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Related Concepts
A good theory not only describes the who, what, and where of a
phenomenon being investigated, but also explains the how, when,
and why it occurs (Whetten 1989).
Unobserved or
unmeasured, latent variables
are those which represent
abstract concepts or
theoretical constructs which
cannot be directly measured
Researchers define constructs both
conceptually and operationally
What is a model?
Neal Miller
(1909-2002) John Dollard
(1900-1980)
Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura later added the
construct of self-efficacy to the
Social Learning Theory.
Application:
Consider multiple ways to
promote behavior change,
including making adjustments to
the environment or influencing
personal attitudes (NCI, 2005).
Social norms or mores are
the rules of behavior that are
considered acceptable in a
group or society.
People who do not follow
these norms may be
shunned or suffer some kind
of consequence.
Norms change according to
the environment or situation
and may change or be
modified over time.
Reciprocal Determinism:
Application:
Offer credible role models who
perform the targeted behavior
(NCI, 2005).
Observational Learning
Bandura hypothesized a four-step pattern that combined a
cognitive and operant view of learning.
Application:
Promote mastery learning through
skills training (NCI, 2005).
Environment
Factors that are physically
external to the person.
Application:
Provide opportunities and
social support (Baranowski,
Perry, & Parcel, 2002).
Social support is the
perception and actuality that
one is cared for, has assistance
available from other people,
and that one is part of a
supportive social network.
Situation
Persons perception of the
environment.
Application:
Correct misperceptions and
promote healthful norms
(Baranowski, Perry, &
Parcel, 2002)
Self-efficacy
Confidence in ones ability to
take action and overcome
barriers.
Application:
Approach behavior change in
small steps to ensure success;
be specific about the desired
change (NCI, 2005).
Sources of Efficacy
Persuasion:
The action or fact of persuading
someone or of being persuaded to
do or believe something.
Knowledge gained through some
Vicarious means other than your own direct
Experience experience (e.g., such as reading a
book about an experience)
Expectations
The Two-Stage Expectancy
Anticipated outcomes Model of Motivation
of a behavior.
Application:
Model positive
outcomes of
healthful behavior
(NCI, 2005).
Motivation is the reason one has for Motivation
acting or behaving in a particular way.
Motivation is a theoretical
construct that gives the reason for
people's actions, desires, and needs.
Application:
Present outcomes of
change that have a
functional meaning
(Baranowski, Perry, &
Parcel, 2002).
Responses to a persons behavior that increase
or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence.
Application:
Reinforcements Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives
(NCI, 2005).
Emotional Coping Responses
Strategies or tactics that are used by a
person to deal with emotional stimuli.
Application:
Provide training and practice in
problem solving and stress
management skills (Baranowski, Perry,
& Parcel, 2002).
Emotion Focused Coping
Self-Control (Self-Regulation)
Personal regulation of goal-
directed behavior or performance.
Application:
Provide opportunities for
decision making, self-monitoring
goal setting, problem solving,
and self-reward (Baranowski,
Perry, & Parcel, 2002).
Self-Regulatory Learning