Ledsmagazine Feb2012

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FEBRUARY 2012
+
LEDsmagazine.com
LED Capacity
Using all the lumens
you paid for P.25
Europe
EC initiates urgent
action on SSL P.33
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES UV LEDs

New uses for short
wavelengths P.38
LED Chips
GaN growth
on silicon P.9
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THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND
Spotlights

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Worldwide Offices:
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2012 NuSil Technology LLC. All rights reserved.
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ISSUE 49
2012
february Cover Story
GaN LEDs fabricated on large silicon
substrates offer the promise of lower-
cost manufacturingif high device
performance can be achieved. See
page 9. Photo courtesy of Osram Opto
Semiconductors.
features
21 STANDARDS Jianzhong Jiao, Osram Opto Semiconductors
Lumen-maintenance testing for LED lamps, light
engines and luminaires
25 LIGHTING David Cox, Michael McClintic, Don Hirsh, Cree

Are you using all of the lumens that you paid for?
columns/departments
31 EUROPE Tim Whitaker 4 COMMENTARY Tim Whitaker

European Commission initiates public consultation Uncertainty remains the order of the day
on LED lighting
9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
38 UV LEDS Laura Peters
UV LEDs ramp up the quiet side of the LED market
Osram Opto unveils R&D results
from GaN LEDs grown on silicon
Philips Lumileds appoints Pierre
47 CONTROLS Maury Wright
Use of controls escalates in LED lighting despite lack
Yves Lesaicherre as new CEO
SEMI forecasts reduced MOCVD
of standards purchases in 2012
OLED research team wins
55 LIGHTING Tim Whitaker
LED lighting at Louvre symbolizes Toshiba's move
German innovation award
LED lawsuits and licensing
into Europe Cree aims to reduce system
cost with XLamp XB-D LED
59 OPTICS Wu Jiang and Kevin Schneider, LED Engin Inc.
TIR optics enhance the illuminance on target for
directional LED modules 17 FUNDING+PROGRAMS
US spending bill delays lamp-
63 OPTICAL SAFETY Leslie Lyons, Bentham Instruments Ltd efficiency enforcement
LED-based products must meet photobiological safety DOE study finds no LED replacement
for post-top street lights
standards: part 3
LEDs shed new light on social housing
71 DESIGN FORUM Kamal Najmi, Texas Instruments

Low-voltage LED lamps present unique driver 76 LAST WORD Maury Wright
challenge Color-quality standards bodies need
to consider the broad user base
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commentary
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
Uncertainty remains EDITOR Tim Whitaker

twhitaker@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
the order of the day nicolep@pennwell.com

SENIOR TECHNICAL Maury Wright
EDITOR maurywright@gmail.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
I
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Luba Hrynyk
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
f youre reading this at Strategies in Light are not optimized for lighting. In sharp SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
(February 7-9 in Santa Clara, CA), you may contrast is Crees new XB-D LED (page 14), AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Jayne Sears-Renfer
already have heard the latest LED market which has a very small footprint (2.45 x 2.45
forecast from Strategies Unlimited, which mm) and is intended to boost the amount of
will give everyone a much clearer idea of lumens per dollar that lighting-system inte- EDITORIAL OFFICES PennWell Corporation,
LEDs Magazine
where the industry is heading. Compared grators can achieve. Many other examples 98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1
with over 100% growth year-on-year in 2010, are available from other LED makers. Nashua, NH 03062-5737
last year was relatively slow and it seems LED cost reduction is a major factor that Tel: +1 603 891-0123
Fax: +1 603 891-0574
likely that the total market growth in 2011 will continue to influence LED-lighting www.ledsmagazine.com
was under 10%. Rapid installation of LED adoption, as part of the bigger picture of life- SALES OFFICES
production capacity, built to serve the dis- time costs and payback. Moving LED pro- SALES MANAGER Mary Donnelly
(US EAST COAST) maryd@pennwell.com
play-backlighting market, and lower-than- duction to larger wafer sizes is a traditional
Tel. +1 603 891 9398
expected sales of TVs, have contributed to an way to reduce costs. Interestingly, Cree is SALES MANAGER Allison OConnor
aggressive pricing environment, to quote decelerating its conversion from 100-mm (US WEST COAST) allison@jagmediasales.com
Tel. +1 480 991 9109
Crees latest quarterly report (www.ledsmag-
_________ to 150-mm wafers, in order to get the most
SALES MANAGER Joanna Hook
azine.com/news/9/1/20). from its factory in the short term by boost- (EUROPE) joannah@pennwell.com
Chuck Swoboda, Cree chairman and CEO, ing its utilization rates. Low rates of capac- Tel. +44(0)117 946 7262
SALES MANAGER Manami Konishi
also described the current business envi- ity utilization are a feature of many LED fabs (JAPAN) konishi-manami@ics-inc.co.jp
ronment as challenging but spoke about at the present time. Tel: +81 3 3219 3641
the need to expand LED lighting adoption, Cree makes GaN-based LEDs on sili- SALES MANAGER Mark Mak
(CHINA & HONG KONG) markm@actintl.com.hk
because adoption expands the market for con-carbide substrates, while most other Tel: +852 2838 6298
both Cree and our customers. He said that LED makers use sapphire. Meanwhile, sil- SALES MANAGER Diana Wei
(TAIWAN) diana@arco.com.tw
Crees belief is that innovation drives pay- icon substrates could offer significant
Tel: 886-2-2396-5128 ext:270
back, [and] payback drives adoption. cost savings if LEDs can be fabricated on SALES MANAGER Young Baek
On the subject of adoption, the European large (at least 200-mm) wafers with per- (KOREA) ymedia@chol.com
Tel: +82 2 2273 4818
Commission (EC) believes that Europe is formance and yield that matches cur- CORPORATE OFFICERS
lagging behind other regions and countries, rent production devices. Although not CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
and feels that the situation requires imme- the fi rst LED maker to reveal details of its PRESIDENT AND CEO Robert F. Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Mark C. Wilmoth
diate action. The EC has published its long- efforts to grow GaN-based LEDs on sili-
TECHNOLOGY GROUP
awaited Green Paper on solid-state light- con, Osram Opto Semiconductors has made
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine A. Shaw
ing (page 33), which includes a consultation good progress and may introduce com- & PUBLISHING DIRECTOR
period for interested parties to offer commercial products within around two years SENIOR VP OF AUDIENCE Gloria S. Adams
DEVELOPMENT
ments and suggestions. The document rec- (page 9). Hopefully, some certainty will
SUBSCRIPTIONS: For subscription inquiries:
ommends various policies and initiatives to have returned to the LED market by then. Tel: +1 847 559-7330;
continue the transformation of the lighting Fax: +1 847 291-4816;
e-mail: led@omeda.com;
market to LEDs, while also strengthening ledsmagazine.com/subscribe
the European lighting industry. We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened
companies that offer products and services that may be important for
Few people doubt that the LED lighting your work. If you do not want to receive those offers and/or information
market will continue to expand, but many via direct mail, please let us know by contacting us at List Services
LEDs, 98 Spit Brook Road LL-1, Nashua, NH 03062.
may have been surprised over the last few Tim Whitaker, EDITOR Copyright 2012 PennWell Corp (ISSN 2156-633X). All rights
months to see LED lamps and luminaires twhitaker@pennwell.com reserved. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without prior written consent of Publishers.
using lower-cost LEDs that were originally
designed for the backlighting market, and
4 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com
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FEATURED event
| web exclusives
Editorial Digest: Strategies in Light Europe 2012
September 18-20
Drivers & Control for LED Lighting Munich, Germany
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/12/5 The Call for Papers for Strategies in
Light Europe 2012 is now open, with a
deadline of February 17. Abstracts should
White Paper: be submitted via the online form on the
conference website. Papers submitted
MR16 Reference Design with
should describe or demonstrate:
Cree XLamp MT-G LEDs Efforts to improve the quality and
www.ledsmagazine.com/whitepapers/18 performance of LED lighting
Activities that help accelerate the
market adoption of LED lighting
Results from real-world LED lighting
applications and installations
Strategies in Light Europe is in its third
Web Exclusive Article: year of providing a comprehensive
conference and exhibition for the
Philips Lumileds Iain Black to address rapidly-growing LED lighting industry.
LED manufacturing challenge at SIL Papers will be selected by the SIL
Europe Advisory Board on the basis of
www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/12/7 technical content, audience interest and
industry relevance. Papers with overt
Video: marketing- or sales-related themes will
be rejected. Suggested subject areas
TE Connectivity and themes can be viewed at ____
www.
ledsmagazine.com/features/8/12/6.
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www.ledsmagazine.com/presentation/6 For information on more upcoming events,
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ADVERTISERS index
Aeon Lighting Technology Inc....45 Instruments Systems GmbH ...... 5 NMB Technologies .................. 67 Shenzhen Bang-Bell ................ 73
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Alpha-One Electronics Ltd. .......69 Inventronics (Hangzhou) ..........30 Nusil .......................................... 1 Shenzhen Refond ....................68
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Keystone Certifications Inc.......36 Osram Opto-Semiconductors ... 31 Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric .......... 37
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Bayer Material Science LLC ...... 57 Signcomplex Limited ................ 28
Lambda Research .................... 14 Philips Lumileds ......................... 2
Bentham Instruments Limited .. 61 Speciality Coating Systems ...... 18
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Cookson Electronics ................ 15 StellarNet Inc. .......................... 41
Ledlink Optics Inc..................... 11 Recom Power ...........................54
Cree Inc. ..................................C4 The Bergquist Company ........... 19
Linear Technology ....................C3 Seesmart LED..........................65
CSA International ..................... 49 The Korean Consulate ............. 27
Luminis Devices.......................44 Sensor Electronic ....................36
Everlight Electronics Co. Ltd. .... 20 Technology Inc. General
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Global Lighting Tech ................. 26 Seoul Semiconductor ................ 8 Thomas Research Products ....... 7
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HKTDC Hong Kong ...................58 MBN GmbH.............................. 29 Shanxi Guangyu LED ............... 52 Underwriters Laboratories ........43
International Lighting Fair Lighting Co. Ltd. Unilumin Group Co. Ltd. ...........53
2012 (Spring Edition) Mean Well USA Inc. .................. 23
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news views
LED CHIPS
Osram Opto unveils R&D results

from GaN LEDs grown on silicon
Osram Opto Semiconductors has be the opportunity to use larger (200-
reported a set of R&D results from mm and above) substrates with much
LEDs fabricated using gallium nitride lower cost than sapphire.
(GaN)-based layers deposited on sil- Our investments in years of
icon. The R&D devices made using research are paying off , because we fabricated using Osrams thin-film
GaN-on-Si material have performance have succeeded in optimizing the qual- UX:3 process, which involves transfer
levels that are similar to production ity of the GaN layers on silicon sub- to a silicon carrier and removal of the
devices fabricated on sapphire. strates to the point where efficiency original silicon substrate.
Most GaN-based LEDs are grown and brightness have reached compet- Blue UX:3 chips in the standard
on sapphire or silicon carbide sub- itive market levels, said Peter Stauss, Golden Dragon Plus package achieved
strates. While Osram Opto has already project manager at Osram Opto Semi- an optical power of 634 mW at 3.15V,
started moving its standard produc- conductors. Stress tests weve already equivalent to 58 percent efficiency.
tion of GaN-based LEDs to 150-mm conducted demonstrate the high qual- These are very good values for 1-mm
(approx 6-in) diameter sapphire sub- ity and durability of the LEDs, two of chips at 350 mA.
strates (w w w.ledsmagazine.com/ our traditional hallmarks. In combination with a conventional
news/8/3/6), the real prize in moving
_______ Using GaN-based material layers phosphor converter in a standard hous-
to production on silicon wafers would grown by MOCVD on silicon, die were ing, prototype white LEDs page 10
BUSINESS LED FABRICATION
Philips Lumileds appoints Pierre SEMI forecasts reduced

Yves Lesaicherre as new CEO MOCVD purchases in 2012
LED maker Philips Lumileds has appointed Pierre Yves Lesaicherre as its SEMI, the semiconductor industry association, has
new CEO. Lesaicherre will report directly to Philips Lightings acting CEO released its latest Opto/LED FabWatch and Forecast
Frans van Houten and takes the reigns in place of the retiring Michael report. The report predicts an 18% decline in overall
Holt, who has led Lumileds for more than a decade since its inception. worldwide spending on LED manufacturing equipment
Holt is retiring to enjoy more time with his family, said Van Houten. in 2012, and a 40% decline in spending on MOCVD sys-
Lesaicherre comes to the position after more than tems. However, the report does indicate a positive side
20 years of experience in the semiconductor indus- to the business: spending for non-MOCVD equipment,
try. Pierre Yves tremendous experience at NXP including lithography, etch, test and packaging equip-
Semiconductors, most recently as senior vice presi- ment, will increase in 2012, as manufacturers balance
dent and general manager of microcontrollers and their production lines with the significant MOCVD pur-
logic, make him uniquely qualified to lead Philips chases from 2011. China is expected to be the largest
Lumileds into the new world of lighting, said van spender this year at $719 million, followed by Taiwan
Houten. Im confident Pierre Yves will drive Philips ($321M), Japan ($300M) and Korea ($260M).
Lumileds performance and actively shape the fast- In terms of manufacturing capacity, Taiwan will
changing LED illumination market. continue to lead, with an estimated 25% of the world-
Lumileds Lighting was formed in 1999 as a joint venture between wide LED capacity, followed by China at 22%. SEMI
Philips Lighting and Agilent Technologies, a Hewlett-Packard spin off expects worldwide LED manufacturing capacity to
with LED expertise. Philips acquired a controlling interest in 2005. reach two million wafers in 2012 (4-inch equivalent
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/12 per month), a 27% jump over 2011. Th is is page 10
LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2012 9

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Osram from page 9
produced 140 lm at 350 mA with an efficiency SEMI from page 9
of 127 lm/W at 4500K. largely due to last years increase in equipment spending of 36% relative to 2010.
While these are R&D results, Osram says Future equipment and capital spending will drive LED cost reduction through larger
that the new LED chips are already in the wafers, automation and dedicated equipment specifically designed to improve LED man-
pilot stage, adding that its fi rst LEDs fab- ufacturing yield and throughput. said Tom Morrow, executive VP, Emerging Markets
ricated on silicon could hit the market in Group, at SEMI. Twenty-nine new LED fabs opened in 2011, said SEMI, which predicts
around two years. that a further 16 new fabs will come online during 2012.
For these LEDs to become widely estab- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/6
lished in lighting, the components must get
significantly cheaper while maintaining the
same level of quality and performance, said Th is requires complex stress engineering it really can make happen the energy turn-
Strauss. We are developing new methods within the structure to overcome the differ- around [towards green energy].
along the entire technology chain for this pur- ence in the thermal expansion coefficients While at the Technical University of Dres-
pose, from chip technology to production pro- of the different materials. Homogeniety and den (TU Dresden), the researchers developed
cesses and housing technology. uniformity of the MOCVD-grown structure OLED technologies able to radically reduce
Mathematically speaking, it is possible to is very important, in order to make full use the energy consumption of an OLED prod-
fabricate over 17,000 1-mm LED chips on a of the larger wafers and ultimately to achieve uct. Currently, Karl Leo is Professor of Opto-
150-mm wafer, more than twice as many as high yield in production. Steegmuel-
on a 100-mm wafer. Larger silicon wafers ler said that the uniformity is similar
could increase productivity even more; to material grown on sapphire.
researchers have already demonstrated the Since silicon absorbs the emitted
first structures on 200-mm (approx. 8-inch) light, the substrate must be removed
substrates. after growth. Th in-fi lm LED struc-
LEDs Magazine spoke with Strauss and tures are widely used by Osram Opto,
Ulrich Steegmueller, Osram Optos chief tech- and while the actual technology for
nology officer, who will discuss this and other removing the substrate is different
subjects in his presentation at Strategies in for sapphire and silicon, the over-
Light 2012. About three years ago we began all processes are compatible. Steeg-
a research project looking at the MOCVD mueller points out that, because a
growth of GaN on silicon, said Steegmueller. thin-fi lm approach (as opposed to
"At that stage it was very unclear whether the wafer bonding to a carrier) is prefer-
technology could approach similar levels to able, this creates a barrier to entry to com- Electronics at the Institute of Applied Photo-
GaN-on-sapphire growth. panies that are not already working with Physics at TU Dresden and Director of the
Initially, Osram Opto worked with thin-fi lm structures. Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsys-
Azzurro Semiconductors (www.ledsmag-
_________ tems (IPMS); Jan Blochwitz-Nimoth is Chief
azine.com/news/6/11/16), another Ger- OLEDS Scientific Officer of Novaled; and Martin
man company, using technology developed Pfeiffer is Chief Technology Officer of Heli-
at, and transferred from, the University of OLED research team wins atek, a producer of organic solar cells.
Madgeburg. Recent work carried out inter- German innovation award MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/17
nally by Osram Opto has been funded in part Th ree founders of Novaled AG Karl Leo,
by the German Federal Ministry of Educa- Jan Blochwitz-Nimoth and Martin Pfeiffer MARKETS
tion and Research as part of its GaNonSi have been presented with the Deutscher
project network. Zukunftspreis 2011 prize by the German Taiwan remains top
We started initially on 2-inch silicon, Federal President Christian Wulff. The annual LED manufacturer
and quickly moved to 4 inch, said Strauss. award honors creative teams for realizing Taiwans LED industry remained the worlds
Of course, we have moved to 150-mm man- breakthrough achievements in science and largest by revenue in 2011, according to esti-
ufacturing on sapphire in production, and subsequently commercializing the technol- mates from the countrys Photonics Industry
our latest GaN-on-Si results are on 150-mm ogy. It comes with a prize of 250,000. & Technology Development Association
wafers. The eventual goal will be to move to The team received the award in Berlin for (PIDA). According to an article on the
200-mm silicon or larger, which would be their combined achievements in research- Taiwan Economic News website (http://____
very difficult using sapphire. ing, developing and commercializing OLED news.cens.com/cens/html/en/news/news_
The biggest challenge is successful technologies. Wulff stated that the topic of inner_38779.html), PIDA estimated that the
___________
MOCVD growth of the GaN-based layers. this team is particularly promising because 2011 revenue was US$4.53 billion. This figure
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news+views
is down slightly (0.4%) from 2010 levels. PATENTS Cree licenses remote-phosphor IP:
PIDA estimated that the second largest Five LED lighting manufacturers Aurora
region, South Korea, had LED revenues of LED lawsuits and licensing Energie, Horner APG, Ledzworld Technology,
US$3.35 billion in 2011, up 5% from 2010. Intellectual property (IP) remains a key Vexica Technology, and Wyndsor Lighting
PIDA said that South Korean LED man- issue within the LED and solid-state light- have licensed Cree patents that are critical
ufacturers have vigorously branched out ing industry, and recent weeks saw a number to making remote-phosphor SSL products
into the lighting sector with low-priced of announcements that included both licens- (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/24).
products, but they lack the production ing agreements and further disputes revolv- These are the first deals under Crees remote-
scale to compete effectively with Taiwans ing around patent infringement. phosphor licensing program that was
manufacturers. Seoul and Philips: Seoul Semiconductor announced in August 2011 along with the
Companies from the two countries com- Co., Ltd., has settled its LED patent dispute XLamp XT-E Royal Blue LED that targets such
pete strongly in the areas of LED epi-wafers with Royal Philips Electronics and the two applications (pictured). According to George
and packaged LEDs. They are also starting to companies have entered into a cross-license Brandes, Crees director of IP licensing, the
compete in LED street-lighting applications, agreement covering patents related to spe- basic patent in the portfolio covers the gen-
propelled by optimistic roll-out plans being cific LED technology areas (www.ledsmag-
_________ eration of white light using a blue LED and a
implemented by the federal governments in azine.com/news/8/12/4). The dispute stems phosphor. He said other patents address geo-
both Taiwan and South Korea. from May 2011, when Philips lawsuit against metric elements such as the distance between
PIDA says that the global LED industry Seoul was quickly followed by news of coun- source and remote optic, the remote-phos-
had an estimated total revenue of US$16.6 ter-actions by Seoul against Philips. Under phor structure, and how to design the cav-
billion in 2011, up 2.6% from 2010. The fastest this arrangement, each party gains access to ity or mixing chamber. Cree believes that
growth was seen in mainland China, with a substantial part of the other partys patent the IP portfolio is sufficiently broad that any
26% growth, while the market in Europe fell portfolios, said Seoul. Terms of the agree- luminaire maker designing a remote-phos-
by 7.3% to US$1.6 billion. ment were not disclosed. phor-based lighting product may ultimately
require a Cree license.
Mitsubishi Chemical and Intematix:
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. (MCC), the Tokyo,
Japan-based phosphor, LED and lamp man-
ufacturer, has fi led a patent-infringement
lawsuit in Korea against US-based Intematix
Corporation and a Korean distributor, GVP.
The lawsuit seeks to prohibit the two com-
panies from importing and selling certain
red-emitting phosphor products in Korea
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/25).
The patent in question, no. 816693, relates to
a nitride-type red phosphor with the formula
CaAlSiN2:Eu. The patent covers LEDs, light-
ing equipment, and other products in which
the phosphor is used. In response, Intematix
described MCCs patent-infringement claims
as being entirely without merit, and said
that it intends to commence an invalidation
proceeding against MCC.
Everlight and Nichia: Tawian-based
LED maker Everlight has fi led an unfair
competition lawsuit in the Tokyo District
Court against Nichia, a Japan-based rival
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/15).
Everlight says that it has decided to fight
back against Nichia, claiming that Nichia
has affected fair competitive market mech-
anisms by fi ling lawsuits that Everlight
describes as baseless. In October 2011,
for example, Nichia fi led lawsuits against a
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Japanese distributor of Everlights LED prod- have been terminated since 2004/2005 due OLEDWorks, said, We are very pleased to
ucts. LED patent disputes between Everlight to ongoing improvements. have access to this important patent port-
and Nichia date back to 2006. GE and Dongbu Lightec: GE Lighting folio. We believe that the technology devel-
ATG and Philips: LED lighting manufac- Solutions has settled a patent infringe- oped at Kodak and now owned by GOT offers
turer ATG Electronics Corporation recently ment lawsuit against Dongbu Lightec, for- a superior approach for OLED lighting.
joined Philips LED Luminaires and Retrofit merly Fawoo Technology, of South Korea
Bulbs licensing program, giving ATG access (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/26). TESTING
to basic system and control technolo- The suit alleged that Dongbu Lightecs prod-
gies for LED luminaires and retrofit bulbs ucts infringed US patents no. 6,799,864 and CSA opens new testing labs
(www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/12/15). 6,787,999 that cover LED lamp heat-sink CSA International has expanded its labora-
ATG also recently received multiple utility designs, and systems and methods for effi- tory capabilities in Guangzhou, China, and
patents and a design patent in China for its ciently replacing existing lamps with such has opened a new testing and certification
LED products. designs. Dongbu Lightec has agreed to laboratory in Atlanta, GA. In Guangzhou,
Dominant and Osram: LEDs Magazine license GE Lightings patents, while other CSA has added energy-efficiency verifica-
recently reported that a German court had terms of the settlement remain confidential. tion (EEV) testing equipment to its existing
ruled in favor of Osram in its patent-infringe- OLEDWorks and GOT: OLEDWorks LED lighting test and certification services.
ment lawsuit against Dominant, a Malaysian and Global OLED Technology (GOT) have The Atlanta facility can certify LED and
LED manufacturer. However, according to signed a royalty-bearing patent license lighting products to 75 standards includ-
Dominants version, the court rejected 10 of agreement, which grants OLEDWorks the ing Energy Star testing. The expansion of
the claims made by Osram (www.ledsmag-
_________ right to use certain GOT patents in connec- the Guangzhou lab further demonstrates
azine.com/news/8/12/15). Dominant also tion with the production of OLED lighting- CSAs continued commitment to expand-
says that the infringement confi rmed by related products (www.ledsmagazine.com/ ing operations in Asia to provide its clients
the court only relates to product lines that news/8/12/15). Michael Boroson, CTO of
_________ [with] highly sophisticated and innovative

________________

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localized testing and certification services is the fact that the XB-D family is the fi rst and packaging schemes, including a beveled
for global markets, said Ash Sahi, presi- to be hot-binned across all CCTs. He said, structure around the die designed to maxi-
dent and CEO of the CSA Group. Competitors only hot bin in the warm- mize light extraction. Cree uses a flip-chip
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/9/1/17 white CCTs. approach in which the substrate side of the
The new platform is designed to reduce die is on the top side of the packaged LED.
LEDS system cost. The smaller die has a direct Scheidt said that Crees SiC substrate offers
impact on component a refractive index that
Cree aims to reduce system cost because Cree can better matches the GaN
cost with XLamp XB-D LED ma nu fa ct u re more layers than does sap-
Cree has unveiled its new XLamp XB-D components per wafer. phire, thereby improv-
LED family, with a 2.452.45-mm footprint, The smaller footprint ing light extraction.
which the company says will deliver double also provides designers Scheidt added that SiC
the lumens per dollar achievable at the sys- of retrofit lamps with offers a better match in
tem level. The small footprint (Crees XM-L far more flexibility in coefficient of thermal
has a footprint of 5.05.0 mm) will be espe- lamp design. For exam- expansion, resulting in
cially suited to SSL retrofit lamps, although ple, Scheidt showed an fewer cracks.
Cree has said the LEDs will serve a broad example of a standard With the XB-D LED,
application base. At 350-mA drive current A-lamp where the LEDs can be placed deeper Cree aims to increase the penetration of
and 85C operating temperature, the new in the neck of the lamp rather than at the LED lamps in price-sensitive markets. The
LED platform delivers 139 lm at 6000K and equator of the globe, thereby providing better product itself is there in terms of technol-
107 lm at 3000K. The efficacy is 136 and 105 light distribution. He added that the smaller ogy. People accept it, Scheidt said, referring
lm/W, respectively. Maximum drive cur- size simplifies the design of optics, reflectors to aspects such as color and light quality. In
rent is 1A. A notable feature according to and circuit boards, further reducing cost. terms of current price levels, he stated, Were
product marketing manager Paul Scheidt The company is using new die architecture at least in the right order of magnitude.
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value to the LED Market by:
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funding DOE study finds no
programs LED replacement for

post-top street lights
The US Department of Energy (DOE)
has published a report from a demon-
stration of LED technology in ornamen-
tal post-top street lights. Among four
different LED replacement products,
none could match the performance or
US spending bill delays cost of the existing 100W high-pres-
sure sodium (HPS) fi xtures (www.leds-
_______
lamp-efficiency enforcement magazine.com/news/9/1/15). The four

LED replacement products were evalu-
ated using computer simulations, field
US President Obama signed a $1 trillion NEMA (National Electrical Manufactur- measurements and laboratory testing.
spending bill into law on Dec 23, 2011, ers Association), said, The standards are The evaluation was conducted by DOEs
which included a rider affecting the light- the law and the manufacturers will follow Municipal Solid-State Street Lighting
bulb efficiency legislation that subse- the law. The IES (Illuminating Engineering Consortium (MSSLC) in collaboration
quently took effect on Jan 1, 2012. The rider Society) has also posted a statement (www.____ with the Sacramento Municipal Utility
didnt change the law requiring more-effi- ies.org/pdf/PublicPolicy/Update-Incandes- District and the City of Sacramento, with
cient lamps, but eliminated funding that cent-Lamp-Regulations.pdf) in the public additional support from City consultant
the US Department of Energy (DOE) would policy section of its website that concludes Mary Matteson Bryan.
have used to enforce the legislation. Bottom line: the law is still in effect noth- This study was restricted to lamp-
There were widespread reports in ing has changed in that regard. ballast retrofit kits and complete lumi-
December that the rider would eliminate The legislation never prohibited stores naire replacements that would preserve
the lamp-efficiency elements enacted in from selling lamps it had in stock, but pro- the daytime appearance of the exist-
the EISA (Energy Independence and Secu- hibits import and US-based manufacturing ing acorn-style luminaires. To allow for
rity Act) 2007 legislation, which have been of inefficient lamps. Policing imports could apples-to-apples economic comparison,
incorrectly referred to as a ban on incan- be a problem. the pricing and input power of the LED
descent light bulbs. In reality, the rider sim- Indeed it could be that the major light- products had to be scaled proportion-
ply affects enforcement (www.ledsmaga-
___________ ing companies that have invested heav- ately to represent hypothetical prod-
zine.com/news/8/12/18). The rider applies ily in meeting the efficiency requirements ucts which could match light levels from
through Sept 2012 and no one knows if are worried about importers that flaunt the HPS fi xtures. Energy used by three
Republican legislators will attempt to the law. Thats the theory of Matt Mitchell, of the scaled-up LED systems ranged
extend the funding cut beyond the scope an economist and senior research fellow at from 63-90% of the baseline HPS. The
of the new spending bill. the Mercatus Center at George Mason Uni- fourth product would actually require
The real question now is what if any versity. According to Mitchell, the major an increase in energy use by 15%. None
impact the rider will have. Starting in 2012, lighting companies dont want the legisla- of the products would represent cost-
the EISA 2007 legislation requires that tion repealed or enforcement delayed. In effective alternatives to HPS.
lamps with 1700-lm output, which is typi- his Neighborhood Effects blog, he suggested In response to recent industry devel-
cal of 100W incandescent lamps, deliver 30% that the leaders fear that smaller competi- opments, the study further investigated
greater efficiency. Traditional incandescent tors that havent invested in more-efficient the relative significance of mesopic mul-
lamps cant meet those guidelines. LED- designs will use the enforcement delay to tipliers offered in the new IES Lighting
based and compact-fluorescent lamps are ship older incandescent lamps into the US. Handbook and the lumen-maintenance
certainly viable options. The major lighting No one has suggested that major US retail- extrapolation methodology offered in
companies also have developed new hybrid ers will import lamps that violate the leg- the new IES TM-21.
incandescent/halogen lamps that can meet islation. However, even with enforcement This is the first of a series of proj-
the requirements. funding in place, the Internet and online ects the MSSLC will conduct to serve
The major lighting companies will cer- commerce would have likely made it easy as objective resources for LED product
tainly comply with the legislation on the for consumers to buy standard incandescent evaluations and a repository for valuable
books. Back in December, Joseph Higbee, lamps. The lack of DOE funding will probably field experience and data.
director of marketing communications at increase the volume of such sales.

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funding programs
LEDs shed new light on social housing

A field trial involving the LED replacement of over 4000 light fit- light fittings and also saw an increase
tings in England determined that LED lighting can deliver signif- in illuminance levels of 57%.
icant reductions in energy and maintenance cost while providing The incumbent lighting had a
improved brightness, color and distribution in communal areas of warm-white average CCT of 3344K,
public housing. The study, by the Energy Saving Trust (EST), a not- while the LEDs provided a cooler
for-profit energy-efficiency organization, estimated that ongoing average CCT of 5086K, much closer
energy savings would be over 3 million kWh annually. to that provided by natural daylight.
The EST first performed a feasibility study in 2008 that looked into James Russill, the ESTs technical
installing LED lighting in communal areas of social housing, such as development manager, said: This trial
stairwells and corridors (see photo, with LED retrofits in place). The has shown that the technology is per-
study indicated that there was considerable potential for achieving forming to a high standard. In terms of
energy savings, particularly as the lighting is typically on 24 hours social housing this represents a great
per day.Estimates indicated that the LED lighting would pay back opportunity to overhaul the look and
its original investment cost in two years. feel of the places people live and also
The resulting field-trial report showed increases in light levels, reduce costs at the same time.
color temperature and good maintenance of performance over time, When the trial began in 2008, the lack of off-the-shelf light fittings
as well as considerable energy and long-term cost savings. The first would have significantly impacted the payback time for installing
phase of the trial, which ran in 2008-09, saw a 100% average improve- LED lighting. However, in the course of the study, rapid development
ment in illuminance (lux) levels across the sites, with two build- in LED technology led to the availability of off-the-shelf fittings from
ings showing illuminance improvements of over 500%. The second several UK manufacturers suitable for direct retrofit.
phase of the trial, in 2009-10, featured a greater number of individual MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/33835
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standards | UPDATE
Lumen-maintenance testing
for LED lamps, light engines
and luminaires
Now that procedures are in place to make long-term lumen-maintenance projections for LED
components, efforts are being made to develop methods for testing the lighting system as a whole,
as JIANZHONG JIAO explains.
I
t is widely understood that measuring source. Therefore, it may be necessary to sources. As a result, it may become nec-
lumen maintenance is critically impor- conduct lumen-maintenance tests at the essary for the IES to provide recommen-
tant for determining the life of LED LED lighting-system level. dations on these test conditions, and test
lighting products. In the past few years, methods would need to be designed to give
the Illuminating Engineering Society of System-level testing comparable results when adopted by vari-
North America (IESNA) has developed two In 2010, the IESNA Testing Procedures ous testing laboratories.
test methods that address the lumen main- Committee (TPC) formed a working group A lumen-maintenance test standard for
tenance of LED light sources used in such to draft a document to rec- LED lamps, engines and lumi-
products. LM-80 is an approved method for ommend the best methods for naires is still being developed,
measuring lumen depreciation of LED light testing lumen maintenance of with multiple drafts created,
sources, and TM-21 is a technical memo- LED lamps, engines and lumi- and some preliminary ballot-
randum which specifies how to extrapolate naires. Because of the vari- ing already completed. Dif-
the LM-80 data in order to make long-term ous ways of integrating LEDs ferent from the LM-80 test
lumen-maintenance projections. into lighting systems, the TPC standard, this new document
Beyond the LED, other components at the experts concluded that LED will address the tests that are
LED lighting-system level also can impact lumen-maintenance informa- more uniquely applicable to
the long-term lumen maintenance. These tion obtained from LM-80 and LED lighting systems, includ-
components include, but are not limited TM-21 may not be sufficient ing temperature conditions,
to, LED lamps, engines, luminaires, driv- to reflect the changes in a sys- operational duty cycle and
ers, thermal-management devices and tems light-output level over time. Th is con- test duration.
optical components. Over time, these com- clusion led to the direction of testing the For LED sources, LM-80 recommends
ponents may experience some change or lighting system as a whole. three case temperatures at which test-
degradation. In particular, the plastic ele- Further, the performance of LED lighting is performed. Often, the LEDs being
ments used in the optics may change in sev- ing systems is typically affected by vari- tested are placed in temperature-con-
eral ways, including light transmittance, ables such as operating cycle, ambient tem- trolled thermal chambers with sophisti-
haze and undesired color change. In turn, perature, airflow, and orientation, as well cated active-cooling systems. Th ese pre-
the overall light output of the LED lighting as conditions imposed by auxiliary equip- cisely set the LED case temperatures to
products will be further reduced beyond ment and fi xtures. These conditions are not meet test requirements, with each test run-
the normal lumen degradation of the LED accounted for in the LM-80 testing of LED ning for a minimum of 6000 hours at each
case temperature.
JIANZHONG JIAO (jianzhong.jiao@osram-os.com), Director of Regulations and Emerging It can be cost-prohibitive and impracti-
Technologies at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Inc., is an internationally-recognized lighting cal to test entire LED light systems such as
expert who is actively involved in LED and SSL standards-development activities. He is the large luminaires for outdoor roadway light-
Chairman of the SAE Lighting Committee, past Chairman of NGLIA, and past Chairman of ing fi xtures or chandeliers for indoor light-
the NEMA SSL Technical Committee. He is an active member of the IESNA Testing Procedure ing in the temperature-controlled cham-
Committee and Roadway Lighting Committee, ANSI SSL Working Groups, the Standard ber for long periods of time. Instead, the
Technical Panel of UL8750, and standards committees within IEEE, CIE USA, SEMI, JEDEC and TPC recommends LED lighting systems be
other organizations. tested in a condition as close as possible

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standards | UPDATE
to the installation orientation and mounting LINKS

method, which in many cases is room temperature
The elusive life of LEDs: How TM-21 contributes to the solution
(25C) with tolerances. LEDs Magazine Nov/Dec 2011, p37; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/11/10
The temperature-control points for the room envi-
Understanding the difference between LED rated life and lumen-maintenance life
ronment where LED lighting systems are placed in
LEDs Magazine Oct 2011, p51; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/10/12
the burning cycle, or the period of time when LEDs
are turned on, may need to be monitored. Th is pro-
vides a more practical and flexible situation for test labs or man- other lighting systems such as high-intensity-discharge (HID)
ufacturers to conduct tests, either in designated test rooms or and fluorescent lamps.
within enclosures where the LED lamps, engines and luminaires Although cycling may not have as dramatic an impact on LEDs,
are mounted. Understanding that ambient temperatures may affect the driver electronics can be affected. Therefore, the TPC recom-
long-term lumen output for the LED lighting systems, the TPC rec- mends that the burning cycle during lumen-maintenance testing
ommends that the tested samples be mounted in accordance with should not be conducted in a constant on condition. Instead, the
manufacturer recommendations, taking unintended thermal dis- TPC specifies an operational cycle with certain periods of on time
sipation into consideration. and off time. Th is cycling condition is intended to have a closer
relationship to real-life LED system applications.
Cycling
Also of concern is the operational duty cycle. When testing Test duration
LED sources per LM-80, the samples are consistently powered The duration of testing is another variable to consider, and the
on throughout the test. In practice, however, LED lighting sys- area where experts have struggled the most to establish a stan-
tems are cycled on and off in almost all applications for both dard. It is clearly understood that lumen maintenance over time
indoor and outdoor lighting. As has been demonstrated in the usually cannot be detected over a short testing period. LM-80
past, cycling lamps on and off has an impact on lamp life for specifies a minimum of 6000 hours of testing.
However, for LED systems, including lamps, engines and lumi-
naires, prolonged testing creates a large burden for manufactur-
ers and the lighting industry. Any recommended testing proce-
dure from the IES must present practical values for the duration
of testing. A testing period that is too short may not lead to con-
clusive characteristics being identified. On the contrary, as stated
above, a testing period that is too long may create an unsustain-
able burden.
Without standardization of the test duration and with incomplete
testing methods, the industry could suffer from inconclusive test
results. The discussions on testing duration are still taking place in
the TPC working group, and there are several specific suggestions
currently under consideration.
One suggestion is to specify certain testing durations to the
users of the document depending on what information users are
looking to determine. In other words, if the intent of the test is to
identify LED lumen-maintenance degradation in the early stage
of usage, the samples may be tested for 2000 hours. If the intent
of the test is to use the collected photometric data to make long-
term lumen-maintenance projections, the samples may be tested
a minimum of 20% of the specified lumen-maintenance life. In
doing so, the test data may apply as with the TM-21 memorandum.
If the test is meant to obtain the actual lumen-maintenance life
for the LED products, the samples should be tested for the entire
claimed lumen-maintenance life.
It is expected that a new testing standard will provide signif-
icant value to the SSL industry. In a broader sense, consistent,
________________________
objective and practical testing methods recommended by the
IESNA are necessary for the implementation and adoption of SSL
technologies, both for government or consortium specifications,
as well as for industry product-performance standards.
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lighting | LED OPERATING CAPACITY
Are you using all of the lumens

that you paid for?
The latest LEDs can reliably operate at drive currents well above binning currents, delivering more
lumens and robust luminaire life while lowering system cost, explain DAVID COX, DON HIRSH, and
MICHAEL MCCLINTIC.
I
n the evolution of the microprocessor www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/11/10 option for applications requiring maximum
there have always been uses for faster, for details on TM-21 methodology. lumen output at a reduced cost.
more powerful or more compact proces- For Cree, the data shows, in the highest
sors. Historically, with each new genera- quality parts and in well-designed systems, Unused operating capacity
tion of microprocessors, electronic devices that LEDs can operate at high current and Lets examine the potential of fully using the
would in turn become more sophisticated, high temperature levels with fewer per- available LED operating capacity. Previously,
smaller, faster, and/or cheaper. LED efficacy formance penalties than ever before. Th is a conservative design strategy was appropri-
has been improving similarly to the
evolution of the microprocessor, but Current Ta/Tsp Test Duration Calculated L70 Reported L70
LED-based illumination designs are 1000 mA 55C 10,080 hrs -4.219E-06 9.847E-01 --- L70 (10k) >
not consistently taking advantage of 60,500 hrs
capabilities such as brighter opera- 1000 mA 85C 10,080 hrs 1.284E-06 1.016E+00 290,000 hrs L70 (10k) >
tion at higher drive currents. Today, 60,500 hrs
luminaire manufacturers may find 1000 mA 105C 6,048 hrs 5.561E-06 1.007E+00 65,500 hrs L70 (6k) >
that the surest path to lower system 36,300 hrs
cost is to take advantage of the full
LED operating capacity or lumen TABLE 1. TM-21 projection for Cree XLamp XP-G LEDs.
output that they are already pay-
ing for while relying on the growing statisti- same data calls into question legacy lumi- ate for a relatively young technology such
cal evidence that they can do so and deliver naire and driver design methodology that as packaged, high-power LED components.
long product life. has yielded systems that drive the LEDs Fig.1 represents that approach at the left side
Advances in the production of light- around binning-current levels rather than of the shaded area in the light-output/effi-
ing class, high power LEDs should cause over a wide range of drive currents and cacy vs drive-current graph.
the lighting industry to reassess how to temperatures. We now know more aggressive designs
create cost-optimal, LED-based designs. Using LEDs at higher operating capac- are desirable and appropriate for cost-effi-
Several advanced LED manufacturers, ity can deliver more lumens per LED with cient designs. For lighting-class LEDs, that
Cree included, have developed a large and a corresponding reduction in system cost. is LEDs that maintain chromatic and lumi-
expanding body of information concerning For many lighting applications, more nous stability, there is an abundance of
performance maintenance of LEDs over time aggressively priced products can be cre- unused lumens available to thoughtful sys-
and temperature. Th is knowledge of long- ated with reduced component count. Such tem designers. With operating temperature
term behavior is now standardized in LM-80 a design methodology can result in higher held constant, Fig. 1 shows the under-uti-
data sets that track lumen maintenance and operating temperatures and lower efficacy. lized LED operating capacity. When driven
color shift and in TM-21 projections of that Still, taking full advantage of an LEDs at binning current (350 mA), this LED is
performance over longer time periods. See operating capacity becomes an attractive delivering less than 25% of its rated capac-
ity. The other 75% is bought, paid for and
DAVID COX is Sales Development Manager at Cree, Inc. DON HIRSH and MICHAEL MCCLINTIC under utilized.
are Product Marketing Managers in Crees LED Components Business Unit. Thanks to MICHAEL Driving LEDs around the binning cur-
LEUNG at Crees Santa Barbara Technology Development Center and to the application rent has been both an industry-wide habit
engineering team at Crees Shenzhen Technology Center for their work in developing and and an engineering-conservative approach
analyzing the two 6-inch downlights. to system reliability. But lets consider evi-

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dence showing that much more LPW ef ut

ficacy utp LED
aggressive drive currents and tem- ight o operating
L
peratures are possible without sac- capacity
rificing long-term reliability. Light
output,
efficacy Un-utilized
Reliability data and projections capacity = $$$
Binning Max drive
LM-80 data sets used to create current current
TM-21 projections are the reliable (350 mA) (1500 mA)
and standardized method that sup- Input current
(If, mA)
ports a prediction of a given LEDs
lumen maintenance in a system FIG. 1. The graph of light output and efficacy
context. The methodology sup- over current shows the under-utilized operating
ports prediction of lumen mainte- capacity for the Cree XLamp XP-G LED.
nance at the specific operating tem-
perature projected for the system design LED driven at 1000 mA at an operating
and application. temperature of 85 C. The L95 reported life
For example, take the 1000-mA LM-80 is 52,100 hours and the L90 reported life is
data and TM-21 projections developed for greater than 60,500 hours.
Crees XLamp XP-G LED. At an operating The concept of using higher drive current
temperature of 55C a realistic operating also applies to LED families other than the
temperature for an indoor luminaire the XP-G. For example, the XLamp XM-L fam-
reported TM-21 L70 result, based on 10,080 ily is rated for 3000-mA maximum drive
hours of LM-80 data, is 60,500 hours. Since current. At 67% of maximum rated drive
there has been no luminous degradation of current (2000 mA), the TM-21 L70 projec-
the LEDs under the LM-80 tests a TM-21 tions yield a reported value of 36,300 hours
L70 calculated value cannot be provided. based on 6000 hours of LM-80 testing. That
At 85C the L70 reported projection is still 36,000-hour reported result is gated by the
60,500 hours while the L70 calculated pro- LM-80 test time and is valid across the
jection is 290,000 hours. The 1000-mA drive LM-80 temperature range. But the calcu-
current represents 67% of the 1500-mA max lated projections range from 2.3 million
drive current of the XP-G. hours (at 45C) to 160,000 hours (at 85C).
Fig. 2 shows L70 LM-80 measured data and
TM-21 reported-life projections over three Color shift data
different operating temperatures. TM-21 In addition to long lumen maintenance,
methodology supports interpolation for pro- the latest lighting-class LEDs also per-
jections that fall at operating temperatures form well in terms of color shift. The graph
between those used in the LM-80 tests. in Fig.3 depicts the color shift in the XP-G
The relatively lengthy projections of L70 LEDs over time and at different operating
LED life (the operating time
before the LED drops below Luminous flux (%)
55C (LM-80)
70% of its initial lumen out- 110
85C (LM-80)
put) even call into question
105C (LM-80)
the use of L70 as a demar- 100 55C (TM-21)
cation of useful life. Indeed 85C (TM-21)
TM-21 projections reveal 90
105C (TM-21)
that state-of-the-art LEDs
can be specified at higher 80
lumen-maintenance lev-
70
els while still delivering
______________ acceptable lifetimes. Con- 60
______________ 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
sider the following TM-21
Time (hours)
projections, based on
10,000-hour LM-80 data FIG. 2. A graphical representation of TM-21 L70 reported
sets, for the XLamp XP-G life projections for XLamp XP-G LEDs driven at 1000 mA.
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temperatures. The family maintains shifts achieve a long-lived, chromati-

of less than 0.004 duv in all cases. cally-stable system design.
Similarly, in 6048 hours of LM-80 test- LED-based system design
ing the XM-L LEDs exhibited a duv shift of always requires the engineer
just over 0.002 at 2000 mA and 45, 55 and to evaluate a series of trad-
85C. Clearly, the XLamp XP-G and XM-L eoffs between power con-
LEDs do not need to be driven at 350 mA, nor sumption, operating tempera-
maintained at a low ambient temperature to ture, and other elements such
as efficacy and droop.
Chromaticity XLamp XP-G White: If = 1.000A, Tsp = 55C The LEDs themselves
shift (du'v') XLamp XP-G White: If = 1.000A, Tsp = 85C exhibit quasi-linear per-
0.008 XLamp XP-G White: If = 1.000A, Tsp = 105C formance in a number of
their operating parame-
0.006 ters. Whats new in the progression of LED manufacturers such as Cree can help
0.004 LED technology is that LEDs capable the design team contemplate the tradeoffs,
of higher-current operation make the especially in terms of efficacy. Cree offers its
0.002 optimization of the non-linear factors online Product Characterization Tool (PCT)
(such as droop and hot-cold opera- at http://pct.cree.com.
0.000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 tional differences) substantially less- PCT shows that Crees brightest cool-
Time (hours) pressing design concerns. white, single-die LED components evalu-
FIG. 3. LM-80 data shows minimal color shift ated at a reasonable operating tempera-
in XP-G LEDs over time and different operating Analyzing tradeoffs ture of 55C are all capable of delivering
temperatures. Characterization tools offered by component efficacy well above 100 lm/W
_____________
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FIG. 4. Size able over a wide range of operating

LPW effica put
constraints on conditions, device and component- cy
ht out MT-G
a heat sink limit level non-linearities need not be Lig operating
the drive current important selection criteria. They capacity
Light
for an MT-G are simply attributes of the devices output,
LED (top) in to be taken into consideration dur- efficacy MR16
Thermal System
an MR16 lamp ing the design cycle. Long-term per- Binning Max drive
current capacity limit current
reference design formance data at elevated currents (1.1A) 4 amps
(bottom). and temperatures allows an assess- Input current
ment of whether there is a valid con- (If, mA)
cern for a particular manufacturers FIG 5. The MT-G LEDs in the MR 16 lamp must
particular LED component under be operated near the binning current.
consideration.
at elevated drive currents. Similarly with While weve shown that driving LEDs at System constraints
warmer phosphor mixtures, Crees bright- higher drive currents and/or elevated tem- Crees XLamp MT-G EasyWhite LED is a
est warm-white, single-die LED compo- peratures allows the designer to extract multi-die LED, optimized for high-output,
nents deliver 75-90 lm/W at 55C, at drive more lumens from each LED, there are small-form-factor, directional lighting appli-
currents well above the binning current. practical constraints. The lamp or lumi- cations. The maximum current rating for the
LED component manufacturers, who naire designer must consider issues such MT-G is 4000 mA, a substantial 24W in a 99-
provide engineering tools to perform sys- as thermal system design when looking to mm package. But a small-form bulb, such as
tem analyses, allow for rapid, basic per- reduce LED component count and thereby an MR16, cannot dissipate greater than 20W
formance assessment. When long-term also reducing costs. The following exam- of thermal load. Fig. 4 depicts the LED alone
performance and reliability data are avail- ples illustrate the system considerations. and designed into an MR16 lamp design.
VISIT US AT WWW.PROLED.COM ________________________________
Large range of LED products
MBNLED TOUCH CONTROL LCD RGB DMX MBN GmbH

Balthasar-Schaller-Str. 3
86316 Friedberg Germany
Tel. +49 / 8 21 / 6 00 99 - 0
Fax +49 / 8 21 / 6 00 99 - 99
E-Mail info@proled.com
www.proled.com
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__________________________________
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www.osram-os.com/oslon-square
12-LED 5-LED Energy Star

Characteristic Unit
downlight downlight requirements
Light output
lm 943 930
(30 min on time)
Current mA 350 1000
Power W 14.5 19.2
Efficacy lm/W 65.0 48.4 42
CCT K 3000 3020 3000
Driver efficiency % 87 87
Lifetime hours 60,000 60,000 35,000
CRI 80.6 80.2 80
Tsp C 52 74
Tj (calculated) C ~61 ~90 YOUR
ORDER
FREE
TABLE 2. A summary of operating characteristics for two 6-inch
SAMPL!E
downlight reference designs. ONLINE
Based on Crees experience in building a MR16 reference design we

found that heat sinks for the MR16-class LED sources could safely
dissipate 4-7W of power. The geometry of the heat sink constrains
Maximum exibility.
the drive capacity of the LED system. Fig 5. shows that, in the case of
an MR16 lamp, the LED must be driven relatively close to the binning
current and far below the maximum drive current. The MT-G LED,
Minimum size.
when used with a larger heat sink such as a heat sink to support
a PAR38 bulb application with several times the mass of the MR16 OSLON Square.
heat sink can support a much higher drive current.
Crees Shenzhen Technology Center has developed other refer- The perfect LED solution for indoor, outdoor and
compact designs
ence designs that illustrate the concept of LED operating capacity
tradeoffs. Engineers built two 6-inch recessed downlight fi xtures With a maximum driving current of 1.5 A, a broad range of
using Crees XLamp XP-G LED. Using the same mechanical enclo- color temperatures and color rendering indexes, OSLON
sure and heat sink, but different drivers and numbers of LEDs, we Square opens up new opportunities in indoor lighting.
Thanks to its long lifetime, extremely robust design and an
developed two systems with nearly identical light output, distri- impressive efcacy OSLON Square is also perfect for out-
bution, CCT and CRI. One design uses 12 XP-G LEDs being driven door lighting even under the harshest conditions. With its
at the LEDs 350 mA binning current while the other uses 5 XP-G footprint of only 3 mm 3 mm it provides greater freedom
for creating compact and efcient designs.
LEDs driven at 1000 mA.
Table 2 summarizes the results. Though differing in efficacy,
both downlights meet Energy Star efficacy, correlated color tem-
perature (CCT) and color rendering index (CRI) requirements. In
this example one can reduce the number of LEDs in a fi xture by
60%, obtaining almost identical optical performance in exchange
for an elevated, but still reasonable, operating temperature and
reduction in system efficacy.
Note that in some cases Energy Star requirements can also limit
the choice of drive currents. Efficacy is a key element in Energy Star
and at some point a higher drive current in a particular system
design could result in an efficacy spec below the Energy Star limits.
Generally, however, LEDs have far more luminous capacity than
most designers are using. The highest quality LEDs are capable
of operating at sustained, elevated currents and temperatures
far above manufacturers' binning information. New luminaire
and lamp designs should take advantage of these attributes. For
lighting class LEDs, there is no reliability penalty for using more
of this capacity.
LEDsmagazine.com
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xturesWORK better.

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Concealing glare with MIRO-SILVER instead of lenses provides 30% more light

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regional focus | EUROPE
European Commission initiates public

consultation on LED lighting
A Green Paper on LED- and OLED-based lighting published by the European Commission launches a
period of public consultation on the future development of SSL in Europe, as TIM WHITAKER explains.
I
n late December, the European Commission
(EC) published a Green Paper on LED- and
OLED-based solid-state lighting (SSL) enti-
tled Lighting the future: Accelerating the
deployment of innovative lighting technol-
ogies. The document proposes a number of
new Europe-wide policy initiatives that are
intended to accelerate the deployment of SSL
in European Union (EU) member states. The
Green Paper also encourages public debate in
Europe involving all interested parties, which
are listed as research and business stakehold-
ers, governments, civil society communities
and citizens.
The Green Papers publication initiated
a public consultation period, which ends
on February 29, 2012. The EC is seeking the
views of all interested individuals and orga-
nizations on the relevant issues involved,
and will collect replies to specific questions FIG. 1. Tungsram-Schrder has supplied over 6200 LED luminaires to replace all of
that are set out in the Green Paper. Links to the street lights in the Hungarian city of Hdmezvsrhely (www.ledsmagazine.
the Green Paper and the consultation docu- com/news/8/12/23). However, such large-scale SSL deployments are relatively rare
ments can be found at www.ledsmagazine. across Europe, a situation that the EC intends to address.
com/news/8/12/19.
The Green Paper is part of the Digital more than 70% of Europes general-lighting tives to prevent early market failure.
Agenda for Europe initiative, under the market by 2020. Th is assumes that various On the supply side, the Green Paper pro-
Europe 2020 strategy that aims to stim- market barriers can be removed to enable poses policies that foster the competitive-
ulate smart, sustainable and inclusive SSL to deliver its full potential. ness and global leadership of the European
growth (http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020). The EC also says that SSL-related lighting industry. This will, says the EC, con-
The policies related to SSL are designed to research, innovation and cooperative activ- tribute to the creation of growth and jobs.
help achieve the key objectives of Europe ities are fragmented in Europe. In this
2020 relating to energy efficiency, industry respect, Europe compares poorly with the Challenges and policies
and innovation. USA and various countries in Asia. The situ- Several specific challenges are indentified
ation indicates a need for immediate action for SSL: products are expensive; users are
SSL in Europe at the European level. unfamiliar with this new technology and
The EC believes that, while Europes light- First, the Green Paper addresses policies need to develop trust in its use; the technol-
ing industry is both large and world class, targeting European users (consumers, pro- ogy is subject to rapid innovation; and there
SSL market uptake is slow in Europe. The fessional users and public procurers) that is a lack of standards.
Green Paper says that the LED-based SSL will help to overcome existing challenges and A number of policy instruments related to
accounted for 6.2% of the overall lighting promote wider market uptake. This includes SSL some voluntary, some mandatory are
market in Europe in 2010. However, several raising awareness of, and demonstrating, the already in place in Europe. Several of these
studies indicate that SSL will account for benefits of SSL, as well as proposing initia- were described by Paolo Bertoldi of the ECs

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SSL and Europes lighting industry

Joint Research Centre at last Octobers Strat- The ECs Green Paper says that Europes lighting industry employs 150,000 people,
egies in Light Europe conference (www.leds-
______ has an annual turnover of EUR 20 billion and is highly fragmented along the value
magazine.com/features/8/11/8). chain. The region hosts a number of major global companies as well as several
Perhaps best known is the Ecodesign thousand small and medium enterprises (SMEs), mainly at the luminaire level. Europe-
Directive which has set minimum perfor- based lighting giants Philips and Osram are also major LED manufacturers, although
mance requirements for non-directional only Osram, Optogan and Tridonic have significant LED production capabilities in
lamps (http://ec.europa.eu/energy/lumen/ Europe. Europe is well positioned in the area of OLED lighting technology, but is
index_en.htm). Th is has already resulted
_________ struggling to convert its R&D expertise into business success.
in the phase-out of inefficient 60W-and- As SSL achieves greater penetration into the general-lighting market, the nature
above incandescent lamps (www.ledsmag-
_________ of the lighting industry will change. Sales of retrofit lamps are expected to dominate
azine.com/news/8/9/1). The EC intends to the SSL market over the next 3-5 years, driven by the phase-out of inefficient
adopt a new Ecodesign regulation that will incandescent lamps. But then the industry is likely to see a shift towards sales of
cover directional light sources (e.g. reflec- luminaires, and in particular intelligent lighting systems and lighting services. Tailor-
tor lamps), setting minimum functionality made lighting systems are seen as a growth opportunity for the lighting industry,
requirements. where characteristics can be tailored to specific users requirements, for example the
The EC is also revising the Energy Label- needs of an aging population.
ling regulation for light sources, and intends The changing business model for many lighting and luminaire manufacturers will
to include LEDs and all kinds of directional require enhanced cooperation with an extended value chain. This will include, for
and professional lamps. Energy labels are example, architects, lighting designers, and suppliers of building-control systems, all
intended to allow end-users to choose areas where Europe has considerable strength.
more-efficient products by providing stan- Of course, the European lighting industry is already under considerable pressure,
dard product information on energy con- not least from Asian companies with expertise in LED display backlighting that are
sumption. Revised Ecolabel criteria are now entering the LED lighting market.
also under consideration; Ecolabel is a vol- The EC is advocating a strategic approach to building and maintaining a
untary scheme to promote products with competitive SSL industry. One issue is described as crossing the valley of death,
good environmental performance. A num- i.e. translating ideas into marketable products. A three-pillar approach will focus
ber of other instruments also apply to SSL, on technological research, product development and demonstration, and advanced
including the Low-Voltage Directive, and the manufacturing.
directives on Restriction of Hazardous Sub- Another key issue is to secure the supply of scarce raw materials, including
stances (RoHS) and on Waste Electrical and gallium and indium, as well as various rare-earth materials that are used in phosphor
Electronic Equipment (WEEE). manufacturing. In parallel, technologies should be developed that promote the end-
Of course, for these various policy instru- of-life recycling of SSL products. Further requirements include the development
ments to be effective, they need to be effec- of standards; access to intellectual property rights; access to low-cost sources of
tively policed. As stated in the Green Paper, investment; and learning and training specifically related to SSL, at all levels of the
EU member states and the lighting indus- value chain.
try need to ensure that SSL products sold in
Europe conform to EU legislation on perfor-
mance and safety requirements. An effective
market-surveillance scheme is seen as a pre- concluding on page 63 of this issue. The EC specifications, and the lack of trusted qual-
requisite for the uptake of high-quality LED says that it will continue to monitor devel- ity-certification schemes.
products within the EU market. opments regarding potential effects of LED One option could be to use Green Public
Also, the Green Paper invites lighting lighting technology on consumers health. Procurement (GPP), an EU-level voluntary
stakeholders and/or consumer associa- scheme whereby public authorities seek to
tions to organize awareness campaigns SSL in cities procure goods and services with a reduced
that help to increase user awareness of SSL The Green Paper identifies lack of awareness environmental impact. Many member
products. Part of this activity is the need to or lack of incentives as reasons why cities states have adopted their own approaches
make sure that various technical properties are reluctant to use SSL in large-scale out- at the national level for supporting green
are explained properly on the product pack- door-lighting deployments (see Fig. 1). The procurement.
age, so that consumers can make meaning- high upfront investment cost often clashes Financial schemes also exist that could
ful comparisons. with tight city budgets that run on an annual be used by cities to fi nance feasibility stud-
Another potential barrier to SSL is related basis, and this creates difficulties even when ies for investment in energy-related proj-
to concerns about biological safety, often the overall lifetime cost of SSL is significantly ects. Examples include European Local
described as the blue-light hazard. For lower. Issues are also caused by the lack of Energy Assistance (ELENA) and the Euro-
more on this subject, see our series of articles standards with which to develop proper pean Energy Efficiency Fund (EEE-F). These
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Lutron save energy with advanced LED control

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and other fi nancing mechanisms could be mismatch of interests between the build- will also be obligations for utilities to imple-
used, says the EC, to plan large-scale SSL ings owner, who pays the upfront cost of ment energy-saving measures for end-users,
deployments. The EC is also suggesting the lighting, and the buildings user, who and for the public sector to renovate pub-
that a dedicated task force should be set up usually pays the running costs. The Green licly-owned buildings.
by representatives from cities, the lighting Paper highlights the need for financial and Meanwhile, the Energy Performance of
industry and others; this could discuss pub- other incentives to encourage users to buy Buildings Directive (EPBD) requires mem-
lic-private partnerships, financing schemes, and install SSL products. One model could ber states to set minimum energy-perfor-
and mechanisms to share information and be energy-performance contracting, where mance requirements for buildings.
best practices. a service company makes an investment to
Pilot projects that demonstrate the ben- install an SSL system, and then receives a Public consultation
efits of SSL and smart-control systems are return based on the achieved energy sav- The public consultation invites participants
recognized as being very important. In fact, ings. The EC also suggests that member to answer a series of questions (12 in total)
two or three large-scale demonstration proj- states should provide incentives to individ- included within the Green Paper. These
ects, funded by the Competitiveness and ual consumers to replace their current light- include:
Innovation Framework Programme (CIP), ing with SSL. What can member states do to reinforce
are due to be announced soon, following a In terms of public buildings, GPP can be the market surveillance of product perfor-
call that closed in mid 2011 (www.ledsmag-
_________ used by public authorities to support the mance and safety in the area of SSL light-
azine.com/news/8/2/5). wider deployment of energy-efficient lighting products?
ing. Another relevant proposal is for a Direc- Which specific measures would you pro-
SSL in buildings tive on Energy Efficiency, which will require pose for accelerating SSL uptake?
One specific challenge of deploying SSL in public authorities to purchase products Which other actions could be taken by
private buildings is described by the EC as (including lighting products) that belong industry to reinforce sustainable SSL man-
the landlord-tenant confl ict. Th is is the to the highest energy-efficiency class. There ufacturing capacity in Europe?
Over
110,000 hours of
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_________
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LEDs | UV LED S
UV LEDs ramp up the quiet

side of the LED market
Relative to visible LEDs, UV LEDs are a quiet market at only $30 million, yet recent
breakthroughs in radiant power and intensity have enabled the displacement of mercury-vapor
lamps in applications including UV curing and counterfeit detection, reports LAURA PETERS.
B
elow the visible spectrum lies a a photosensitive material, which can be an
band of wavelengths called ultra- ink (printing), adhesive or coating, and
violet (UV). Ranging from 100 to is primarily performed at 395 nm, 385
400 nm, the radiation can effec- nm or 365 nm, wavelengths which are
tively be used to sterilize cosmet- part of the UV-A spectrum (315-400 nm).
ics, perform forensic analysis, cure materi- Another important UV-A application is
als (Fig. 1) and disinfect water, among many inspection systems based on machine
other applications. Today, as is the case with vision. UV-LED flashlights in this range
LEDs in the visible spectrum, UV LEDs are are used to detect fraudulent identifica-
only beginning to replace the established UV tion and currency, and offer the benefit of
sources in a likewise diverse array of markets. use in well-lit environments, which is diffi-
Compared to the multibillion dollar LED cult using a mercury-vapor lamp.
lighting industry, the UV-LED market is a In the UV-B spectrum (280-315 nm),
rounding error at around $30 million, but applications for UV LEDs include curing, believed to have antioxidant qualities. Gen-
it is growing rapidly, said Mike Lim, direc- medical light therapy, forensic analysis and erally these plants are grown in greenhouses
tor of global industrial and new business for drug discovery. It has been estimated by today, which intentionally fi lter out the UV
Luminus Devices, based in Billerica, MA. market research fi rm Yole Dveloppement portion of the spectrum in order to maxi-
By far, the UV curing market is enjoying (Lyon, France) that 90% of UV LED appli- mize plant growth. Interestingly, we have
the greatest surge in UV-LED adoption due cations today are based in the UV-A and evidence that when those plants are exposed
to the relatively recent breakthrough in flux UV-B regions (Fig. 4). Yole has stated that to UV-B LEDs a short time before harvest,
density of UV-LED chips beyond the 4W/cm it expects the market for UV LEDs to grow their polyphenol content is boosted with-
mark at the different wavelengths needed to by 30% annually from $25 million in 2010 to out compromising plant mass, explained
bring UV-LED curing into production facili- more than $100 million in 2016. Fig. 5 shows Cary Eskow, global director of advanced
ties. For the fi rst time, LEDs have reached an even more optimistic forecast from the LEDs and illumination for Avnet Electron-
the power densities that make UV LEDs Optoelectronics Industry Development ics Marketing in Phoenix, AZ, which dis-
competitive with existing sources, said Uwe Association, the International Optoelec- tributes UV LEDs. He continued Th is is a
Thomas, general manager of emitter compo- tronics Association and the European Pho- novel method for increasing the appeal of
nents with LED Engin, a provider of UV and tonics Industry Consortium. some foods without using chemicals. Poly-
visible LEDs based in Santa Clara, CA. Beyond these applications, UV-B radi- phenols also have received attention due to
ation is known to have beneficial health their purported anticarcinogenic, antipro-
UV-A, B and C properties including the natural synthesis liferative and antimutagenic properties.
Curing involves the cross-polymerization of of vitamin D in humans who are exposed In the lower UV-C spectral range (100-
to sunlight. UV-B also accelerates the pro- 280 nm), the primary LED applications are
LAURA PETERS is a Senior Technical Editor duction of polyphenols in certain leafy veg- air and water sterilization and a range of
with LEDs Magazine. etables such as red lettuce. Polyphenols are analytical tools including those that per-
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form spectroscopic and fluorescence

measurements. Chemical and biological
detectors also work in this spectral range. at 365 nm
UV in the 250-275 nm range sterilizes but several smaller
water, air and surfaces by breaking-up the peaks in the visible
DNA and RNA of microorganisms and pre- and infrared regions
venting their reproduction. Specifically, 275 (Fig. 7). A downside to
nm is believed to be the most effective wave- these extraneous peaks is
length for eradicating pathogens such as the generation of heat dur-
E-coli in water. ing printing and other cur-
FIG. 1. Firefly air- In fact, engi- ing operations. With plastics
cooled UV-LED- neers at Sen- and other heat-sensitive materi-
FIG. 2. Multi-die UV emitter in a
based curing system sor Electronic als, there have been real challenges
Technology Inc. in printing because the medium gets ceramic package (source: LED Engin).
(source: Phoseon
Technology). (SETi), based distorted from the heat of the mer-
in Columbia, cury lamp, explained Steve
SC, have deter- Metcalf, CEO and president of verts the traditional hassles of
mined that 275 Air Motion Systems (AMS), a the old process.
nm is the optimum wavelength for water maker of curing systems based UV LEDs bring such ben-
disinfection. SETi has demonstrated dis- in River Falls, WI. He gave exam- efits as knowing precisely
infection of drinking water in an in-line ples that include plastic gift cards or what power level is being delivered
flow-through system using less than 40 mW credit cards, which use sheet-fed litho- to the curing medium, as well as other
of UV power. graphic printing. advantages LEDs are known for, such as the
Metcalf added that many people who ability to pulse-width-modulate the output,
Alternatives to mercury arc lamps would not have considered UV curing stated Eskow.
In production curing operations, mercury- because of the complexity of standard cur- The transition to UV LEDs also opened
vapor lamps are hindered by short lifetime ing processes the high voltage, heat of mer- the door to more environmentally friendly
(2000-10,000 hr), slow warm-up and cool- cury bulbs and environmental issues will curing formulations. With the next gen-
down times, and wide spectral power dis- now consider UV-LED curing because it sub- eration of products that ink, coating and
tribution. In addition, over 60% of
the energy that is applied to a typi-
cal mercury-vapor lamp is radiated
back out as infrared energy, in other
words, heat, said Eskow. He added
that the UV output of a mercury
vapor lamp drops off rapidly over its
operational life because some of its
electrode material vaporizes, depos-
iting a film on the inside of the quartz
tube which the UV cannot penetrate.
As a result, the user cannot easily
predict the amount of UV generated
at a later time; often this is a critical
process parameter.
The mercury lamp has a main peak
FIG. 3. UV-C LEDs for germicidal

applications, from Crystal IS,
Inc. The company was recently
acquired by Japan-based Asahi
Kasei (www.ledsmagazine.com/
press/33999).
_________

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LEDs | UV LED S
adhesive companies were developing, they UV LED applications Phoseon Technology.

used the opportunity to phase-out vola- UV sources The association also
tile organic compounds (VOCs) associated seeks to help speed
with the solvent-based formulations of past development of appli-
UVC: 200-280 nm UVB: 280-315 nm UVA: 315-400 nm
chemistries. Al0.5GaN Al0.4GaN GaN cations especially
suited to UV LEDs,
Disinfection of Medical UV curing
Curing optimization water/air/surfaces phototherapy
educate research-
For the longer-wavelength UV devices, in Security, banknote ers, integrators and
a similar manner to blue LED fabrication, Sensing Protein analysis end users regarding
(bioagents, DNA)
InGaN-based epilayers are grown on sap- Tanning the benefits of UV
Drug discovery
phire substrates to produce 385, 395 and Sensing
LEDs, and provide a
405 nm UV LEDs for curing. One key advan- forum for industry
FIG. 4. Most applications are in the
tage to higher-wavelength devices is that Medical communication and
UV-A and UV-B parts of the spectrum.
they can be driven at higher power. 395 nm collaboration.
Lithography
is really the sweet spot for UV LED curing, In our 15 years of
because at 405 nm the formulation is sen- printers as being able to use lower-power Photocatalysis experience in LED
sitive to ambient light, so you want to be LEDs, but higher speed digital, off set and air purification curing technolog y,
just below 400 while being able to drive flexographic technologies require closely- Source: Yole the industry has real-
the LEDs at high power, said Lim. All the spaced banks of high-flux-density LEDs. ized significant break-
major providers of curing formulations Even though the radiation is not visible, throughs that have proven LEDs as a viable
(photoinitiators and resins), have recently collimating optics are utilized to deliver alternative that provides substantial bene-
brought higher-wavelength inks and coat- the radiation with a uniform power level fits, said Allan Firhoj, President and CEO of
ings to market to fi ll this need. across the target media. Digital inkjet Lumen Dynamics based in Ontario, Canada.
In addition to producing more power, the curing was the fi rst segment to adopt UV He added, The UV LED Curing Association
higher-wavelength UV LEDs feature higher LEDs due to the required close distance to will be instrumental in helping the market
wall-plug efficiencies. For instance, at 365 the media for the print heads to optimally gain knowledge and insight about UV LED
nm, the output power of a UV LED is only perform. Th is was a natural fit for UV-LED technology and its numerous commercial
5-8% of the input power. At 385 nm, this effi- lamps as the curing intensity is highest at benefits.
ciency improves, but only to ~15%, making the emitter window.
the higher-wavelength chip the better choice. Stacy Volk, marketing Revenue ($M)
Curing processes require large, high- communications specialist 250
power LEDs (multiple die/chip) arranged at Phoseon Technology in
in a tight matrix in a chip-on-board con- Hillboro, OR, a maker of UV- 200
Air purification
figuration, close to the emitter window LED curing systems, pointed Instrumentation and sensing
with either an air- or water-cooled inter- out some of the additional Counterfeit analysis
150 Medical phototherapy
nal system to remove heat from the back- advantages associated with
side of the board. It doesnt matter what UV-LED curing include a R&D
the UV intensity is at the emitter window, controlled curing intensity, 100
what matters is the intensity at the surface scalable equipment, and the Water purification
of the media, said Metcalf. Depending on fact that the machines are 50
the equipment and curing application, the smaller and compact. UV curing
media can be 1 to 100 mm from the emit- One of the issues the cur-
0 Source: OIDA, IOA, EPIC
ter window, for which AMS has produced ing industry has faced has 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
special optics. In addition, a metal-cooled been inconsistencies in
PCB is used to sink the heat away from the measurement practice and FIG. 5. UV-LED market history and forecast.
matrix of LEDs. parameter definitions, for
Air cooling is also used. For instance, the example, defi ning radiometric intensity. A second association, the International
curing system shown in Fig. 1, which has an The UV LED Curing Association (www. ____ LED-UV Association (www.leduv.org), was
emitter window of 150 x 20 mm and flux den- uvledcuring.org) has been formed recently formed in September 2011 in Japan to orga-
sity of 4W/cm, can be used for spot curing by curing manufacturers Phoseon Technol- nize makers of UV-LED printers, UV-LED
inks, coatings or adhesives. ogy, Integration Technology Limited and manufacturers and ink and coating for-
Today, UV-LED curing equipment is often Lumen Dynamics to set guidelines and mulators that are committed to develop-
specially designed to fit the application. ensure compatibility across the industry, ing sustainable and the environmentally
Metcalf describes large f lat-bed banner stated Bill Cortelyou, President and CEO of friendly UV-LED printing technologies.
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LEDs | UV LED S
Chip manufacturers demands coming from mainstream con-

Companies that manufacture UV-LED chips sumer markets, said Bettles. SETi recently
include Crystal IS, based in Green Island, announced the purchase of a new facility,
NY (Fig. 3); Dowa Electronic Materials Co. where it plans to manufacture over 100
Ltd., based in Tokyo, Japan; Nichia Corp., million UV LEDs per year.
based in Tokushima, Japan; SemiLEDs, Devin Tang, market-
based in Hsinchu, Taiwan; SETi, and Seoul ing manager of Semi-
Optodevice Co. Ltd., based in Kyunggi-do, LEDs stated that the
Korea, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Seoul company has a full
Semiconductor. line of bare dice
UV-LED manufacturers focus on contin- and surface-mount
ually improving the efficiency and lifetime high power pack-
of their devices while reducing cost. Seoul aged LEDs in the
Optodevice has a manufacturing partner- 360-400-nm range. He
ship agreement with SETi, which manufac- noted that the compa-
tures a broad range of UV LEDs and lamps, nys products are differ- FIG. 6. SETi's UVClean LED arrays
and performs everything from wafer pro- entiated from others with deliver very high power deep-UV light
cessing to custom lamp design. The com- respect to the chips copper-alloy substrates, at 300-320 nm, the optimum range
pany provides UV emitters in hermeti- which allow high thermal conductivity (400 for phototherapies.
cally-sealed metal-glass packages (TO-18, W/mK) and silicon substrates in the pack-
TO-39 and TO-3), with standard products ages, which reduce cost. are many different compositions involving
and custom solutions spanning the wave- Epigap Optronic, based in Berlin, Ger- layers of AlGaN, AlInGaN, AlInN and AlN
length range from 240 to 355 nm. Figure 6 many, the main distributor for Dowas UV epilayers, but whatever the composition,
shows examples of UV-LED arrays in lamps LEDs, stated that Dowa manufactures it becomes easier to grow AlGaN-based
designed to deliver radiation in the 300-320 265, 280, 310, 325 and 340 nm bare dice materials on AlN substrates than sapphire
nm range for phototherapy applications or packaged LEDs. Nichia manufactures at some point, which has encouraged the
such as the treatment of skin conditions 365, 375 and 385 nm surface-mount high- development of AlN-substrate suppliers
such as psoriasis or eczema. power LEDs and low-power lamps. Crystal such as Hexatech, based in Morrosville, NC.
Tim Bettles, director of marketing and IS manufactures 260 nm UV LEDs and is Nonetheless, AlN substrates are only avail-
sales at SETi stated that its manufactur- the only company to produce LEDs on AlN able in small sizes and remain much more
ing agreement with Seoul Optodevice is substrates. expensive than sapphire wafers, thereby
designed to help SETi drive its volumes limiting this market.
of UV LEDs and lamps higher while driv- Wafer-processing issues Recently, Theodore Moustakas of Bos-
ing down costs. Our first UV-LED prod- As was indicated previously, epilayers of ton University has pioneered the use MBE
ucts were launched in 2004 and since then, InGaN and GaN, grown by MOCVD, are used (molecular beam epitaxy) to grow more effi-
we have come a long way in both technol- for higher-wavelength UV LEDs fabricated cient (high internal quantum efficiency) UV
ogy development and market adoption. We on sapphire substrates, but at lower wave- LED devices using AIGaN-based layers on
are now gearing SETis capacity for high- lengths, epilayers of AlGaN with increas- sapphire substrates. Th is approach would
volume manufacturing to cater to new ing aluminum content must be used. There compete with the various MOCVD tech-
niques used to deposit AlGaN today.
365.4 nm Optics and packaging

(I-line) Even though UV LED manufacturers have
been working hard to improve internal
quantum efficiency and optical efficiency,
Relative overall efficiency remains below 20%, mean-
power 404.7 nm ing a great deal of heat must be dissipated
(H-line)
from the diodes junction. To achieve the
required flux densities with todays chip
technologies, the multi-die emitters need
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580
to be driven at the highest current. Th is is
Wavelength (nm) Source: C. Eskow, Avnet
only possible with an LED package capa-
ble of handling extreme power densities for
FIG. 7. Spectral output of a mercury-vapor lamp in UV and visible regions. the life of the product. A thermally matched
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RELY ON UL
As lighting technology evolves, so does UL. In addition to product safety

certication, we also provide industry-leading performance testing,
environmental programs and robust training initiatives.
UL is widely known for our dedication to quality, technical expertise and

being a symbol of trust. From code authorities to speciers and consumers
to retailers, our 100-year history of advancing safety demonstrates our
commitment to protecting people, products and places.
When you rely on UL for your lighting product needs, your future is bright.
VISIT WWW.UL.COM/BRIGHT
___________________
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LEDs | UV LED S
stress-free package and glass lens help elim- icone encapsulant to accommodate even make them dangerous. The warning labels
inate common packaging failure modes higher flux density and higher effi ciency on UV LEDs and their products are clear
associated with UV LEDs, said Thomas. He yet shorter lifetime (15,000-20,000 hr). but bear noting: UV-LEDs emit invisible
described LED Engins patented multi-layer The choice of whether to use hermetic ultraviolet radiation when in operation,
ceramic substrate with extremely low ther- sealing in the package is sometimes deter- which may be harmful to eyes or skin, even
mal resistance that quickly conducts heat mined by the materials in the chip. An alu- for brief periods. (For more information on
from the die junction (Fig. 2). minum-nitride substrate almost dictates photobiological safety, see our series of
While some UV LED arrays are packaged the use of a hermetic package, because the articles, Part 3 of which appears on p.63 of
on ceramic substrates, many manufactur- higher the aluminum content, the higher this issue.)
ers, particularly of single-chip devices, use the device's affinity for oxygen, so a her-
TO-can type through-hole packages with a metic seal will protect the UV device better, Next steps
glass top that offers high transmission of explained Frank Gindele, product develop- When asked to identify the key issue that
UV. The replacement of epoxy lenses with ment manager for Schott Electronic Packag- might keep UV users from changing over
fl at or dome-shaped glass capable of UV ing in Landshut, Germany. The new copper- from mercury-vapor sources to UV LEDs,
transmission is a relatively new develop- and glass-based package from Schott offers many industry participants say it comes
ment, and one that has allowed an exten- the advantages of high thermal conductiv- down to breaking existing industry momen-
sion of lifetimes from around 5000 hours up ity and hermeticity. tum and, of course, cost. Lim thinks that a
to as high as 30,000 hours. UV accelerates rounding out of the wavelength portfolio
degradation of the epoxy material in a non- Dangers of UV would go a long way toward adoption. I
linear manner, directly impacting lifetime. It is important to recognize that some of think if we can get good 250-nm, 285-nm
The glass lenses provide enhanced durabil- the same qualities that make UV LEDs very and 300-nm LEDs, those three wavelengths,
ity and improved reliability. Another alter- powerful and useful their low wavelength then we can pretty much shut the door on
native is to combine a glass lens with sil- and high energy are also the qualities that mercury arc lamps.
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___________________________
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lighting controls | NETWORKS
Use of controls escalates in LED

lighting despite lack of standards
Lighting companies are moving forward with adaptive-control technology that can save significant
energy especially when combined with inherently-efficient LED sources, explains MAURY WRIGHT.
However, no standards exist that would allow interoperable use of luminaires, sensors, and
controllers from different vendors.
A
daptive lighting control is a neces-
sity going forward given the energy Adura wireless lighting control Adura wireless
crisis we face globally and the fact light controller
Independently
that lighting consumes a very large share of controls fixtures
the energy used. Efficient solid-state light- Facility management 2.4 GHz secure based on info
ing (SSL), using LED sources, is a step in the web portal ZigBee wireless from network
mesh network
right direction for slashing energy usage, Provides secure access, sensors
control and management,
and controls that eliminate over-lighting onsite or remotely
can greatly enhance savings. Lighting man-
ufacturers and companies dedicated to
sensor and control products support adap-
tive-control scenarios today, although the Adura gateway
Transmits data Adura wireless
networking schemes that link products are
between the wall control
largely proprietary. Standards-based net- network and Adura wireless Motion/photo interface
works would enable interoperable products the server sensor interface sensor
from multiple vendors, but a robust, stan-
dardized, lighting-centric network is still a FIG. 1. Adura uses the ZigBee wireless network to connect a gateway with sensor
work in progress. interfaces and light controllers.
The transition to LED lighting has sparked
an increased interest in controls. LEDs are The biggest obstacle to broader deploy- The major lighting vendors all have some
easily dimmable. Moreover dimming SSL ment remains the lack of a full network stack approach to control systems using either
delivers energy savings that track the lower for lighting (see www.ledsmagazine.com/ wired or wireless interconnects to link light-
light output in a near linear fashion. The features/7/11/13 for a primer on network
___________ ing and occupancy sensors, switches and
efficiency of many LED drivers does drop technology and the layers that comprise a dimmers, and light fi xtures to a central-
slightly at less than full load, but the sav- network stack.) There are wired and wire- ized controller. We wont cover the breadth
ings remain substantial. The savings that less networks that could serve in lighting, of technologies here, but will consider the
come with dimming arent as significant but in every instance one or more required approach of Acuity Brands.
with many legacy sources. layers are missing. We will cover those short- Several of Acuitys lighting-centric brands
Of course commissioning and up-front comings through the course of this article. address controls. For example, the Roam
cost issues remain, regardless of light source brand targets networking of street lights
type. But controls companies are bringing Control scenarios (www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/2/8).
down cost and making systems easier to use Lets examine the current landscape of con- For indoor-lighting applications, the Sensor
including supporting control applications trol schemes by first covering the approach Switch brand includes a broad array of con-
on popular devices such as smart phones lighting manufacturers are taking to attack trol products within the nLight family.
and tablets such as Apples iPad. the problem. We will then consider the tech- NLight relies primarily on a wired net-
nology that control specialists are offering work infrastructure using the same Cat-5
that can enable systems that mix products cables used for office and home Ethernet net-
MAURY WRIGHT is a Senior Technical Editor from different vendors. Lastly we will look works. Indeed an nLight installation looks
with LEDs Magazine . at the prospects for standardized networks. like an office network from a topology per-

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Controls impact
spective. A software tool called SensorView works. The relay packs both switch power safety, productivity,
resides on a PC and handles commissioning to 16A loads and act as a power source and experience
and control. The PC links to the nLight net- for downstream network elements that
work using an Ethernet connection to one or require a DC power supply. While saving energy is the driving force
more nGWY gateways. The nPP WIFI communicates back to behind lighting controls, there are
Each gateway in turn connects to bridges. the gateway over a standard Wi-Fi net- productivity, safety, and life-enhancement
For example the nBRG 8 product includes 8 work. Sensor Stream value stream man- angles as well.
output ports that link to nLight network ager Michael Clemens said, It relies on Lutron lead scientist Robert Nachtrieb
elements including sensors, wall panels, an off-the-shelf 802.11b/g/n router that said that office workers have vastly different
switches, power-switching modules, and ultimately links to the gateway device preferences for light levels and that given
nLight-enabled LED luminaires. Each gate- via Ethernet. Acuity has also mentioned the opportunity many will lower the light
way output can control a multi-element wireless ZigBee links between gate- level in their work space, reducing energy
lighting zone with elements daisy-chained ways and bridges in various literature, usage. But Nachtrieb also said there is a
via Cat-5 cables. although no such products are listed on corresponding productivity boost. He said,
the Sensor Switch website at this time. They are happier, get fewer headaches, and
Network enabled luminaires remain more focused on the task.
Acuity offers the RTLED, ACLED, TLED, Controls specialists Nachtrieb also offered a counterintuitive
and VTLED luminaires through its Lithonia Peruse the websites of other major light- example of increased safety, setting the
Lighting brand that come with the network ing vendors and you will find similar pro- stage by noting that dim lights arent
connection and a driver equipped for nLight prietary networking schemes. Companies typically associated with an increase in
control. You can also add lighting elements that specialize in control technologies, safety. He said that in some cases stairway
to an nLight network that arent designed for however, have a broader range of network and corridor lights, especially in homes,
such use. For example the nSP5 D relay and elements, wireless support, and system are turned off to save energy when the only
dimming module can both switch AC power controllers. And Lutron has perhaps the choices are off or on. But given the option of
to a third-party luminaire and provide 0-10V broadest array of offerings in the segment dim lights and energy savings, people would
dimming control. with products that target light-control leave lights on at a low level for safety.
Sensor Switch has also demonstrated in individual residential rooms, whole- Lighting controls can also do more than
wireless connectivity options. For example, house systems, and commercial-building set levels when a source such as LEDs
the wireless nPP WIFI module duplicates the systems. Moreover the lighting controls offers tunable color temperatures. Lance
functionality of the wired nPP16 relay pack are part of a larger automation offering Zheng, Marvell senior manager of technical
that is a widely used element in nLight net- that includes control of HVAC systems, marketing, envisions lighting controls adding
motorized window shades, enjoyment to our lives beyond just offering a
and appliances. pleasing ambiance. Zheng suggested that in
Lutron has evolved a pro- the future you might have ambient-lighting
prietary wireless scheme systems that deliver a lighting track as a
called Clear Connect over compliment to a movie similar to a sound
the past 15 years that is a track for audio effects.
key enabler of its products.
For example, in an individual
room application, Clear Connect or a handheld remote. The electronic dim-
can link a wall-mounted control mer creates a phase-cut AC signal simi-
pad with occupancy and light lar to the output from a triac dimmer and
sensors, dimmer wall switches, works with any phase-cut-compatible lamp
plug-in lamp dimmer modules, or luminaire.
and other elements. A wire- Whole-house systems build on that func-
less wall switch that connects tionality via wireless repeaters that extend
to a ceiling-mounted luminaire the range of the network. And Lutron offers
could switch or dim the load dedicated controllers such as the RadioRA
2012 Lutron Electronics, Inc.
based on local activation of the 2 and HomeWorks systems that can control
switch or wireless commands multiple rooms or zones. For commercial
received from the control pad applications, or perhaps high-end residen-
tial, Lutron offers systems capable of con-
FIG. 2. Lutron iPad lighting- trolling more zones and adds a wired inter-
control application. connect capability called EcoSystem that is
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Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Subscribe | Next Page q qq
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Testing and Certification for

North America and the World
Gas-red

CSA Internationals global network of offices and laboratories can

help you obtain the recognized product certification marks you need
for North America, Europe, Asia and other regions.
Visit us at Booth No. 738

1-866-463-1785
216-328-8113
cert.sales@csa-international.org
www.csa-international.org
Global Ofces and Laboratories:
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an enhanced version of the DALI standard

for light control.
Lutron offers only a few luminaires under
its Lutron and Ivalo brands. Instead it sup-
ports third-party lighting products with the
combination of the lamp plug-in modules,
wall dimmers, and a broad ballast and driver
2012 Lutron Electronics, Inc.

family that includes the Hi-lume A-Series
LED driver family. Lutron has a long list of
luminaire partners that offer Hi-lume as a
driver option.
The driver offering is broad. Lutron's
design development leader Ethan Biery said,
The Hi-lume A-Series has about 3000 dif-
ferent configurations and model numbers. FIG. 4. Lutron systems can add control capability to table lamps, recessed spot lights,
The specifiable options include characteris- ceiling fi xtures and other lighting elements.
tics such as drive current along with dim-
ming support. In terms of dimming, Lutron potential sources of interference. Moreover Consider Adura Technologies. The com-
offers models compatible with phase control, Clear Connect uses what Lutron describes pany follows a strategy similar to Lutron
EcoSystem digital controls, and three-wire as a fi xed network, meaning that after com- but uses a ZigBee-based wireless network
controls that have been used with fluores- missioning there is a predetermined path (Fig.1). The company offers ZigBee-enabled
cent ballasts. through the network between any sender network elements that work with existing
and receiver. In contrast, mesh networks third-party sensors and luminaires. For
Proprietary or standard wireless? such as ZigBee formulate paths dynamically example, an installation would require an
Back to Clear Connect, Lutron has focused and rely on each network node to retransmit Adura Wireless Sensor Interface to be mated
its wireless effort on a proprietary system in each received packet. with each occupancy or light sensor in an
the 400-MHz frequency band that it believes Lutron says that Clear Connect is more installation. Likewise each luminaire would
offers optimal immunity from other signals reliable and delivers commands more require an Adura Wireless Light Controller.
from cordless phones, Wi-Fi, garage-door quickly than mesh networks. In reality Zig- And the company offers Wireless Wall Con-
openers, and other Bee has been widely used in demanding fac- trol Interfaces that can switch an AC signal
tory-automation applications where latent and implement phase-control dimming.
command delivery cant be tolerated. More- Adura also offers a ZigBee gateway that
over the mesh scheme eliminates the need links the lighting network to the office net-
for repeaters or for each sender and receiver work where a PC can handle commission-
to be within wireless range of one another. ing and control. The Adura Lighting Control
But the biggest point of contention over Software is a web-based platform that sup-
a wireless scheme such as Clear Connect is ports features such as scheduling. In fact
the proprietary nature. Lutron could decide the software can even be used remotely over
to license the technology to others. But a net- the Internet. Ultimately the company hopes
work based on an industry standard such as to have third-parties build luminaires and
ZigBee should allow any manufacturer to other network elements with integrated sup-
build compatible products. port for its wireless network.
The operative word in the prior sentence
is should. In actuality the ZigBee standard Building an ecosystem
doesnt include the full set of network lay- Daintree Networks has also developed
ers required for interoperable lighting prod- a ZigBee-based, lighting-centric net-
ucts. ZigBee does ensure reliable delivery of work scheme that it calls ControlScope.
data packets. But it doesnt include the upper Unlike Adura, Daintree is not manufac-
network layers that would defi ne lighting- turing any network elements other than a
specific protocols and commands. Such lay- Wireless Area Controller that implements
ers could still be added on top of ZigBee but the gateway functionality and enables con-
FIG. 3. The graphics-enabled WallPod today companies using ZigBee for lighting trol and commissioning via the companys
controller from Sensor Switch (an are adding their own proprietary lighting ControlScope Manager software. For net-
Acuity Brand). protocols. work elements, Daintree is attempting to
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With Heraeus Celcion,

its not what you see.
Its what you get.
Looks can be deceiving. But performance

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build an ecosystem of third-party partners news/7/3/7).

_______ While Redwood will manufac- FIG. 5. Sensor Switch nLight
to support ControlScope. turer the lighting-control engine and offer Wi-Fi module.
At present Daintree lists more than a management software, it has proactively
dozen companies as ControlScope Con- sought luminaire manufacturers that will
nected partners. The list includes LED- build compatible products. Daintree part- Standards outlook
based planar-lighting specialist Lunera ner Lunera Lighting, for example, is also a Looking forward, the
Lighting. Partner Finelite is an established Redwood partner. standards forecast is
player in the commercial-lighting space Lighting companies that want to develop unclear. Ideally the
with luminaires based both on SSL and leg- a controls-centric product portfolio dont industry will develop
acy sources. There are driver manufactur- necessarily require the help of a network- a standard that would
ers on the list including eldoLED and man- ing specialist such as Daintree or Adura. allow interoperable
ufacturers of sensors and actuators such as Semiconductor manufacturers are develop- products just as con-
SimpleHomeNet. Still its tough to judge the ing reference designs and software stacks sumers can buy interop-
traction that Daintree has in the market, that can speed the development of prod- erable computer-net-
because the company has yet to announce ucts such as network-enabled luminaires. work elements. The
a major installation. For example at the recent Consumer Elec- ZigBee Alliance has
The concept of an ecosystem doesnt tronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Marvell developed the ZigBee
apply solely to standards-based networks. announced a ZigBee-based smart lighting Building Automation
Redwood Systems, for instance, is taking platform that utilizes its ICs (www.leds-
_______ layer that addresses
that approach with its proprietary light- magazine.com/news/9/1/7). Marvell will controls for HVAC and other
ing system that relies on a wired infrastruc- supply reference software to its customers systems. And the organization is
ture to handle DC power distribution and for free hoping to accelerate the controls working on a lighting-centric upper-layer
control signals (www.ledsmagazine.com/ marketplace. protocol called ZigBee Light Link.
_____________ __________
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But some industry participants arent Objects) Alliance event called the Internet of azine.com/news/8/5/9).
sold on ZigBee as the basis for a lighting Things, NXP Semiconductors demonstrated Back in May we speculated that Android
network, or in a larger sense, a network a 6LoWPAN-based lighting network. The @ Home would be based on 802.15.4. Google
of smart devices that per- company has developed a 6LoWPAN proto- has been pretty quiet on the subject. But
vade our lives. Sometimes col stack called JenNet-IP that works with recent rumors point to the company devel-
referred to as a network of some of its microcontrollers. The demon- oping a simpler alternative to 802.15.4 that
things, the concept is that stration featured Android devices and iPads would be cheaper to implement enabling
virtually every electronic controlling smart lights via the Internet. lower-cost smart objects such as control-
device will be linked on the The 6LoWPAN protocol can operate over lable LED lamps. Google is expected to use
Internet going forward. the same lower network layers defi ned in 6LoWPAN in Android @ Home.
ZigBee doesnt inherently sup- the IEEE 802.15.4 standard that also under- While Google isnt targeting commercial
port the Internet Protocol (IP) that lies ZigBee. But even the 802.15.4 physical lighting, it could impact that segment were
is the basis for the Internet and and media-access-control layers arent a it to deliver an open network that could be
Ethernet networks. Of course a sure bet for a future universally-accepted used by other companies. Meanwhile the
gateway can link ZigBee-enabled lighting network. quest for a lighting-centric network con-
devices to the Internet. But an Google, for instance, wants to insert tinues while proprietary deployments also
alternative protocol called 6LoW- itself deeper into our lives and Android pro- escalate. Indeed there is little reason not to
PAN (IPv6 over Low power Wire- vides a potential avenue. Last May at the implement smart lighting today, especially
less Personal Area Network) is IP Android Developers Conference, Google in the commercial space. Such projects are
based and is gaining momentum. announced an initiative called Android @ paid back rapidly via reduced energy costs.
Home and demonstrated a prototype of a And todays proprietary networks will be
Smart objects smart LED-based retrofit lamp developed compatible via gateways with future stan-
At a recent IPSO (Internet Protocol for Smart by Lighting Science Group (www.ledsmag-
_________ dardized technologies.
________________
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lighting | ARCHITECTURAL
LED lighting at Louvre symbolizes

Toshibas move into Europe
A ceremony has been held to mark the first phase of a project to install LED exterior lighting at one
of Europes great art museums, writes TIM WHITAKER.
T
oshiba Corporation recently com-
pleted the fi rst stage of a project to
replace the external lighting at the
Louvre Museum in Paris, France, with LED
lighting. The first stage involved the lighting
inside the iconic central Pyramid, as well as
the three surrounding pyramidions (small
pyramids) and a section of the facade of the
Colbert pavilion, part of the main museum
building. The lighting was switched on dur-
ing a ceremony on December 6, 2011, by
Norio Sasaki, president and CEO of Toshiba
Corporation, and Henri Loyrette, director of
the Louvre Museum.
Essentially this is an architectural
lighting project: there are no plans yet in
place to install LED lighting in the gal-
leries, although the Mona Lisa painting
is illuminated with a standalone, pur-
pose-built LED light source (ledsmaga-
_______
zine.com/news/2/5/5). However, both the
project and the launch ceremony make
a clear statement about Toshibas inten- FIG. 1. Toshiba has installed LED lighting in the Louvres Pyramid, the pyramidions,
tions within the European lighting mar- and the faade of the palace building.
ket. Toshiba made a high-profi le debut in
Europe at Light+Building in April 2010, xenon light fittings. The LED retrofit will the client, he said. We would then make
and all the companys lighting products in cut annual power consumption for the a prototype of the fi xture, re-check its opti-
Europe are LED-based. Franois Sguineau, exterior lighting by 73%, from 392,000W cal and electrical performance and bar-
VP Europe with Toshiba Lighting Systems, to 105,000W. Six diff erent fi xture types, ring any problems progress from prod-
said that Toshiba is now a top-3 supplier including 15-LED linear fi xtures for the uct development to product certification in
of LED lamps in Europe. Pyramid (Fig. 2), and exterior floodlights a short time frame, with delivery date as
The partnership between Toshiba and the (Fig. 3), were purpose-designed for the the top priority. Although Toshibas pro-
Louvre Museum, which will run until 2023, Louvre installation. Th e lighting had to totypes and specifications were approved
was first announced in July 2010 (www. ____ meet various technical specifications, but by the Louvres technical directorate, they
ledsmagazine.com/news/7/7/1). In the next also meet certain subjective and aesthetic were then subject to a second, detailed
phases of the project the remaining facades requirements. Takayoshi Moriyama, a screening by the museum Director and
of the Napoleon Court will be completed in Toshiba lighting specialist, explained how the Historical Monuments Committee of
the fi rst half of 2012, and the courtyard will the project differed from a typical one. We Paris. Moriyama said there was consider-
follow in 2013. would typically use tools such as specifica- able debate about the size, shape and color
Overall, Toshiba will provide a total of tion drawings which would be fi nalized by temperature of the fixtures (2700K was
3200 LED light fittings to replace 4500 the sales manager after consultation with eventually settled on). We had to harmo-

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lighting | ARCHITECTURAL
nize the fi xtures with the building as part

of the scenery, he said.
Vision and branding

In a lighting seminar accompanying the
switch-on ceremony, Masami Fukuda,
president of Toshiba Lighting & Technology
Corp, said that the companys lighting rev-
enue for the year ended March 31, 2011, was
5 billion, or 9% of total sales. He stated that
Toshibas vision statement for the lighting
business is Lighting the way to warmth
and harmony with people and the environ-
ment. LED technology is seen as combining
peoples value creation which includes
comfort, culture and emotion with envi-
ronmental value creation, which includes
higher efficiency and life-cycle cost reduc-
tion compared with competing technologies.
As well as Toshibas technological capa-
bilities and its ability to create synergy FIG. 2. Linear LED fi xtures installed in the interior of the Pyramid.
with smart energy-management systems,
Fukuda pointed to the importance of lever- ings and longer life. They may also need to wholesalers and energy-saving companies
aging Toshibas brand, which he described start to think of lighting in terms of being for business-to-business sales; retailers
as a trusted brand in consumer electronics more like a consumer-electronics product, for business-to-consumer sales; and sell-
with its quality. Branding and reputation and less like a very-low-cost consumable ing LED light-engines to lighting manu-
are clearly important attributes for compa- item. As this shift occurs, the reassurance facturers. In this last case, Sguineau said
nies like Toshiba, along with its peers such of a brand with a reputation for quality that Toshiba is looking to achieve Toshiba
as LG, Panasonic, Samsung and Sharp, who could prove to be a decisive factor when the inside recognition in the branded products
have all introduced lighting products into consumer makes an investment in LEDs. of other companies.
the European market. These are not tradi- Masao Segawa, chief technology execu-
tionally recognized as lighting companies Vertical integration tive of Toshiba Lighting, described a new
in Europe, although the Japanese companies Meanwhile, Sguineau claimed that, 90-mm-diameter light engine with a new
are strong in their domestic lighting market. within two years, Toshiba has become a socket (GH76P) that has an output of either
As LED lamps become more prevalent, key European player in the LED market. 1100 or 1600 lm, and a beam angle of either
consumers will need to adjust to paying The companys strategy has been 45 or 85. He also described a new version
higher prices for lamps, with the to focus fi rst on com- of Toshibas A-shape E26 LED lamp that has
promise of energy sav- mercial lighting, sec- a light distribution of 260, compared with
ond on street light- only 120 for the previous version. The LEDs
ing, and third on are still on a horizontal plane, but special
residential lighting optics are used and the light is reflected
and as stated above, from the inside of the lamp cover in order
all its products for to provide the desired light distribution.
the European mar- The 10.6W lamp has an output of 1000 lm.
ket are LED based. Toshiba is a supplier of many types of
Toshiba is using electronic components, including laser
a 100% indirect- diodes, and is now increasing its internal
sales model, using production capacity for LED chips. Masami
Fukuda told LEDs Magazine that some of
FIG. 3. LED Toshibas LED lamps already use the com-
floodlight module panys own LEDs, and that the intention
for the Court is to become more vertically integrated in
Napoleon facade. the future.
LEDsmagazine.com
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________________________________
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________________________
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optics | TIR LENSES
TIR optics enhance the illuminance on

target for directional LED modules
Secondary optics using total internal reflection perform better than reflector-based optics for
constructing directional LED-based modules, but only if the light-distribution pattern is correctly
evaulated, write WU JIANG and KEVIN SCHNEIDER.
D
irectional LED modules and lamps
can be designed in different ways to
provide the desired result of plac-
ing the light where it is required for a spe-
cific application, while minimizing glare
and background light. Th is article com-
pares two alternate approaches, one based
on a compact emitter in combination with
a secondary lens using total internal reflec-
tion (TIR) optics, and the other based on
a chip-on-board array in combination
with a reflector.
However, as this article also empha-
sizes, comparisons of LED modules
and lamps by power consumption or
luminous efficacy or even the nom-
inal beam angle may give a com-
pletely inaccurate impression of the per-
formance of these light sources.
FIG. 1. TIR lenses and compact, high-lumen-density emitters from LED Engin. The
company manufactures four compact emitter packages: 1-die up to 5W, 4-die up to
Making comparisons 15W, 12-die up to 40W, and 24-die up to 80W.
It is easy to compare the performance of
incandescent lamps; products conform to
common, long-established physical formats descent lamp. The luminous efficacy value uation reveals quite staggering differences
and they emit light in very similar ways. For (lm/W) is also quoted. in performance in real-world applications.
a given AC grid voltage, the primary way of However, LED lamps have a more com-
comparing incandescent lamps is by their plex construction than incandescent ones. The need to focus
power rating in watts, and consumers have Many factors such as the type of emit- High-power LED emitters are ever-improv-
a clear idea how much more light is likely to ter, the substrate upon which the emitter is ing light sources for a broad range of light-
come from a 100W lamp than from its 60W mounted, the driver electronics, the optical ing applications. However, for the vast
counterpart. focusing mechanism, and the housing all majority of applications, such as interior
The emergence of LED lamps has made contribute to differences in performance. spot- and down-lighting, roadway lighting,
things a bit more complicated, not least Using luminous efficacy to compare LED architectural lighting and stage lighting,
because the industry has tried to explain lamps can be totally misleading, particu- the emitters alone cannot deliver enough
the performance of LED lighting in incan- larly when it comes to directional lighting. light intensity to a target. This is because an
descent terms. Specifications usually The two directional LED modules com- LED light source emits a Lambertian light
include the power consumed in watts and pared below have similar specifications, distribution whereby the apparent bright-
how that equates to an equivalent incan- including efficacy, but more detailed eval- ness to an observer is the same, regardless
of that observers position. Light is therefore
WU JIANG is Director of Optics and KEVIN SCHNEIDER is an Optics Engineer with LED Engin, Inc spread far too widely.
(www.ledengin.com), San Jose, California, USA. In order to direct light onto a target, it

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optics | TIR LENSES
is necessary to use secondary optics, which Relative Intensity distribution over viewing angle
intensity (%) LED Engin TIR vs Reflector
collimate the light into a controlled beam
200
illuminating the targeted area. Collimated
180 TIR
light rays propagate in parallel, although 24 beam angle 24 beam angle
160
perfect collimation is not possible due to 140
diff raction and the fi nite size of the emit- 120
ter. However, the smaller the light source, 100
the more effective the collimating optics 80
can be. Besides collimating light, secondary Reflector
60
optics can also be designed to improve color Glare Glare
40
uniformity and light distribution within the 20
target area. 0
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
To describe the ability of secondary
Angular displacement (degrees)
optics to collimate a beam, we often refer
to viewing angle or full width at half max- FIG. 2. The TIR lens produces twice the center-beam lux with negligible glare.
imum (FWHM); this is the angular width
of the beam whose intensity at the edge is
half the maximum intensity in the center of that the only optical solution is to surround get. An inexpensive, efficient, well-designed
the beam. Th is angle is a useful way to clas- the emitter with a reflective surface. lens in a low-profile form factor is only
sify optics, but it doesnt always explain dis- Reflectors are common with omnidirec- possible with such very bright, very com-
crepancies between different optical plat- tional lights such as incandescents, but in pact emitters.
forms. In practice, depending on the optical LED designs they carry a key disadvantage: The lenses in Fig. 1 produce viewing
design, optics with identical viewing angles a majority of light rays originating from the angles from 8 to 45 when used with com-
can differ quite a lot in the intensity and center of the emitter pass out of the system pact emitter packages (all products shown
quality of the beam. without ever touching the reflector. Th is are from LED Engin). The secondary optics
means that even in a narrow-flood reflec- not only direct light to the target but
Reflectors and lenses tive system, where the view angle is in the provide high optical efficiency and color
Many lighting applications in particular 20-25 range, a significant portion of the uniformity while maintaining compact
high-bay lighting, street lighting, and stage light strays wide of the target. And it isnt form factors.
lighting demand high illumance (mea- simply lost; worse, it is very visible as glare
sured in lux) at a distance, and that means and background light, causing distraction TIR lenses versus reflectors
both a high-power emitter and a highly col- and discomfort at the expense of center- In order to compare the performance of
limated beam. In an industry with such high beam lux. TIR- and reflector-based approaches, two
standards, it is essential that each emitter Contrast this with the optical opportuni- LED modules were evaluated. One module
be properly matched with appropriate sec- ties for a compact, very high lumen-density used an LED Engin compact LZC emitter
ondary optics. emitter. These emitters are powerful enough with a 24 TIR lens, while the other used a
Often, the physical size of the emitter lim- to provide the necessary luminous intensity reflector-based module containing a COB
its the optical options. Th is is particularly (measured in lumens) and small enough to array. In both cases, the optics had the
true of certain chip-on-board (COB) or array be enveloped with a TIR lens to guide virtu- same dimensions (45-mm diameter, 25-mm
emitters; they emit from such a large area ally all of the radiated light toward the tar- height). Both modules were designed to
have a FWHM of 24 and their specifications
TIR lens with Reflector with COB array
were matched as closely as possible, partic-
SMD emitter
ularly the luminous intensity (lm) and effi-
Number of die 12 die (1 x 1 mm) 24 die (1.5 x 1.5 mm) cacy (lm/W).
Luminous intensity (lm), input power 985 lm, 17.79W 969 lm, 17.84W Table 1 illustrates three key differences
(W), efficacy (lm/W) 55.4 lm/W 54.3 lm/W in performance between these modules.
Center-beam illuminance (lux) at 1m 6020 3005 For example, the TIR lens system delivered
Lux efficacy (lux/W) at 1m 338 168 twice the central lux of the reflector mod-
Glare (percentage of radiated energy ule, with 2 the lux efficacy measured in
6% 28% lux/watt.
outside of 60 cone)
Fig. 2 shows the measured intensity
TABLE 1. Comparison of LED-based modules with similar headline specifications (lm, distribution over viewing angle. We can
W, lm/W) and the same sized optics (45-mm diameter 25-mm height). The TIR lens immediately see that FWHM viewing
delivers twice as much light to the target and 80% less visual glare. angle (in this case 24) doesnt tell the
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optics | TIR LENSES
whole story. The TIR lens design produces TIR Lens Reflector
a smooth, well-controlled slope up to the
peak intensity, while the reflectors inten- 200%
sity distribution flattens out in the wide- 100%
150%
angle glare zone.
100%
This is perhaps more visually evident in 50%
50%
the 3D graph in Fig. 3, where the profile 40 45
of the TIR-based module shows a smooth 0% 15 0%
-60 -45 -60 -45 10
-30 -15 -10
gradient toward the center beam, but the -35 -30 -15 -25
0 15 0 15
ref lector solution shows a more spiky 30 45 -60 30 45 -60
60 60
center beam with a significant portion of
the reflectors energy coming from outside FIG. 3. A 3D beam profile clearly shows the smooth illumination profile and central
the peak. illuminance (lux) performance of the TIR module compared to the lower lux and
In fact, 28% of the radiated energy from higher glare from the reflector module.
the reflector design falls outside of a 60
cone, contributing to glare, while for the performance of these light sources. illuminates the target area.
TIR design this is only 6%. Whats needed is a new way of defin- Other factors such as color uniformity
ing luminous performance that takes into and light distribution still have to be consid-
Summary account the percentage of lux-on-target thats ered, but lux efficacy would be a better mea-
In real-world applications, comparisons of delivered, not the total lumens produced by sure than anything currently available. The
LED modules and lamps by either power the module. True lux efficacy could perhaps comparison between modules with reflector
consumption or luminous efficacy may give be adopted to describe the useful lumens pro- designs and TIR lenses clearly demonstrates
a completely inaccurate impression of the duced by an LED module i.e. the light which the need for such a measure.
______________________

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Face-to-Face with the World
Sept. 18-20, 2012

Record-breaking New international
attendance 5 years running. event involving
4,200+ attendees in 2011 both Chinese & foreign
the largest to date. companies at all levels
Sold-out exhibit floor of supply chain.
in 2010 and 2011. M.O.C. Event Center
Second annual event
with sell-out programs
Munich, Germany
Feb. 7-9, 2012 www.sileurope.com May 22-24, 2012
and exhibit floor
in 2010 and 2011.
Santa Clara Convention Center

Santa Clara, CA USA
Shenzhen Intercontinental Hotel
www.strategiesinlight.com
Shenzhen, China
www.sil-ledchina.com
Our newest event

focused on lighting design.
3,000 attendees and nearly
90 exhibitors. Sept. 25-27, 2012
July 31-Aug. 1, 2012
THE
LED
SHOW

Pacifico Yokohama
Rio All Suite Hotel Yokohama, Japan
Las Vegas, NV USA Record-breaking www.sil-ledjapan.com
www.theledshow.com attendance with more
than 5,000 attendees
3-years running.
Meet face-to-face with thousands of the worlds most influential and motivated manufacturers,
equipment suppliers, and end-users who come to evaluate products and services and get the
information they need to conduct business within the global LED and lighting industry.
Whether you are a supplier, an LED manufacturer trying to reach new customers,
a designer looking for new product information, or a buyer exploring the latest
technologies, our events can help achieve your objectives.
For more information on exhibiting or sponsoring at ANY of our events, please contact:
United States (West Coast) Europe Japan Mainland China
Tim Carli, Sales Virginia Willis, Sales Maiko Kobayashi, Sales Michael Tsui, Sales
+1 650 946 3163 +44 0 1992 656 663 +81 3 3219 3642 +86 755 259 88571 x1009
tcarli@strategies-u.com virginiaw@pennwell.com led@ics-inc.co.jp michaelT@actintl.com.hk
United States (East Coast) Austria/Germany/Switzerland Hong Kong/Asia Singapore/Taiwan
Mary Donnelly, Sales Holger Gerisch, Sales Mark Mak, Sales Michael Yee, Sales
+1 603 891 9398 +49 0 8856 802 0228 +852 2838 6298 +65 9616 8080
maryd@pennwell.com holgerg@pennwell.com markm@actintl.com.hk yfyee@singnet.com.sg
Presented by: Supported by:
Strategies Unlimited
MARKET INTELLIGENCE

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standards | OPTICAL SAFETY
LED-based products must meet

photobiological safety standards: part 3
To conclude our series of articles on LED photobiological safety, LESLIE LYONS puts IEC62471
to work in consideration of the hazards posed by todays LEDs and LED-based products.
P
arts one and two of this series on LED Source spectral irradiance
photobiological safety focused on the 30
25
potential hazards to the human body Cool white LED Irradiance 20
-2 -1
(mW m nm ) 15
posed by exposure to optical radiation; the Warm white LED
10
development of standards and their applica- 5
tion; and the fine details of source evaluation
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
(www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/11/15). Wavelength (nm)
Th is third part of the series focuses on Blue-light-weighted irradiance Photopically-weighted irradiance
the use of the IEC62471 standard to evalu- 30 12
Weighted 25 10
ate LED-based products. IEC62471 may be irradiance 20 8
used to evaluate personal exposure to opti- (mW m-2 nm-1) 15 6
10 4
cal radiation, within, for example, the scope 5 2
of the EU Artificial Optical Radiation Direc- 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
tive. However, its principal use is in provid- Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
ing a framework for evaluating the photobio-
logical safety of finished products intended FIG. 1. Blue-light-weighted versus photopically-weighted irradiance for cool- and
for sale on the market. The responsibility warm-white phosphor-converted LEDs. While the photopic integrals may be similar,
for ensuring that such an evaluation is per- the blue-light integrals differ significantly.
formed resides with the manufacturer of
the finished product, who, in many cases, is level, exposure limits will not be exceeded. GLS products
wont to reduce this burden. However, it only applies to white or broad- General lighting service (GLS) sources are
It is clearly not possible to measure every band sources emitting over the visible region. defined as white-light sources used to illu-
LED in use, and indeed in many cases there is Luminance does not fully take into minate spaces. Within the context of LEDs,
no need to do so. For example, the low visual account the emission of colored LEDs, nor consideration is made of two technologies:
response elicited from low-power white or does it take into account UV or IR emission. phosphor-converted (PC) and color-mixed
colored LEDs leads one to reason that no pho- The luminance of a UV source may be below LEDs. Due to the narrow-band emission of
tochemical safety concerns exist. However, this level, yet one cannot use this informa- LED chips, and the limited emission range
as one considers LEDs of increasing optical tion to base a conclusion on a potential UV of LED phosphors, one can restrict consider-
power, the point at which one can no longer hazard. In practice, this threshold lumi- ation to the visible region: no risks are posed
make such assumptions may not be obvious. nance is particularly low, and is exceeded in the UV or the IR.
by many, even low-power, white LEDs. Practically, the sole hazard in consider-
When are measurements required? Where the luminance of a white-light ation is the blue-light retinal hazard, which
In the first instance, IEC62471 recom- source exceeds this level, and for all other dominates over the retinal thermal hazard
mends that detailed measurements are not sources, one should proceed with the eval- for exposure times greater than ten seconds.
required for sources having a luminance less uation of photobiological safety, at the It follows that it is the blue LED of both PC
than 104cd/m. Th is level is considered as appropriate distance 500 lx or 200 mm and color-mixed LEDs which gives the main
one visually comfortable to view. The guid- depending on the intended application of the cause for concern.
ance is based on the expectation that, at this finished product. Consideration of the blue-light hazard of
GLS sources is most conveniently demon-
LESLIE LYONS is the Technical Support Manager with Bentham Instruments Ltd (www.bentham. strated in evaluation of radiance through
co.uk), Reading, UK. He is a member of BSI and IEC committees including TC-76, Optical
____ a measurement of irradiance, comparing
Radiation Safety and Laser Equipment. the blue-light-weighted irradiance with the

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illuminance of the source (Fig. 1). can vary significantly from very low-level exceeds blue-light hazard RG1 by up to an
For a given illuminance, the higher the indication to high-power LEDs used for exam- order of magnitude, the RG2 limit is a fur-
emission in the region of the blue-light haz- ple in industrial and signaling applications. ther two orders of magnitude away. Further-
ard function, the greater the blue-light hazard The analysis here is rather more detailed more, the often-cited fact that even the sun
posed. An increasingly prominent blue-emis- than is the case for GLS sources: at the close is an RG2 source would suggest that blue-
sion peak lends a source a blue appearance, proximity of 200 mm, elevated risk-group light RG3 sources do not exist. Also, LED
characterized by an increasing correlated classifications may indeed result, and there radiance is not sufficient to cause thermal
color temperature (CCT). It can be dem- may be cause to consider multiple hazards damage to the retina; such damage can gen-
onstrated that at 500 lx, only LEDs having for a single product. Table 1 provides an erally only be elicited by directly viewing
very high CCT (greater than approximately overview of the maximum reported RG of certain lasers or arc lamps.
10,000K) exceed the limits of the blue-light LED-based non-GLS products for each haz-
exempt risk group Analysis based on LED maker's data
(RG), and that no Hazard Wavelength range (nm) Max. reported risk group In order to avoid the cost and effort of eval-
sources will exceed Actinic UV 200-400 RG3 uating the photobiological safety of fi n-
blue-light RG1 (risk Near UV 315-400 RG3 ished products, pressure has in the past
groups are discussed been brought to bear on LED manufactur-
Blue light 300-700 RG2
in Part 1). Since such ers to provide photobiological safety infor-
high-color-tempera- Retinal thermal 380-1400 Exempt/ RG1 mation which may be transferred to the fin-
ture sources are sel- IR eye 780-3000 RG3 ished product. It is clear that an IEC62471
dom used in SSL TABLE 1. Maximum reported risk group (RG) of LED-based non- evaluation of a bare LED is not directly
applications, one GLS sources. transferable to a fi nished product, which
can conclude that may include multiple emitters and beam-
few GLS sources will pose any hazards at the ard considered by IEC62471. Th is excludes shaping optics, so another strategy should
500-lx evaluation distance. the thermal skin hazard, not part of the clas- be employed.
On the subject of GLS, two other points sification system. The irradiance of the finished product
should be made. Firstly, with regard to cer- In terms of the irradiance-based hazards, cannot in any way be predicted. However, in
tain sources, such as desk lamps and house- RG3 is certainly attainable, if not from a sin- the case of radiance-based hazards, a mea-
hold spot lights (for which the determined 500 gle LED, then by an array of LEDs. On the surement of the true radiance, coupled with
lx distance may be significantly greater than other hand, in the case of radiance-based the law of conservation of radiance, may be
a likely exposure distance), the lack of clar- hazards, since the measurement field-of- used to determine the maximum possible
ity in the definition of GLS in IEC62471 has view (FOV) generally encompasses one, or a radiance of any finished product using a
led to disagreement between laboratories of small number of, component LEDs, the max- given LED.
whether GLS or non-GLS measurement con- imum classification depends less on the col- IEC TR 62471-2 introduces this principle
ditions should apply. lective effect of multiple LEDs in an array for the evaluation of the blue-light hazard
Secondly, and counter-intuitively, con- than on the output of individual LEDs. (the dominant concern for retinal injury)
sider two GLS products, differing only in While current blue-LED technology through a measurement of true radiance of
number of component LEDs or drive cur-
IEC62471 analysis
rent. If the spectral output of both sources
is the same, then the IEC62471 hazard eval- Risk group Angle of Measured EL IEC62471
acceptance (mrad) (W m -2 sr-1) (W m-2 sr-1) analysis
uation is also the same, albeit performed at
different 500-lx distances. Such a result may Exempt 100 1.910 100 FAIL
make sense where the two sources are used RG1 11 9.110 1104 PASS
in distinct applications. However, in the not- RG2 1.7 1.2104 4106 -
uncommon case that they are marketed as
alternatives for the same application, this Worst-case analysis
further demonstrates that the evaluation at Measured blue-light radiance (1.7 mrad) = 1.5104 W m-2 sr-1
500 lx is not a satisfactory point of reference. Risk group EL Worst-case
(W m-2 sr-1) analysis
Non-GLS products Exempt 100 FAIL
The non-GLS category takes into account all RG1 1104 FAIL
types of LED, through the spectrum from 6
RG2 110 PASS
the UV to the IR, including white LEDs used
in non-GLS applications. Depending on the TABLE 2. Comparison of IEC62471 and worst-case analysis for blue-light hazard. (EL =
application, the optical output of such LEDs exposure limits.)
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the component LED at 200-mm distance A similar result is obtained in many quantities, depending on whether the LED
and 1.7-mrad FOV. The resulting value is instances, especially when considering emission wavelength is within or without
adopted as the blue-light radiance of the high-power LEDs used in SSL applications. the visible region.
final product, to be compared with the According to IEC TR 62471-2, blue-light RG2 Given the emission angle and the evalu-
exposure limit values of each risk group requires the use of a warning label. This ation distance, the area illuminated by the
in turn. It is important to note that care means that the lighting industry has been LED may be determined and either total flux
should be taken to ensure that the data pro- faced with the decision of either determin- or intensity used to make an estimate of irra-
vided by the manufacturer provides a cor- ing how to implement the recommendation diance. To estimate physiological radiance,
rect analysis for the operating conditions of of labeling, or not accepting such worst- it is required to know both the intensity
the fi nished product. case analysis evaluation, which clearly has and the FOV area corresponding to the RG
This procedure leads in many cases to an no bearing on the true hazard posed by the considered. Where intensity is not directly
over-estimation of the hazard, since account source in the intended application. This reported in the datasheet, it may be calcu-
is not taken of physiological radiance. This is procedure has generally been discontinued lated from the total flux and beam-emission
demonstrated in Table 2, where a compari- while awaiting a more acceptable solution, angle. In the case of white or colored LEDs,
son is made between an IEC62471 analysis as will be seen below. where photometric data is often provided,
and a worst-case analysis of a particular a conversion factor (lm/W) must be deter-
product. In the former case, each RG is con- Analysis based on LED data-sheet values mined to convert to radiometric units.
sidered in turn, with measurements being Where no photobiological safety-evaluation In the case of hazards requiring the
performed in the correct FOV and compared information is available from an LED man- application of a hazard-weighting func-
with the RG exposure limit (resulting in an ufacturer, some have sought to make esti- tion, estimation without taking such into
RG1 classification). In the latter case the mations based on data-sheet values, which account represents an over-estimation.
worst-case radiance is assumed and com- typically report beam-emission angle and This errs on the correct side of caution,
pared with the limits of each risk group in either total flux or intensity in photometric as befitting such an analysis. Again, care
turn (resulting in an RG2 classification). (lumen, candela) or radiometric (W, W/sr) should be taken to ensure that the data pro-
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Presented By:
Conference & Exhibition

18 - 20 September 2012
M.O.C. Event Center
Munich, Germany
CALL FOR PAPERS

NOW OPEN
The Strategies in Light Europe 2012 conference will address key issues involved in the evolution
and transformation of the lighting market, and the ongoing development of higher-quality, higher-
performance LED lighting.
Speakers at Strategies in Light Europe 2012 will focus on issues such as:
Critical challenges & barriers to adoption Technology updates & road maps
Case studies and user feedback The manufacturing supply chain
Regulatory issues & standards Quality & reliability
Government support & funding The competitive landscape
You are invited to share your experiences with your colleagues by submitting an abstract that you would
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As a speaker at this prestigious conference you will gain heightened professional profile and recognition
from colleagues worldwide as you share your knowledge, ideas and industry insights.
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T: +44 (0) 1992 656 614
E: emilyp@pennwell.com www.sileurope.com
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vided by the manufacturer provides a cor- For irradiance-based hazards, this proce- angle less than the FOV. In the case of arrays,
rect analysis for the operating conditions of dure is relatively straightforward, although the physiological radiance may not decrease
the finished product. one may be hampered by the requirement sufficiently before more LEDs fall into the FOV
Should such a calculation indicate the of measurement in a 1.4-radian FOV for all in which case, as a first approximation, phys-
existence of a classification that is higher but the thermal skin hazard. The inverse- iological radiance will be constant until the
than exempt, correct measurements are square irradiance law may be used with distance at which the entire array subtends
recommended. It need not be stated that caution, but such calculations should not an angle less than the FOV (Fig. 2).
the uncertainty associated with such esti- be necessary since irradiance can readily
mations are necessarily high. be measured at other distances by a num- Hazard distance of LED luminaires
ber of techniques, such as the use of a lux- In awaiting an update of luminaire stan-
Hazard distance meter to seek an illuminance correspond- dards, evaluation of the photobiologi-
IEC TR 62471-2 also introduces the con- ing to the given level of irradiance sought. cal safety of LED luminaires is currently
cept of mapping out the photobiological Radiance-based hazards are more diffi- performed through implementation of
hazards associated with a source by deter- cult to handle since measurements should IEC62471. This situation has provided little
mining hazard distance information to be made in a specific FOV. Where the source satisfaction due to issues with the evaluation
cover all potential applications. This proce- subtends an angle less than the field of view, at 500-lx distance and the implementation
dure consists of the evaluation of a source the hazard distance can be predicted since it of worst-case analysis to permit the trans-
at the minimum accessible distance, no will reduce with the square of the measure- fer of LED manufacturers data. IEC com-
less than 200 mm for the retinal hazards, ment distance, as the area of dark covered mittee SC34A is currently working on this
and the determination (should any hazard by the FOV increases. issue, in considering the implementation of
be in excess of the exempt RG) of the dis- Where a single emitter subtends an angle a restricted version of the hazard-distance
tance from the source at which exposure greater than the FOV, as a first approximation, analysis relative to the sole concern of white
is decreased to the required level for each physiological radiance will be constant until LEDs in GLS applications, namely the retinal
remaining RG. the distance at which the source subtends an blue-light hazard.
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Based upon the assumption that light level at which the RG1 blue-light irradiance IECEE CB scheme & product marks
sources classified as exempt or RG1 for should be obtained is determined. It is solely in Europe that IEC62471 has been
blue-light hazard are suitable for GLS appli- In the case of fi nished products, the dis- implemented within a legal framework.
cations, both component LEDs and finished tance at which this illuminance is obtained However, IEC62471 has worldwide renown,
products should, in the fi rst instance, be should be reported by using a luxmeter: at through the implementation of the IECEE CB
evaluated at 200 mm in an 11-mrad FOV, distances closer to the source than this dis- scheme and a wide range of product marks.
with the spectral range extended to 300- tance, RG2 applies, elsewhere RG1/exempt The IECEE CB scheme was set up to facil-
780 nm to cover both blue light and photopic applies. In the case of component LEDs, the itate international trade in electrical equip-
regions. This measurement serves as both an illuminance value is simply reported in the ment and is based on IEC product stan-
analysis of blue light RG1, and as a worst- data sheet such that the fi nished-product dards and a principle of mutual recognition
case analysis, assuming that true radiance manufacturer can apply the aforementioned of test results. Put simply, a manufacturer in
is measured. procedure to determine the RG1 distance for country A, wishing to market his product in
Where the resulting blue-light radiance is the particular product under consideration. country B, need only have the product tested
below the RG1 exposure limit, the component This procedure is alas not quite as simple as by a CB (certification body) testing labora-
LED or finished product may be considered it looks since the measurement should be tory in his home country. The CB test report
exempt/RG1 in all conditions. Where the RG1 performed in an 11-mrad FOV: not doing so will be accepted by the national CB (NCB)
exposure limit is exceeded, the RG1 hazard will over-estimate the RG1 distance. in country B and used to grant any required
distance should be determined through the How luminaire standards will in future certification marks. Since 2009, testing to
evaluation of radiance as an irradiance mea- implement the RG1 hazard distance is still a IEC62471 under the IECEE CB scheme LITE
surement, with respect to a corresponding work in progress, but it is clear that one can category (which requires testing to a num-
RG1 exposure limit expressed in blue-light- tolerate greater RG1 distances for ceiling- ber of other standards) is mandatory for
weighted irradiance. Given the ratio of lumi- mounted applications compared for exam- LED-based GLS products.
nance to blue-light radiance, the illuminance ple to portable luminaires. In China, the mandatory CCC mark
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standrds | OPTICAL SAFETY
scheme requires testing of luminaires, for

which IECEE CB test reports are currently
accepted: through this certification route,
testing to IEC62471 can be said to be man-
datory for LED-based GLS products for sale
in the Chinese market.
Furthermore, in many countries through-
out the world, voluntary product-mark
schemes are in existence. These are used to
enhance the status of a product, by providing
the consumer with increased confidence in RG2 RG1 Exempt
its quality. Examples of such schemes include

the UK BS kite, the German GS, the ENEC FIG. 2. Area of source seen by each blue-light RG at determined hazard distance.
mark and the Korean KS mark, which are
increasingly taking account of photobiolog- Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks vision in the central visual field, are fairly
ical safety through application of IEC62471. (SCENIHR) to look into the health effects of well supported (but in need of much further
artificial light: it will be some time before research). However, there have only been a
Future prospects this study reports its findings. few contentious reports relating to acute
The revision of IEC62471/ CIE S009 by IEC LEDs may not represent as great a haz- exposure to LEDs, including ostensible reti-
TC-76 and CIE D6 is underway, yet given the ard as lasers, yet given their widespread use nal damage due to exposure to a violet LED
proposed adjustment of certain exposure and ever-increasing optical performance, it and the suggestion that LEDs may be partic-
limits by ICNIRP (and the correction of the is correct that account should be taken of ularly dangerous for children, whose unde-
current retinal thermal hazard weighting the potential hazards associated with these veloped lenses do not offer the retina suffi-
spectrum) a publication date for the update sources. One should also be aware that while cient protection in the UV.
has not yet been given. Two additional parts IEC62471 is based on normal behavior, and As a last note to finished-product manu-
to the IEC62471 series are being drafted by the innate aversion response, consideration facturers, while little can be done to circum-
IEC TC-76, including part 4, related to guid- should be made of those overcoming the vent irradiance-based hazards (other than
ance on measurement methods. The CIE D6 aversion response, particularly in the case limiting access to the source), physiologi-
has also formed working groups with terms of children who have a natural curiosity and cal radiance can be modified by design, by
of reference to consider the implementation no appreciation for potential hazards. minimizing the optical power in a given FOV
of IEC62471. Reports of the potential effects of chronic through appropriate spacing of the LEDs
In addition to this, the European Commis- blue-light exposure, resulting in age- and using more low-power LEDs to do the
sion has asked the Scientific Committee on related macular degeneration and loss of job of a single high-power chip.
___________________

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SP
OV AC BO
ER EA E O OK
3, R R
00 LY RE EXH
0 B G I
AT IRD IST BIT
TE E
_________________
ND RAT R FO
EE ES R
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LED manufacturers from all over the world will gather in Las Vegas to showcase the latest LED
technology. The LED Show draws an exclusive group of buyers from every subset of this increasingly
important and burgeoning industry. Exhibitors have the opportunity to provide demonstrations, display
products, provide technical support, and inspire new design ideas to an engaged and influential
attendee audience. As a manufacturer, your customers will come with questions and interest. As an Director of Content
attendee, you will have the opportunity to ask questions and dispel any myths about LED lighting. The LED Show
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For more information visitt _______________ E: Jamesh@pennwell.com
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Premium Exhibitors 2012: Chroma Systems Solutions, Inc., Emerge Lighting, Lumenor Energy Services LLC, LUMIMAX OPTOELECTRONIC
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design forum | MR16 LED LAMPS
Low-voltage LED lamps present

unique driver challenge
MR16 sockets present a significant retrofit-lamp opportunity for LEDs, explains KAMAL NAJMI, but
installed transformers complicate the design of a drop-in SSL replacement.
T
here is an enormous potential mar-
ket for LED-based retrofit alterna-
tives for legacy MR16 bulbs. But the
varied electronic and magnetic transform-
ers used to drive the halogen incandescent
fi laments in the legacy lamps arent a good
match for LEDs. For lamp makers to deliver
drop-in, solid-state lighting (SSL) replace-
ment lamps and the energy savings and long
life afforded by LEDs, the lamp designers will
have to develop a universal driver circuit. An
inverting buck-boost topology appears capa-
ble of the low-voltage MR16 challenge.
In terms of installed units, few sock-
ets can rival the MR16 halogen light bulb.
MR16s can be found in homes, offices, hotels
and retail shops. There are actually two
classes of such lamps (shown in Fig. 1). The
lamp on the left has GU-5.3 pins and is pow- FIG. 1. A low-voltage, 3W, LED MR16 with GU-5.3 pins (left), and a 230-VAC, 50W,
ered by a transformed low-voltage AC input. halogen MR16 with GU-10 pins (right).
The lamp on the right is powered from the
AC main and uses GU-10 pins. tem designed specifically for LEDs. A true An electrical engineer who takes a fi rst
We will focus here on retrofits for low- drop-in LED retrofit would be far less costly glance at low-voltage AC lighting is likely
voltage lamps as such products have offered and still offer energy savings and long life. to assume that the task is simple, especially
numerous advantages leading to broad compared to bulbs with mains AC inputs.
usage. For example, operating from a low- The transformer challenge ICs such as DC-DC converters with constant-
voltage AC source has allowed the use of There are two basic types of transform- current outputs for LEDs are plentiful in the
thick filaments that do not snap as eas- ers used to step the mains AC voltage (120 range of working voltages up to 30 VDC. Since
ily from mechanical shock or burn out VACRMS in North America or 230 VACRMS in 12VACRMS is about 18V peak, a simple diode
as quickly as their AC-mains-connected the rest of the world) down to 12V. The older bridge and a holdup capacitor are all that are
cousins. technology is a magnetic transformer, con- needed to provide a fairly stable DC input volt-
Designing a low-voltage retrofit is com- sisting of a ferromagnetic core and primary age. The DC-DC converter can then be called
plicated by the fact that a transformer is and secondary windings on the core. The upon to reject any ripple and deliver constant
part of the picture. Indeed millions, per- second, newer technology, is the electronic current to a varying number of LEDs.
haps billions, of low-voltage transformers low-voltage transformer (ELVT). The ELVT Digging deeper into SSL MR16 lamp design
are installed inside lamp housings, behind is really not a transformer but a switching- reveals several cracks in these early assump-
walls and in ceilings. Building owners and converter circuit that presents a much big- tions, and it is for these reasons that a truly
consumers have no desire to remove the ger challenge to designing an LED retrofit universal, drop-in retrofit LED MR16 is still
transformers and install a brand-new sys- lamp. A drop-in replacement lamp must work not available. We will focus primarily on
with both types of transformers and there are the electrical challenge taking into account
KAMAL NAJMI is a Senior Power Electronic many different design schemes used in ELVTs mechanical and thermal limitations of
Engineer at Texas Instruments. that further complicate the situation. the MR16 form factor. There is a tiny vol-

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New Market
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2012
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ume of space available Electronic low-voltage transformers

in the lamps for the con- The ELVT presents a more difficult prob-
trol and power circuits, R C2 lem. Moreover, many makers of MR16 light-
T1 TR1
and the size limits the ing systems have transitioned to ELVTs as
amount of heat that can T1 a lower-cost, smaller, lighter, and gener-
be dissipated. D ally more-power-efficient alternative to
The amount of capac- C1 magnetic transformers. An ELVT switch-
itance needed for the C3
ing converter operates over a range from
classic diode-bridge and T1 TR2 30 kHz to over 100 kHz. A small magnetic
capacitor circuit can dic- transformer forms part of the circuit to pro-
tate a capacitor that is too vide galvanic isolation. There are ELVT con-
large to fit into the shell of troller ICs available, but the cost constraints
an MR16 bulb. Moreover, FIG. 2. Typical self-resonating, half-bridge circuit for ELVTs. that accompany high-volume products such
aluminum electrolytic as MR16 lighting systems mean that most
capacitors are the only types that deliver the this basic, low-cost design will work with ELVTs used in lighting applications dont
multiple hundreds of microfarads needed at magnetic transformers. Magnetic trans- have an IC or, for that matter, a control loop
the working input voltage of 18V, and those formers are still often used in wet locations with a feedback circuit like the ones found
components are both bulky and prone to such as in outdoor garden-path lighting. Still in DC-DC or AC-DC power supplies. Instead,
short lifetime when exposed to the unavoid- the solution is less than ideal even in the case most ELVTs are self oscillating, using the
able heat of the LEDs and power electronics. of a magnetic transformer because current half-bridge topology shown in Fig. 2.
Many existing LED MR16 lamps use the spikes can damage or degrade both the LED Rather than producing a simple 50-
simple diode-bridge approach despite the driver electronics and the transformer, and or 60-Hz sine wave with an amplitude of
liability of the capacitor. And in many cases can reduce the lifetime of the lamp. 12VACRMS, the ELVT output consists of an
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input impedance, making undesired oscilla-

tion or large current transients more likely.
A boost converter is also ineffectual
because such a design can only step-up the
output voltage. Temporary high-voltage
peaks could create instances
of uncontrolled current to the
LEDs. To get the longest oper-
ation of the LED driver during
each AC half-cycle and main-
tain control over LED cur-
rent, a topology capable of step-
ping the output voltage both up and down is
needed.
Inverting buck-boost regulator

One approach to the problem is an inverting
buck-boost regulator. Fig. 4 shows the com-
FIG. 3. Lamp input current (top) and output voltage (bottom) of an ELVT driving a plete circuit schematic of a buck-boost, LED-
single 35W halogen MR16 bulb. driver circuit used to solve the input-voltage,
zero-crossing problem. Each LM3409 cir-
oscillation at the switching frequency that lamp, behaves. cuit draws an average input power of 4.9W
forms an envelope at the desired ampli- A self-oscillating ELVT that was designed while driving three white LEDs in series.
tude and line frequency. Fig. 3 shows a typ- for a heavy resistive load, but is instead pre- The LM3409 is normally used to control a
ical waveform from an ELVT driving a sin- sented with a light load with negative imped- buck-regulator-based, constant-current
gle 35W halogen MR16. The top plot is the ance, can result in fl ickering light, audible LED driver, however by connecting the main
current into the MR16 lamp, and the bottom buzzing, or a complete failure to start up. inductor as shown in the schematic, a nega-
plot is the output voltage of the ELVT. Our experiments show that a typical ELVT tive output voltage is developed with respect
The plots reveal a key problem with ELVTs failed even when loaded with three 4W LED to the input voltage. More importantly, the
and LEDs. A typical low-voltage, halogen lamps. With a fourth 4W lamp added, the absolute value of the output voltage can be
MR16 lamp draws anywhere from 25W to tested ELVT operated as intended. greater than or less than the input voltage.
50W. From an electrical standpoint the lamp The control IC is referenced to the nega-
load appears somewhat inductive, but mostly Zero crossing problems tive output voltage by connecting both the
resistive. The ELVT is designed for that load. The zero crossings of an ELVT output can also ground (GND) and the thermal pad (DAP)
In the region of each zero crossing in the prove problematic to the DC-DC converter in to the negative output. The LM3409 employs
signal envelope, even the relatively heavy an LED MR16 lamp. Below some minimum a variable-switching-frequency scheme
load of a series of 50W halogen bulbs is not voltage amplitude, the switching-control cir- that controls both peak current and peak-
enough to get the converter started until a cuit in the converter will fail to operate. The to-peak ripple current through the main
minimum voltage is reached. You see this in result can be a DC-DC converter that is inac- inductor.
the dead zone following the end of each AC tive for a significant portion of each half cycle. In buck regulators the average output
half-cycle in the plot. The ELVT doesnt oper- The described prob-
ate for some amount of time at the start of lem means that the buck L1
the subsequent half cycle. regulator (a compo- UVLO VIN
CF
A typical SSL MR16 uses three 1W LEDs nent widely used to drive BR1 ACIN1
IADJ VCC
and has an average-quality DC-DC con- LEDs) cant be easily used LM3409
EN CSP ACIN2
verter LED driver circuit with a power effi- in an MR16 lamp with- RSNS
ROFF
ciency of 80%. The input power is only 3.75W. out a holdup capacitor to COFF CSN
To make matters worse, the impedance of a keep the converter run- COFF Q1
closed-loop DC-DC converter that might be ning through dead zones. CIN GND DAP PGATE L2
RG GND/
used in the LED lamp is negative. The nega- But as mentioned earlier LED+
D1 Z1 CO
tive impedance is due to the fact that a closed- the capacitor may not fit -VOLED-
loop, switching converter draws less current in the MR16 form factor.
as the input voltage increases and vice-versa, Moreover, a large holdup FIG. 4. The LM3409 implements an inverting, buck-boost
the opposite of how a resistor, or a halogen capacitor distorts the LED driver.
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current is equal to the average inductor tion to the input voltage forces input current the beginning, but also at the end of each
current, hence LED current is kept con- to be inversely proportional, which helps get AC half cycle. Needing only a few microfar-
stant. When the LM3409 is used as a buck- ELVTs started by drawing a heavier load at the ads of capacitance at both input and out-
boost, however, two important charac- beginning of the AC half cycle where voltage is put means that no aluminium electrolytic
at or near zero. It also helps keep enough cur- capacitors are needed.
rent flowing to keep ELVTs operating Low-voltage MR16 LED lamp design
at the end of the AC half cycle, thereby remains a challenge. Every ELVT is differ-
delivering current to the LEDs over as ent. In the experience of the author, the price
much of that half cycle as possible. paid for a particular ELVT does not always
An example driver circuit board correspond to the quality of the performance
(Fig. 5) demonstrates the applicability with light loads such as LED MR16 lamps. The
of the proposed topology to the MR16 investigation for this article was performed
FIG. 5. The driver circuit outlined in white applications. The outlined area in the photo with four different ELVTs, all purchased on
fits the MR16 form factor. is 20 mm long and the shape is conducive to the open market, each of which was rated for
MR16 usage. an output power ranging from 10-20W on the
teristics change. First, in the buck-boost low side to 60-70W on the high side. A single
converter, average output current is no EMC, inrush current and reliability LM3409 buck-boost circuit operated properly
longer equal to average inductor current. The proposed driver is able to operate with with all four units. However, an additional
Instead, the two quantities are related by many ELVTs, even if only one bulb is con- ELVT rated for a minimum of 50W refused
a relatively simple equation that in fact nected, and provides additional benefits. to start up at all. Therefore, a general guide-
makes output current directly proportional The minimum of input capacitance and the line when selecting an ELVT for use with LED
to input voltage. use of input inductor L1 help to minimize MR16 lamps is to buy one with the lowest
Controlling the output current in propor- the inrush-current spikes seen mostly at minimum power rating available.
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last word
Color-quality standards bodies need

to consider the broad user base
Work on a new and improved measure of color-rendering quality has apparently
stagnated in the CIE, and the failure leaves the broad lighting community without a
tool that would be very useful, says MAURY WRIGHT.
A
mazingly, after nearly half a cen- Unfortunately, according to Davis, the I know Davis has a vested interest in CQS
tury, the lighting community is CIE had adopted a new Code of Procedure given that she helped develop it. But I havent
still using color-rendering index that required unanimous agreement within heard anyone argue that CQS would not be a
(CRI) as a measure of how accurately col- a committee before it could publish a tech- significant upgrade from CRI. The commit-
ors appear under a light source. CRI usage nical report. And when the dual-metric rec- tee members should have voted with the best
continues despite broadly recognized flaws. ommendation was circulated to the full interests of the industry in mind rather than
Moreover, there are clearly better alterna- committee, a dissenting minority stopped their special interests.
tives such as the color-quality scale (CQS) the process. The CQS proposal relies on a more
developed within the US-based National Apparently the politics in the committee realistic set of color samples than does
Institute of Standards and Technology have worsened. Davis doesnt expect move- CRI, including richer saturated colors.
(NIST). Unfortunately, the use of CRI appears ment in the short term. She said the final ver- CQS eliminates the issue of sources with
certain to continue for the near future as the sion of the nCRI spec has just been distrib- extreme CCT values achieving good CRI
International Commission on Illumination uted to the committee this past December. scores. And while CQS penalizes reduc-
(CIE) technical committee (TC) 1-69 has Davis has since moved on tions in chroma, it doesn't
failed to endorse CQS, or an alternative, pre- from NIST to take a professor- pena lize sources that
ferring to disagree rather than deliver a tool ship at the University of Syd- increase object chroma rela-
that would be truly valuable to the broadest ney, but that hasnt impacted tive to the reference.
segment of the lighting industry. her work on color standards. Meanwhile, we continue
The TC 1-69 committee had apparently Last year at Strategies in with CRI. Fortunately more
come close to endorsing a dual standard last Light, Davis said that if the lighting companies are pub-
summer, according to chairperson Wendy CIE committee didnt agree on lishing CRI numbers for some
Davis. The committee couldnt agree on a a new metric, then she would of the more-saturated color
single metric, with some preferring the rel- pursue a CQS standard else- samples rather than just the
ative simplicity of the math that underlies where. Davis said recently, If composite score based on the
CQS, and others wanting a far more precise the CIE fails, I still plan to pur- pastels.
measure of color rendering. sue standardization of the CQS in another Still, the very best LED-based sources
The committee had tentatively agreed organization, most likely in the US. She also and fi xtures sometimes get penalized in
to recommend two different metrics: CQS, said that an Illumination Engineering Soci- CRI scores for rendering colors that appear
and a more complex metric called nCRI that ety (IES) color committee was contemplat- even richer than with the reference illu-
was under development at the University of ing the issue, although she doesnt expect minant. Th ats just wrong and the solid-
Leeds, UK. Presumably, the broad lighting swift movement, in part because the com- state lighting (SSL) industry needs a solu-
segment would have used CQS, while nCRI mittee is relatively new. tion. Ironically, LEDs were long criticized
would have served in more specialized Now in terms of full disclosure, Im not a for poor CRI, and now the manufacturers
applications. Davis said nCRI would very color expert nor did I sit in on the TC 1-69 have greatly improved quality. But that
accurately quantify how different objects meetings. But I do have broad experience improvement isnt necessarily recognized
appear under the test lamp relative to a ref- watching standards bodies debate while an in a CRI system that was in essence cali-
erence illuminant. industry anxiously awaits their work. brated for fluorescent sources.
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Ledsmagazine Feb2012

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Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES UV LEDs

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Expo Lighting America Lightfair International

   N28650

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25 LIGHTING David Cox, Michael McClintic, Don Hirsh, Cree

31 EUROPE Tim Whitaker 4 COMMENTARY Tim Whitaker

63 OPTICAL SAFETY Leslie Lyons, Bentham Instruments Ltd efficiency enforcement

71 DESIGN FORUM Kamal Najmi, Texas Instruments

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

Uncertainty remains EDITOR Tim Whitaker

the order of the day nicolep@pennwell.com

4 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

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LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2012 13

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lamp-efficiency enforcement magazine.com/news/9/1/15). The four

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2012 17

LEDs shed new light on social housing

18 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2012 21

to the installation orientation and mounting LINKS

22 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

lighting | LED OPERATING CAPACITY

Are you using all of the lumens

LEDsmagazine.com FEBRUARY 2012 25

lighting | LED OPERATING CAPACITY

dence showing that much more LPW ef ut

26 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

lighting | LED OPERATING CAPACITY

temperatures. The family maintains shifts achieve a long-lived, chromati-

28 FEBRUARY 2012 LEDsmagazine.com

lighting | LED OPERATING CAPACITY

FIG. 4. Size able over a wide range of operating

N28650

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