Engineering Mathematics Part 2: EX2003 and ME2111, May 2017

Question 1
(a) Find all points of intersection of the surfaces x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 and z = x2 + y 2 3 which lie
above the z-plane. Let P be such a point. Find the angle between the two surfaces at P . Hint:
The angle between the surfaces at P is the angle between the normal vectors to the surfaces at
P . Use the gradient to calculate the two normal vectors. [10 marks]
(b) Find all stationary points of the function f (x, y) = x3 + 2xy + y 2 and indicate their nature,
i.e. classify them as local minima, local maxima or saddle points. Justify your classification
by calculating the Taylor expansion of this function (up to - and including - quadratic terms)
around the stationary points and considering the form of the quadratic terms. [10 marks]

Question 2
RR
(a) Calculate the surface integral = S
F ndS of the vector field:

F(x, y, z) = x2 yzi xy 2 zj

over the surface S of the unit cube defined by the intersection of the planes x = 0, x = 1,
y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1, where n denotes the unit vector normal to the surface element
dS pointing in the outward direction. [10 marks]
(b) Using Gausss (divergence) theorem re-evaluate the surface integral in part (a) above by
means of a volume (triple) integral and comment on the result. [10 marks]

Question 3
(a) Let (r, ) be a scalar field defined in polar coordinates (r, ). Show that the gradient of
(r, ) is given by:
(r, ) 1 (r, )
(r, ) = ur + u
r r
where ur and u denote the unit vectors in the radial and tangential directions, respectively.
Hint: Write in Cartesian coordinates and apply the chain rule. [8 marks]
(b) Consider the vector field:

F(r, ) = 2r sin ur + r cos u

Show that this field is conservative by constructing a suitable potential function. [6 marks]
Check your result by: (i) Calculating directly the line integral:
Z
I= F dl
C

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where C is the arc of unit circle centred at the origin between points (r, ) = (1, 0) and
(r, ) = (0, 2 ) transversed in the counter-clockwise direction, and (ii) by evaluating the line
integral indirectly using the potential function you constructed in part (b). [6 marks]

Question 4
Let F(x, y, z) and (x, y, z) be a vector and scalar field respectively.

(i) Show that: F = 0 and = 0. [10 marks]

(ii) Show that: (F) = ( F) + () F. [10 marks]

Question 5
(a) Using Laplace transforms (or otherwise) solve the following initial-value problem:
d2 y(t) dy(t)
2
+ + 2y(t) = 1, y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0
dt dt

in each of the following three cases: (i) = 2, (ii) = 2 2 and (iii) = 3. A table of Laplace
transforms is provided at the end of the paper. [15 marks]
(b) Using Laplace transforms (or otherwise) solve the following integral equation:
Z t
y(t) = 1 et y( )d
0

assuming that y(t) = 0 for t < 0. [5 marks]

Question 6
(a) A real-valued function f (t) is called even if f (t) = f (t) for all t and odd if f (t) = f (t)
for all t. Show that:

(i) If f (t) is even and g(t) is odd, then f (t)g(t) is odd. [3 marks]
Ra
(ii) If f (t) is odd, then a f (t)dt = 0. [3 marks]

(b) A periodic function f (t) with period T = 2 is defined as:

f (t) = 1 for t < 0

= 1 for 0 < t

The Fourier series expansion of f (t) is of the form:

a0 X X
f (t) = + an cos nt + bn sin nt
2 n=1 n=1

where the an s and bn s are unspecified coefficients.

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 (i) Show using your result in part (a) above that an = 0 for all n 0. [2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the bn s in closed form and hence find the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
[6 marks]

(iii) By setting t = 2
in your Fourier series expansion show that:

X (1)n 1 1 1
= 1 + + ... =
n=0
2n + 1 3 5 7 4

[2 marks]

(iv) By integrating the Fourier series of f (t) term by term and determining the value of the
corresponding constant of integration, find the Fourier series expansion of the function
g(t) defined as: g(t) = g(t + 2) for all t, g(t) = t for t 0, and g(t) = t for
0 t . [4 marks]

Question 7
(a) Show that a list of vectors containing the 0 vector is linearly dependent. [3 marks]
(b) Consider the three vectors v1 = (1, 0, 1, 1), v2 = (1, 2, 0, 2) and v3 = (1, 2, 2, 0).

(i) Determine if these three vectors are linearly independent. [3 marks]

(ii) Find a basis of the linear span of the three vectors. [3 marks]

(iii) Find all possible ways that the vector v = (1, 4, 3, 1) can be expressed as a linear
combination of the three vectors (v1 , v2 , v3 ). [3 marks]

(c) Consider the matrix: !

2 1
A=
1 2

(i) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A; hence write A in the form A = UU0 where
is a diagonal matrix and U0 U = I2 (Note: U0 denotes the transpose of U). [4 marks]

(ii) Show that:

max{x0 Ax : x R2 , kxk = 1} = 1 (A)

and
min{x0 Ax : x R2 , kxk = 1} = 2 (A)

where 1 (A) and 2 (A) denote the largest and smallest eigenvalue of A, respectively, and

kxk = x0 x. Hint: Since U is orthogonal kUxk = kxk. [4 marks]

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Question 8
(a) Define the Kernel of a matrix A Rmn and show that it is a subspace of Rn . [4 marks]
(b) Find all solutions of the linear homogenous system of equations Ax = 0 where:

1 1 1 0
A = 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

and x R4 . Show in general that if A is a m n matrix with n > m, the solution set of
Ax = 0 is a subspace of Rn of dimension at least n m. [6 marks]
(c) Give sufficient and necessary conditions for the linear system of equations Ax = b, where
A Rmn and x is the vector of unknowns, to have: (i) At least one solution, and (ii) Exactly
one solution.
[4 marks]
(d) Find all solutions of the system of equations:

1 2 1 1
x
1 3 2 4

0
y =
1 1 3
z

2 6 4 8

Explain clearly why your result is consistent with the conditions you gave in part (c) above.
[6 marks]

Table of Laplace Transforms

f (t) F (s) f (t) F (s)
s
(t) 1 cos t s2 + 2

1 1/s sin t s2 + 2
s
t 1/s2 cosh at s2 a2
a
t2 2/s3 sinh at s2 a2
n! sa
tn sn+1
eat cos t (sa)2 + 2
1
eat sa
eat sin t (sa)2 + 2
(n1)!
teat 1
(s+a)2
tn1 eat (s+a)n

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