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class Voltage rating of a fuse is the highest voltage at which
Fuses
Physics of Arc
fuse is designed to operate.
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Total Clearing Curve
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection Non-Current Limiting Fuse
S.A.Soman
Expulsion Fuse
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Vacuum Fuse
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
S.A.Soman
Expulsion Fuse
Abnormality It is used in overhead circuits and equipments where
and Faults
Abnormal State expulsion gases causes no problem.
Sources of Fault
Current Due to high temperature of the arc, special gas
Introduction to generating materials like fiber, melanine,boric acid, oil
Fuse
etc rapidly create gases.
Fuse Charac-
teristics
These gases help to reduce the arc channel and
Thermal
Characteristics
deionize the arc.
Interrupting
Characteristics
This leads to rapid build up of dielectric strength that
Classification
can withstand the transient recovery voltage.
of Fuses
Vacuum Fuse
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
S.A.Soman
Expulsion Fuse
Abnormality It is used in overhead circuits and equipments where
and Faults
Abnormal State expulsion gases causes no problem.
Sources of Fault
Current Due to high temperature of the arc, special gas
Introduction to generating materials like fiber, melanine,boric acid, oil
Fuse
etc rapidly create gases.
Fuse Charac-
teristics
These gases help to reduce the arc channel and
Thermal
Characteristics
deionize the arc.
Interrupting
Characteristics
This leads to rapid build up of dielectric strength that
Classification
can withstand the transient recovery voltage.
of Fuses
Vacuum Fuse
Fuses
Current Limiting Its design, operation and current-voltage-time
Fuse
Power Class and characteristics are similar to that of expulsion fuse.
Distribution Class
Fuses It is a completely sealed unit.
Physics of Arc There is no expulsion action.
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Current-Voltage-Time Relationship of Expulsion Fuse
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality Current Limiting Fuse

and Faults
Abnormal State The basic principle is to insert a high resistance in the
Sources of Fault
Current
fault circuit which is otherwise inductive.
Introduction to
Fuse This makes zero crossing of current and voltage in
Fuse Charac-
teristics
phase.
Thermal
Characteristics Thus temporary arc is extinguished and dielectric
Interrupting
Characteristics medium will be quickly deionized.
Classification
of Fuses The fusible element used is very long and surrounded
Fuses by silica sand.
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Current Limiting Fuse
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Current-Voltage-Time Relationship of Current Limiting Fuse
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses

Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State Classification Based on Domain of Application
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Power class fuses which are used in or near to
Fuse
generating station or substation for three phase circuits.
Fuse Charac-
teristics Distribution fuses have specifications closely matching
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
to distribution system and are away from source or
Characteristics
substation on a single phase or a three phase system.
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
Physics of Arc Interruption
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
The differential equation governing the simplified fault
Characteristics
current circuit is given by,
Classification
of Fuses di
Fuses
v (t) earc (t) = L
Current Limiting dt
Fuse Z
Power Class and
1
Distribution Class
Fuses i(t) = (v (t) earc (t))dt
Physics of Arc
L
Interruption
earc (t) is the arc voltage and v(t) is the source voltage.
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
From the equation it can be seen that
Abnormality
and Faults The current is proportional to the area under the
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
difference of source and arc voltage.
Current
Introduction to
A higher source voltage will adversely affect the
Fuse interruption of current.
Fuse Charac-
teristics A high fuse arc voltage will help in limiting the fault
Thermal
Characteristics current.
Interrupting
Characteristics
The fuse arc voltage sustained over a time has a
Classification
of Fuses positive impact on limiting fault current.
Fuses
Current Limiting Lower the inductance, higher the available prospective
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
fault current.
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current
Introduction to
Fuse
Fuse Charac-
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification
of Fuses
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Fuse Protection
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Abnormality
and Faults Summary
Abnormal State
Sources of Fault
Current Abnormality and faults.
Introduction to
Fuse
Sources of fault currents.
Fuse Charac- Fuse for overcurrent protection.
teristics
Thermal
Characteristics
Characteristics of fuse.
Interrupting
Characteristics
Classification of fuse.
Classification
of Fuses Physics of arc interruption.
Fuses
Current Limiting
Fuse
Power Class and
Distribution Class
Fuses
Physics of Arc
Interruption
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification S.A.Soman
of Overcurrent
Relay
Lack of Coordination
Problem Department of Electrical Engineering
IEC Standard
Equations IIT Bombay
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection

Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Fundamentals of Overcurrent Protection
Power System
Protection 1 Principles of Overcurrent Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of Algorithm for Overcurrent Relay
Overcurrent
Protection Time Multiplier Setting
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay 2 Classification of Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Lack of Coordination Problem
Classification
of Overcurrent IEC Standard Equations
Relay
IEEE Standard Equations
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations 3 Pick up Current Setting
IEEE Standard
Equations Guidelines
Pick up
Current
Primary and Back up Relays
Setting
Guidelines
Setting and Coordination
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection Limitations of a Fuse
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay It is difficult to control the time to trip.
Time Multiplier
Setting
This makes primary backup relay coordination difficult.
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Once fuse melts, it has to be replaced for
Problem
reenergization of the equipment.
IEC Standard
Equations Thus it is difficult to have remote operation.
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Algorithm for Overcurrent Relay
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse Set reference or threshold for discriminating
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
overcurrent Iref .
Setting
Classification
Measure device current I.
of Overcurrent
Relay Compute the ratio abs( IrefI ) which is known as the Plug
Problem Setting Multiplier.
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Trip the device, if PSM is above the threshold. The
Equations
threshold is always greater than 1.
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Time Multiplier Setting
Principles of
Overcurrent
Overcurrent relays normally play the dual roles of
Protection
primary and backup protection.
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay Backup action requires a wait state.
Time Multiplier
Setting
By providing the additional setting feature of TMS, this
Classification
of Overcurrent can be achieved.
Relay
Problem
TMS is defined as the ratio TTm , where T is the desired
IEC Standard
Equations relay operating time for a given PSM and Tm is the
IEEE Standard
Equations corresponding operating time at TMS=1.
Pick up
Current Relay operating time can be varied by varying the TMS
Setting
Guidelines setting.
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Classification of Overcurrent Relay
Principles of
Overcurrent Instantaneous relay
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse Its action is very fast.
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay It has only pick up setting.
Time Multiplier
Setting It does not have any TMS setting.
Classification This relay is not suitable for backup protection.
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent Instantaneous relay
Protection
Limitations of a Fuse Its action is very fast.
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay It has only pick up setting.
Time Multiplier
Setting It does not have any TMS setting.
Classification This relay is not suitable for backup protection.
of Overcurrent
Relay Time delayed definite time relay
Problem It can be adjusted to issue trip decision after a specified
IEC Standard
Equations delay.
IEEE Standard
Equations This delay is independant of PSM value.
Pick up It has both time setting and pick up setting.
Current
Setting It is used for short length feeders.
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
Overcurrent Protection Using Definite Time Relay
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current R1 trips without any intentional time delay.
Setting
Guidelines R2 has to coordinate with R1 and its operation is
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
delayed by CTI.
Coordination
R3 has to back up R2 and it is again time delayed.
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Lack of Coordination Between Fuse and DT relay
Principles of
DT relay R1 has to back
Overcurrent
Protection
up fuse.
Algorithm for After point X relay acts
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
faster than fuse.
Classification This lack of coordination
of Overcurrent
Relay is due to different
Problem characteristics of fuse
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
and relay.
Equations
Pick up
This lead to the
Current
Setting
development of inverse
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
characteristics for
Relays
Setting and
overcurrent relay.
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman Inverse definite minimum time relay
It is inverse in the initial part and tends to approach a
Principles of
Overcurrent definite minimum operating time characteristics as the
Protection
current becomes high.
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
This is the most widely used characteristics.
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
IEC Standard Equations for Inverse Characteristics
S.A.Soman
Standard Inverse Characteristics
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection 0.14
Limitations of a Fuse t = TMS
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
(I/Is )0.02 1
Time Multiplier
Setting
Very Inverse Characteristics
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay 13.5
t = TMS
Problem
IEC Standard (I/Is ) 1
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Extremely Inverse Characteristics
Pick up
Current
Setting 80
Guidelines t = TMS
Primary and Back up
Relays
(I/Is )2 1
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
IEEE Stanard Equations for Inverse Characteristics

Principles of

Overcurrent
Protection
Moderately inverse: t = TD 7
0.0515
(I/Is )0.02 1
+ 0.114
Algorithm for

Overcurrent Relay TD 19.61
Time Multiplier Very inverse: t = 7 (I/Is )2 1
+ 0.491
Setting
Classification

of Overcurrent
Relay Extremely Inverse: t = TD7
28.2
(I/Is )2 1
+ 0.1217
Problem
IEC Standard

TD 5.95
Equations
IEEE Standard
US CO8 Inverse: t = 7 (I/Is )2 1
+ 0.18
Equations
Pick up

Current TD 0.02394
Setting
US CO2 Inverse: t = 7 (I/Is )0.02 1
+ 0.01694
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
IEEE Standard Curves
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
Faults are classified into two:
S.A.Soman Phase fault which do not involve ground.
Principles of
Earth fault which involve ground.
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Guidelines for Setting Pickup Current for Phase Fault
Principles of
Overcurrent Relays
Protection
Algorithm for
Pickup current should be above the maximum load
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
current.
Setting
Classification
Pickup current should be below minimum fault current.
of Overcurrent
Relay Pickup current should also be below the minimum fault
Problem current of the feeder that it has to back up.
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
The back up relay also should provide time for primary
Equations
relay to operate. This time interval is known as
Pick up
Current coordination time interval.
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection Algorithm for Identifying Primary and Backup Relays
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Identify leaf nodes and
Algorithm for
root nodes.
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Find the parents of the
Classification active child nodes.
of Overcurrent
Relay The corresponding
Problem relays should back up
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
the leaf node relays.
Equations
Pick up
Update active child
Current
Setting
nodes to corresponding
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
parent node.
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent
Protection
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
of Overcurrent
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
S.A.Soman
Overcurrent
Algorithm for
Time Multiplier
Setting
Classification
Relay
Problem
IEC Standard
IEEE Standard
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
4 Summary
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
Algorithm for Setting and Coordination of Overcurrent
S.A.Soman Relays in a Radial System
Principles of Initialize the coordination tree.
Overcurrent
Protection Are there any leaf nodes except the root? If yes, go to
Algorithm for
Overcurrent Relay
step 3, else go to step 7.
Time Multiplier
Setting Identify the leaf node in coordination tree.
Classification
of Overcurrent If the PSM of these relays are not set so far, set their
Relay
PSM.
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
Identify the parents of leaf nodes in step 3. Compute
IEEE Standard
Equations their PSM and TMS for backup protection and
Pick up coordination.
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Delete the leaf nodes. Update the coordination tree and
Primary and Back up
Relays
go back to step 2.
Setting and
Coordination Coordination activity is complete.
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Principles of
Overcurrent Summary
Protection
Algorithm for
Limitations of fuse protection.
Overcurrent Relay
Time Multiplier
Setting
Fundamental principle of overcurrent relay.
Classification Plug setting multiplier and time multiplier setting.
of Overcurrent
Relay
Classification of overcurrent relay.
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
Primary relay and back up relay.
IEEE Standard
Equations Setting and coordination of overcurrent relays.
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard S.A.Soman
Equations
Pick up
Current Department of Electrical Engineering
Setting
Guidelines
IIT Bombay
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination PSM Setting and Relay Coordination (Tutorial for Phase
Summary Faults)
PSM Setting And Relay Coordination(Tutorial
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
1 PSM Setting for Primary and Backup Protection
PSM Setting
for Primary Lack of Coordination Problem
and Backup
Protection IEC Standard Equations
Problem IEEE Standard Equations
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
2 Pick up Current Setting
Pick up
Current Guidelines
Setting
Guidelines Primary and Back up Relays
Primary and Back up
Relays Setting and Coordination
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
3 Summary
PSM Setting and Relay Coordination(Tutorial
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
PSM Setting for Primary and Backup Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines Pick up current should be above 1.25 times maximum
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
load current.
Coordination
Summary
Pick up current should be limited to 23 rd of minimum
fault current.
Backup protection is provided by time discrimination
principle.
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting Algorithm for Overcurrent Relay

for Primary
and Backup R MxFL MnPC MnFC MxPC MxFC PSM TMS
Protection
Lack of Coordination R1 50 62.5 250 167 500 160 0.025
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
R2 100 125 650 167 1200 167 0.07
IEEE Standard
Equations R3 200 250 1100 433 2000 400 0.086
Pick up R4 250 312.5 1600 733 3500 700 0.097
Current
Setting where, MxFL = Max feeder segment load current
Guidelines
Primary and Back up MnPC = Min limit on pickup current
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
MnFC = Min fault current on remote bus
Summary MxFC = Max fault current
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Fault Type and CT Burden
In three phase CT connection, the burden on individual CT
PSM Setting
for Primary will depend upon
and Backup
Protection Type of connection, i.e. star or delta.
Problem
IEC Standard Type of fault, i.e. phase fault or ground fault.
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations For a three phase fault in a star connected CT, the effective
Pick up impedance seen by the CT will be
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Z = RS + RL + ZR
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
For a three phase to ground fault, it will be,
Summary
Z = RS + 2RL + ZR
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup
Protection
Problem
IEC Standard
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
Pick up
Current
Setting
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Relays
Setting and
Coordination
Summary
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
Problem 2
PSM Setting
for Primary An 8MVA, 138/13.8kV transformer is connected to an
and Backup
Protection infinite bus. If a bolted three phase fault occurs at F,
Problem
IEC Standard
find out the fault current. The impedance of the
Equations
IEEE Standard
transformer is 10% and location of the fault is close to
Equations
the bus as shown in the figure.
Pick up
Current
Setting
If the distribution feeder has 600/5 C200 CT with a
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
knee point of 100V, calculate the voltage developed
Relays
Setting and
across CT and comment on its performance. CT
Coordination
secondary resistance is 0.414, lead wire resistance is
Summary
0.411 and relay impedance is 0.259.
for Phase Faults)
Power System
Protection
S.A.Soman
PSM Setting
for Primary
and Backup If the existing 8MVA transformer is replaced with a new
Protection
28MVA transformer with 10% leakage impedance, find
Problem
IEC Standard out the new fault current. Will this new fault current lead
Equations
IEEE Standard
Equations
to CT saturation?
Pick up In case CT saturates, comment on the performance of
Current
Setting Primary relay
Guidelines
Primary and Back up
Back up relay
Relays
Setting and
Coordination between primary and back up relay pair
Coordination
Summary

p310-NPTEL-Power-System-Protection S.A Soman PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

p310-NPTEL-Power-System-Protection S.A Soman PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Power System

Power System Protection

Relays First generation of

Summary It can be made adaptive.

Overview What is a Circuit Breaker?

Circuit Types of Protection.

Distance Used in radial distribution systems.

Differential By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

Differential By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in

System Under frequency and over frequency relays.

Desirable Attributes of Protection

Department of Electrical Engineering

Equivalent Lead wire resistance.

Equivalent Class C CTs

Department of Electrical Engineering

Cautions in DC offset current can be positive or negative.

Cautions in The voltage developed across CT secondary would be,

CT Oversizing The maximum load current should be less than 20

CCVT Power System Protection

Classification 3 Ferro Resonance Problem

Equivalent Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer

CCVT A capacitor potential divider is used to cut down VT

Classification A tuning inductor is connected to compensate for

Classification 3 Ferro Resonance Problem

Classification The damping constant .

Summary The natural frequency n in rad/sec.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Introduction Zero Sequence Components

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Sequence Sequence transformation matrix provides a

Sequence Sequence transformation matrix provides a

Sequence Sequence transformation matrix provides a

Sequence Sequence transformation matrix provides a

Synthesizing 3 Synthesizing Unbalanced Phasors

Fault Current 5 Fault Current Computation

Sequence Components (Tutorial)

Department of Electrical Engineering,

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

The currents in a 3 - unbalanced system are given by

Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence currents.

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

The zero, positive and negative sequence voltages of phase a

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

A 20MVA, 6.6kV 3-phase generator has a positive sequence

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

In a 3 system, if the per unit values of positive, negative and

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

Calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

Assuming b phase to be reference phasor define the sequence

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay