AC Power

AC Power
METU
by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAOLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 1
AC Power
METU
Voltage Waveform
V(t) 25,0
Consider the following AC circuit driven by a
source with voltage waveform; 20,0
V(t) = Vmax cos wt Vmax 15,0
10,0
Phasor representation of this voltage 5,0
waveform will then be
0,0
Vmax 0 o 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-5,0
-10,0
-15,0
I(t)
+ -20,0
V(t) = Vmax cos wt Load = R + j X

=Z Z = R2 + X2 , = Tan-1 (X / R)
AC Power
METU
Phase Shift in Voltage Waveform
Consider now, the following AC circuit v / w = t1

driven by a a source with an AC voltage
t1 = 3 msec
waveform;
V(t) = Vmax cos ( wt - v )
V(t) 25,0
Phasor representation of the shifted voltage Vmax 20,0
waveform will then be 15,0
Vmax - v 10,0
5,0
0,0 14 16 18 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (msec)
I(t) -5,0
+ -10,0
-15,0
V(t) = Vmax cos ( wt - v )
-20,0
Load = R + j X
=Z
Z = R2 + X2 , = Tan-1 (X / R)
AC Power
METU
Current Waveform
Relation Between Voltage Load = R + j X
and Current Phasors +
I(t) = Imax cos ( wt - I )
=Z
Vmax v V(t)
= Imax -I
v / w = t1 Z Z = R2 + X2 , = Tan-1 (X / R)
t1 = 3 msec
V(t)
= v - I = Tan-1 ( X / R )
I/ w
25,0 I(t) 25,0
20,0 20,0
15,0 Imax 15,0
10,0 10,0
Vmax 5,0
5,0
0,0 0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5,0 Time (msec) -5,0
Time (msec)
-10,0 -10,0
-15,0 -15,0
-20,0 -20,0
AC Power
METU
Current Waveform
I/w
Phasor representation of this current will I(t) 25,0
then be
20,0
Imax -I Imax 15,0
10,0
Waveform representation of this current 5,0
will then be 0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
I(t) = Imax cos ( wt - I ) -5,0 Time (msec)
-10,0
I(t) = Imax cos ( wt - I ) -15,0
+ -20,0
V(t)
Load = R + j X
=Z Z = R2 + X2 , I = Tan-1 ( X / R )
AC Power
METU
Voltage and Current Waveforms
Please note that the angle difference v - I depends only

on the resistance R and reactance X of the load
V
= v - I = Tan-1 ( X / R )
/w =(v-I )/w = - 53.13 ^
Vmax
I
25,0
20,0
15,0
10,0
V(t) 5,0
I(t) Load
0,0 0 +
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5,0 Time (msec)
V(t)
-10,0
-15,0
-20,0
AC Power
METU
AC Power - Power Expression
Please note that; ^

Voltage and current waveforms are - sign here has V V cos ( wt )
V(t) = Vmax cos wt been altered due to - ^
I cos ( wt - )
the conjugation I
I(t) = Imax cos ( wt - ) operation in the
definition of power: ^
I* I cos ( wt + )
S = V x I*
Power waveform will then be ^
/ w =(v-I ) / w V V cos ( wt )
S(t) = V(t) x I(t)*
= Vmax cos wt x Imax cos ( wt + ) 25,0
20,0
15,0
cos (a + b) = cosa cos b - sin a sin b Vmax
10,0
5,0
cos (a - b) = cosa cos b + sin a sin b V(t)
0,0 -4
+ -5,0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
cos (a + b) + cos (a - b) = 2 cosa cos b -10,0

-15,0
cosa cos b = [ cos (a + b) + cos (a-b) ] -20,0
AC Power
METU
AC Power - Power Expression

500
Power waveform is the product of the
voltage and conjugate of the current 400 S(t)
waveforms
S(t) = Vmax Imax cos wt x cos ( wt + ) 300
V(t)
I(t)*
200
cosa x cos b = [ cos (a + b) + cos (a - b) ]
100
S(t) = Vmax Imax [ cos ( wt + wt + ) +
cos ( wt - wt - ) ] 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
= Vmax Imax [ cos ( 2wt + ) + cos ] Time (msec)
-100
= (Vmax / 2 ) (Imax / 2) [ cos ( 2wt + )+
cos ] -200
=Vrms Irms [ cos ( 2wt + ) + cos ] V(t) Vmax*coswt
-300 I(t) Imax*cos(wt+theta)
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
Vrms = Vmax / 2 = v - I = Tan-1( X/R)
-400
AC Power
METU
AC Power Decomposition of Power Expression

Sinusoidal (AC) Term
Power expression may be decomposed 300

DC Term =S(t)avg /w
into two components 200
100
500
S(t) = Vrms Irms cos ( 2wt + ) + Vrms Irms cos 0

400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-100 300
Time (msec)
-200 200
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
-300 100
Sinusoidal (AC) Term Constant (DC) Term Constant (DC) Term

0
400 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-100
Time (msec)
200
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-200
-400
AC Power
METU
AC Power Average Power Expression
Average Power Average is zero Sum of these areas is zero

Sinusoidal (AC) Term
300
S(t) = Vrms Irms [ cos ( 2wt + ) + cos ] 200
T 100 +
S (t)avg = (1 / T ) S(t) dt 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-100
- Time (msec)
S(t)avg = (1/T) P(t) dt -200
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
= (1/T) Vrms Irms [ cos ( 2wt + ) + cos ] dt -300
Constant (DC) Term
400
= (1/T) Vrms Irms cos ( 2wt + ) dt + (1/T) Vrms Irms cos dt
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-200
zero Constant (DC) Term
-400
AC Power
METU
AC Power Average Power Expression

Average Power I(t) Load
+
S(t)avg = (1/T) P(t) dt V(t)
= (1/T) Vrms Irms cos dt
T
= (1/T) Vrms Irms cos dt dt = T
0
= (1/T) T Vrms Irms cos
DC Term = S(t)avg /w
= Vrms Irms cos
500
S (t)avg = Vrms Irms cos 400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-100
AC Power
METU
Example
500
Question S(t)avg
400 S(t)
Calculate the average and instantaneous

powers dissipated in the load shown 300
V(t)
below I(t)*
200
Parameters:
Vrms = 100 Volts 100
Zload = 3 + j 4 Ohms = 5 53.13o Ohms

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (msec)
I(t) -100
+
V(t) = Vmax cos wt
Load -200
= 2 Vrmscos wt
Zload = 5 53.13o
= 100 2 cos wt V(t) Vmax*coswt
= 144.4 cos wt -300
I(t) Imax*cos(wt+theta)
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
-400
AC Power
METU
Example
500
Solution S(t)avg
400 S(t)
Vmax = 100 x 2 = 144.4 Volts

300
V(t)
I = Vmax 0o Z I(t)*
200
= 144.4 0o 5 53.13o
= 28.8 -53.13o Amp 100
0
Irms = Imax / 2 = 28.8 / 2 = 20 Amp
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (msec)
-100
I(t)
+ -200
V(t) = Vmax cos wt
= 2 Vrmscos wt Load V(t) Vmax*coswt
= 100 2 cos wt -300
= 144.4 cos wt Zload = 5 53.13o S(t) V(t) * I(t)
-400
AC Power
METU
Example
500
Solution 400 S(t)
S(t)avg
300
S(t)avg = Vrms Irms cos V(t) I(t)*
= 100 x 20 cos 53.13 = 1200 Watt 200
100
S(t) = V(t) I(t)
0
= 2 x100 cos wt x 2 x 20 cos (wt + 53.13o) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
= 4000 cos wt x cos (wt + 53.13o) -100 Time (msec)
-200
V(t) Vmax*coswt
I(t) -300
+ S(t) V(t) * I(t)
V(t) = Vmax cos wt -400
= 2 Vrmscos wt Please note that;
= 100 2 cos wt - sign here has been changed to + due to the
Load conjugate operation in the definition of power:
= 144.4 cos wt
Zload = 5 53.13o S = V x I*
AC Power
METU
Example
500
Solution S(t)avg
400 S(t)
S(t) = 4000 cos wt x cos (wt + 53.13o) 300

V(t) I(t)*
or by using the following identity; 200
cosa cos b = [ cos (a + b) + cos (a - b) ] 100
S(t) = 2000 [cos (2wt + 53.13o) + cos 53.13o ] 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-100 Time (msec)
I(t)
+ -200
V(t) = Vmax cos wt Load
= 2 Vrmscos wt V(t) Vmax*coswt
= 100 2 cos wt -300 I(t) Imax*cos(wt+theta)
= 144.4 cos wt Zload = 5 53.13o S(t) V(t) * I(t)
-400
AC Power
METU
Complex Power
Active Power Expression I(t) Load

+
Expanding the first term in the power expression; V(t)
S(t) = Vrms Irms [ cos ( 2wt + ) + cos ]
= Vrms Irms (cos2wt cos - sin2wt sin + cos )
500
S(t)avg
400 S(t)
cos ( a + b ) = cosa cos b - sin a sin b
300
V(t) I(t)*
and recombining the cosine terms; 200
= Vrms Irms [ cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - sin 2wt sin ] 100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-100
Time (msec)
-200
V(t) Vmax*coswt
P(t) = Active power Q(t) = Reactive power -300 I(t) Imax*cos(wt+theta)
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
-400
AC Power
METU
Complex Power
S(t) = Vrms Irms [ cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - sin2wt sin ] Period = 2.5 msec P(t)avg
500
= Vrms Irms cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - Vrms Irms sin sin2wt
400
= Vrms Irms cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - Qmax sin2wt S(t)
300
P(t)
P(t) =Active power 200
100
Qmax = Vrms Irms sin
0
Q(t) = Reactive power 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Q(t) Time (msec)
-100
S(t) V(t) * I(t)
P(t) Vrms Irms*cos(Theta)*(1+cos(2*wt))
Q(t) -Vrms Irms*SIN(Theta)*SIN(2*wt)
-200
AC Power
METU
Active and Reactive Powers Summary
S(t) = Vrms Irms cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - Vrms Irms sin sin2wt Period = 2.5 msec P(t)avg
350
Active power P(t)avg = Vrms Irms cos 300
250
P(t)
Reactive power Q(t) = - Qmax sin 2wt 200
150
Marmara, Unimar Power Plant 470 MW
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-50
Time (msec)
Q(t)
-100
-150
-200
AC Power
METU
AC Power
Active and Reactive Power Waveforms
Period = 2.5 msec P(t)avg
Power (P, Q)
350
300
+
250
V(t) Load P(t)
200
150
100
50
Full period = 10 msec P(t) = Active power
period = 2.5 msec 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
period = 360o / 4 = 90o Q(t) =Reactive power -50
Time (msec)
-100 Q(t)
-150
-200
AC Power
METU
AC Power
Active and Reactive Power Waveforms
Period = 2.5 msec P(t)avg
One revolution = 10 msec
350
Hence,
2.5 msec = 360o / 4 = 90o 300
250
Please note that Q leads P by 90o P(t)
200
150
Q 100
P(t) = Active power 50
2.5 msec 90o 0

Q(t) =Reactive power 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-50
Time (msec)
-100 Q(t)
P
-150
-200
AC Power
METU
AC Power
Active Power Waveform
P(t) = Vrms Irms cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) P(t)avg = 150 W

= Vrms Irms cos + Vrms Irms cos cos2wt P(t) = Active Power (Watt)
350
300
P (t)avg P(t) sinusoidal 250
200
Active Power (P)
150
+ 100
V(t)
50
Load
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
AC Power
METU
AC Power
Reactive Power Waveform
Q(t), Reactive Power (VAR) Period = 2.5 msec
Q(t) = Vrms Irms sin x sin2wt 200
= Qmax sin 2wt
150
Q(t)
100
Q(t) sinusoidal Q max

50
Reactive Power (Q) 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-50
+
V(t) -100
-150
Load
-200
AC Power
METU
AC Power
(During the first 5 mseconds)
Q(t), Reactive Power (VAR)
Reactive Power (Q) 200,0
150,0
Load
+ 100,0
V(t)
50,0
0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-50,0
Q max
-100,0
-150,0
Period = 2.5 msec
-200,0
AC Power
METU
AC Power
(During the next 5 mseconds)
Reactive Power (Q) 200,0
150,0
Load
+ 100,0
V(t)
50,0
0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-50,0
Q max Period = 2.5 msec

-100,0
-150,0
-200,0
AC Power
METU
Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

P(t) = Active Power (Watt)
350
Mean of P(t) is called active power
300
Peak of Q(t) is called reactive power
250
200
150
Time (msec)
P(t)avg = 150 W 100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
200,0
150,0
100,0
Qmax = 160 VAR
50,0
0,0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-50,0 Time (msec)
-100,0
-150,0
-200,0
AC Power
METU
Voltage and Current Angle = 90o, Time for revolution = 20/4 =5 msec
Angular speed: w = 2 f
= 2 x 3.14 x 50 = 314 rad/sec
Time for one revolution = 1/f = 1/ 50 = 0.020 sec
= 20 msec
Hence,
Angle for revolution = 360o / 4 = 90o
Time for revolution = 20 msec / 4 = 5 msec
Active and Reactive Power

Angular speed: w = 2 w = 4 f
= 2 x314 = 628 rad/sec
Time for one revolution = 10 msec
Time for revolution = 10 msec / 4 = 2.5 msec
AC Power
METU

Power (P, Q, S)
S =VxI*
+ Load
V(t)
S(t) = V(t) x I(t)

I*
53.13o
150
S(t)
V(t) I(t) - 53.13o
100
50 I
0 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (msec)
-50
V
-100
AC Power
METU
Total power |S | = Vrms Irms

S
|S | = P2 + Q2 Q
Active power |P | = Vrms Irms cos ^

Q = S sin S
Reactive power |Q | = Vrms Irms sin

= 53.13 o
Power (P, Q, S)
P
P = S cos
V(t) + Load
S(t) = V(t) x I(t)
AC Power
METU
S - Total power (k) VA (kVA)

S
P- Active power (k) Watt (kW) Q
Q - Reactive power (k) VAR (kVAR)

^
Q = S sin S
Please note that this angle depends only
on the resistance R and reactance X of the = 53.13 o
load, i.e.
= Tan-1 X / R P
= Tan-1 Q / P
P = S cos
AC Power
METU
Basic Conversions
Polar Rectangular
P = S cos , Q = S sin Representation
Representation
S = P2 + Q2 , = Tan-1 (Q / P)
S P+jQ
S
Please note that this angle Q
depends only on the
resistance R and reactance X ^
of the load Q =S sin S
= 53.13 o
= Tan-1 X/R
= Tan-1 Q / P P
P =S cos
X/R=Q/P
i.e. if X = 0 Q = 0
AC Power
METU
AC Power
Active Reactive Powers
(in the first 5 mseconds)
Q Reactive Power S Total (Complex) Power

(kVAR) (kVA)
P Active Power
Wagon (kW)
Railway
AC Power
METU
AC Power
(in the next 5 mseconds)
Railway
P Active Power
Wagon (kW)
Q Reactive Power S Total (Complex) Power

(kVAR) (kVA)
AC Power
METU
AC Power
P Active Power
P(t) average > 0 (kW)
Reactive Power Total Power
(kVAR) (kVA)
100
120
140
160
180
200
20
40
60
80
Q S
0
Q Reactive Power
0
(kVAR)
2
Wagon P
Active Power
4
(kW)
Railway
200
6
150
8
100
10
50
Time (msec)
Wagon
12
0,0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
14
-50
-100
16
Time (msec)
-150
18
-200
20
AC Power
METU
Active-Reactive Powers
Polar Rectangular
Representation P = S cos , Q = S sin Representation
S = P2 + Q2 , = Tan-1 (Q / P)
S P+jQ
Q, Reactive Power
(kVAR)
S, Total Power
(kVA)
(kVAR) (kVA)
Q S
P
Wagon
Active Power
(kW)
P, Active Power
Railway (kW)
AC Power
METU
Active-Reactive Powers
Total power |S | = Vrms Irms
Q, Reactive Power S, Total (Complex) Power
(kVAR) (kVA)
|S | = P2 + Q2
Active power |P | = Vrms Irms cos
Reactive power |Q | = Vrms Irms sin

P, Active Power
(kW)
(kVAR) (kVA)
Q
S
S,
Total Power
Wagon P
(kVA)

Active Power
(kW)
Railway
AC Power
METU
Power Meters
Analog Digital Power Analyzer
Clamp Type Current Transformers
AC Power
METU
Reactive Power Compensation
Definition
Reactive power compensation is partial or full

cancellation of the reactive component of complex
power by introducing a negative (compensation)
component
Q, Reactive Power
(kVAR)
S, Total Power Qnew
(kVA) Reactive Power
(kVAR) Snew, Total Power
(kVA)
new
P, Active Power P, Active Power
(kW) (kW)
Qcomp., Reactive Power
Compensation (kVAR)
AC Power
METU
Power Factor
Q, Reactive Power
Definition (kVAR) S, Total Power
(kVA)
Cosine of the angle between S and P is
called Power Factor of the load
Power Factor = p.f. = cos

P, Active Power
= cos ( Tan-1 Q / P ) (kW)
Qcomp., Reactive Power
Please note that reducing Q means reducing Compensation (kVAR)
the angle ,
and hence increasing power factor Qnew
Reactive Power
Hence, reactive power compensation is (kVAR)
Snew, Total Power
sometimes called as Power Factor (kVA)
Correction, i.e. correcting power factor to a
value near unity new
P, Active Power
(kW)
AC Power
METU
Full or Partial Compensation
Partial Compensation Q, Reactive Power

(kVAR)
S, Total Power
(kVA)
Partial compensation is the case, where

Power Factor is raised to a value not
reaching unity P, Active Power
(kW)
Power Factornew = p.f.new = cos new

= cos ( Tan-1 Qnew / P ) Qnew
Snew, Total Power
(kVA)
Reactive Power
Full Compensation (kVAR)
new
P, Active Power
Full compensation is the case, where (kW)
Power Factor is unity
Qnew= 0 new = 0 Snew = P
Power Factornew = p.f.new = cos new
P, Active Power
= cos ( Tan-1 0 / P ) = 1 (kW)
AC Power
METU
Charging Principle Applied by TEDAS
Q, Reactive Power
If (kVAR) S, Total Power
(kVA)
Q / P > 1/3
Then, reactive power is charged
If
Q / P < 1/3 P, Active Power
Then, reactive power is free (kW)
Please note that

Q / P > 1/3
means;
Tan-1 (1/3) = 18.435o
cos 18.435o = 0.949 0.95
AC Power
METU
Why Partial Compensation is Preferred ?
Partial Compensation Reactive power needed to raise p.f. from

0.95 to 1 is the same as that for raising
Due to economic reasons, full p.f. from 0.83 to 0.95 (not worthwhile)
compensation is rarely implemented
Reactive power needed to Reactive power needed
raise p.f. from 0.83 to 0.95 to raise p.f. from 0.95 to unity
Power Factor
1,00
0,95
P + j Qnew P + j Q
0,90
j Qcomp
0,85 P = 3000 kW
+
0,80 _ p.f. = 0.65
0,75 = 49.46o (lag)
0,70
Q = 3507 kVAR
0,65
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew
Qcomp (MVAR)
AC Power
METU
Application of Reactive Power Compensation

Reduction of Cross Current Cross section (size) of the
Equipment Loading Section Capacity
cable (mm2)
( mm2 ) ( Amp )
Transformers 1.0 12.0
Lines 1.5 16.0
Cables 2.5 21.0
are priced with respect to the power 4.0 27.0
rating (kVA) 6.0 35.0
Prices of these equipments on 10.0 48.0
the other hand, are determined 16.0 65.0
by the cross-section ( mm2 ) of 25.0 88.0
the equipment
35.0 110.0
50.0 140.0
70.0 175.0
95.0 215.0
120.0 225.0
AC Power
METU

Reduction of Equipment Cable roller
Loading
Hence, the power rating S (kVA) of a
cable is merely determined by the
cross section, which must be
minimized in order to reduce the
investment to be made for the cable
AC Power
METU
Reduction of Equipment
Loading S
Q
Hence, the power rating S (kVA) of a
cable is merely determined by the
^
cross section, which must be Q = S sin S
minimized in order to reduce the
investment to be made for the cable = 53.13 o
Hence, S (kVA) must be minimized P
Power (S) P = S cos
+ S(t) = V(t) x I(t) Load

V(t)
AC Power
METU
Alternative Ways of Reducing S (kVA)

Alternative Ways of Reducing S (kVA)
a) Reducing the overall loading;

P + jQ (kW + j kVAR) (Overall comsumption)
Unreasonable, since the active consumption P
is determined by the needs of the comsumer,
who consumes electricity
Please note that active power does not
a) Reducing only Q (kVAR) Possible, reasonable change after compensation
Q, Reactive Power Qnew Snew, Total Power

(kVAR) Reactive Power (kVA)
(kVAR)
S, Total Power
(kVA)
new
P, Active Power
Qc, Compensation (kW) P, Active Power
(kVAR) (kW)
AC Power
METU
Example
Question
The factory shown on the RHS draws a load at 6300 V
nominal voltage
P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR
Calculate the amount of reactive power needed in
order to raise the power factor of the factory to 0.95
(Lagging)
TEDA 6300 V (rms) Mains

3 km O/H line P + j Qnew P+jQ
j Qcomp
+
P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR

_
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew
AC Power
METU
Example
S Total Power
Answer Q =140 kVAR
(kVA)
Uncompensated (Given) Case

Tan = Q / P
= 140 / 120 = 1.1667 P = 120 kW
= Tan -1 1.167 = 49.40o Qcomp., Reactive Power
Compensation (kVAR)
p.f.: cos = 0.65 (lagging)
Compensated Case
cos new = 0.95, Qnew = 39.43 (kVAR)
Snew, Total Power
new = cos -1 0.95 = 18.19o (kVA)
Tan new = Tan 18.19o = 0.3286
Tan new = Qnew / P Qnew = 0.3286 x P new
= 39.43 kVAR P = 120 kW
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew = 140 39.43 = 100.57 kVAR
AC Power
METU
Example
Question
Now, for the previous problem, calculate
the reduction in line losses as a result of
this compensation by assuming that line
impedance is
R + j X = 10 + j 20 Ohms
TEDA 6300 V Mains 3 km O/H line

R + jX = 10 + j20 Ohms P + j Qnew P+jQ
j Qcomp
+
P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR

_
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew
AC Power
METU
Example
S = V I* I = S / V = 1402 + 1202 / 6300
= 184.39 x 1000 / 6300 = 29.268 Amp
Snew = V Inew* I new = 39.432 + 1202 / 6300

= 126.312 x 1000 / 6300 = 20.049 Amp
Ploss = R I 2 = 10 x 29.2682 = 8566.39 Watts Ploss = 8566.39 4019.84

= 4546.55 Watts
Ploss-new = R Inew 2 = 10 x 20.4952 = 4019.84 Watts
TEDA 6300 V Mains

3 km O/H line
R + jX = 10 + j20 Ohms P + j Qnew P+jQ
j Qcomp
P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR
+
_
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew
AC Power
METU
Example
Now, calculate the return rate of the

investment to be made for the compensator,
by assuming that the retail price of electricity
is 16 Cents/kWh and price of capacitor is
184.41 USD/kVAR
Ploss = 8566.39 4019.84 = 4546.55 Watts

Investment = 100.57 kVAR * 184.41 USD/kVAR
= 18546,11 USD
Saving = 4546.55 / 1000 * 16 Cent/kWh/ 100
= 0.7274 USD / hour
Return Rate = Investment / Saving
= 10057.00 / 0.7274
= 13825.9 hours = 576.8 days = 1.58 years
AC Power
METU
Example
Question
Now, for the previous problem, Cross Current
determine the minimum cross section Section Capacity
of the line for the alternative cases, ( mm2 ) ( Amp )
when line is compansated and The cheaper alternative 1.0 12,0
uncompensated 1.5 16,0
2.5 21,0
Inew = 20.495 Amp 4.0 27,0
6.0 35,0
Iinitial = 29.268 Amp 10.0 48,0
16.0 65,0
TEDA 6300 V
Mains 3 km O/H line 25.0 88,0
R + jX = 10 + j20 Ohms P + j Qnew P+jQ 35.0 110,0
50.0 140,0
j Qcomp
+
P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR 70.0 175,0

_ 95.0 215,0
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew 120.0 225,0
AC Power
METU
Question
Question
Now, for the previous problem, calculate the shunt
capacitance in Farads needed for the amount of
compensation found above
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew = 140 39.43 = 100.57 kVAR

Qcomp = V Icomp* Icomp = Qcomp / V = 100570 VA /6300 V = 15.963 Amp
Xcomp = V / Icomp = 6300 / 15.963 = 394.65 Ohms
Xcomp = 1 / ( jwC ) Qnew = Q + Qcomp
C = 1 / ( jwX ) = 1 / (314.15 x 394.65) = 123.98 mF Qcomp < 0
TEDA 6300 V Mains 3 km O/H line

R + jX = 10 + j 20 Ohms P + j Qnew P+jQ
j Qcomp
Icomp P + j Q = 120 kW + j 140 kVAR
+
Qcomp = Q = Q Qnew
_
AC Power
METU
Medium Voltage Capacitor Banks
Shunt connection of large capacity

capacitors in power systems
AC Power
METU
Installation of MV Capacitor
Banks
AC Power
METU
Electronic Capacitors in a Motherboard
AC Power
METU
Another Example
Early in the history or electricity, Thomas
Edison's General Electric company was
distributing DC electricity at 110 volts in the
United States.
Then Nikola Tesla the devised a system of
three-phase AC electricity at 240 volts. Three-
phase meant that three alternating currents
slightly out of phase were combined in order to
even out the great variations in voltage
occurring in AC electricity. He had calculated
that 60 cycles per second or 60Hz was the most
effective frequency. Tesla later compromised to
reduce the voltage to 110 volts for safety
reasons.
AC Power
METU
Another Example
Europe goes to 50 Hz:
With the backing of the Westinghouse Company,
Tesla's AC system became the standard in the
United States. Meanwhile, the German company
AEG started generating electricity and became a
virtual monopoly in Europe. They decided to use 50
Hz instead of 60 Hz to better fit their metric
standards, but they kept the voltage at 110 V.
Unfortunately,
50 Hz AC has greater losses and is not as efficient
as 60 HZ.
AC Power
METU
Another Example
Due to the slower speed, 50Hz electrical generators are 20
% less effective than 60Hz generators. Electrical
transmission at 50 Hz is about 10-15 % less efficient. 50Hz
transformers require larger windings and 50 Hz electric
motors are less efficient than those meant to run at 60Hz.
They are more costly to make to handle the electrical
losses and the extra heat generated at the lower frequency.
Europe goes to 220 V
Europe stayed at 110 V AC until the 1950s, just after World
War II. They then switched over to 220 V for better
efficiency in electrical transmission. Great Britain not only
switched to 220 V, but they also changed from 60Hz to 50
Hz to follow the European lead. Since many people did not
yet have electrical appliances in Europe after the war, the
change-over was not that expensive for them.
U.S. stays at 110 V, 60Hz
AC Power
METU
Another Example
The United States also considered converting to 220 V for

home use but felt it would be too costly, due to all the 110
V electrical appliances people had. A compromise was
made in the U.S. in that 220 V would come into the house
where it would be split to 110 V to power most
appliances. Certain household appliances such as the
electric stove and electric clothes dryer would be
powered at 220 V.
AC Power
METU
Did everybody follow this part

carefully ?

AC Power

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

AC Power

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

AC Power

V(t) = Vmax cos wt Vmax 15,0

V(t) = Vmax cos wt Load = R + j X

Phase Shift in Voltage Waveform

Consider now, the following AC circuit v / w = t1

Voltage and Current Waveforms

Please note that the angle difference v - I depends only

AC Power - Power Expression

Please note that; ^

cos (a + b) + cos (a - b) = 2 cosa cos b -10,0

cosa cos b = [ cos (a + b) + cos (a-b) ] -20,0

AC Power - Power Expression

AC Power Decomposition of Power Expression

Power expression may be decomposed 300

S(t) = Vrms Irms cos ( 2wt + ) + Vrms Irms cos 0

Sinusoidal (AC) Term Constant (DC) Term Constant (DC) Term

AC Power Average Power Expression

Average Power Average is zero Sum of these areas is zero

AC Power Average Power Expression

S (t)avg = Vrms Irms cos 400

Calculate the average and instantaneous

Zload = 3 + j 4 Ohms = 5 53.13o Ohms

Vmax = 100 x 2 = 144.4 Volts

S(t) = 4000 cos wt x cos (wt + 53.13o) 300

cosa cos b = [ cos (a + b) + cos (a - b) ] 100

S(t) = 2000 [cos (2wt + 53.13o) + cos 53.13o ] 0

Active Power Expression I(t) Load

= Vrms Irms [ cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) - sin 2wt sin ] 100

P(t) =Active power 200

Active and Reactive Powers Summary

Active power P(t)avg = Vrms Irms cos 300

P(t) = Active power 50

2.5 msec 90o 0

P(t) = Vrms Irms cos ( 1 + cos2wt ) P(t)avg = 150 W

P (t)avg P(t) sinusoidal 250

Q(t) sinusoidal Q max

Reactive Power (Q) 0

Reactive Power (Q) 200,0

Q max Period = 2.5 msec

Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

Active and Reactive Power

Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

S(t) = V(t) x I(t)

Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

Total power |S | = Vrms Irms

Active power |P | = Vrms Irms cos ^

Reactive power |Q | = Vrms Irms sin

S(t) = V(t) x I(t)

Phosors Representation of Active and Reactive Powers

S - Total power (k) VA (kVA)

Q - Reactive power (k) VAR (kVAR)

Q Reactive Power S Total (Complex) Power

Q Reactive Power S Total (Complex) Power

Active power |P | = Vrms Irms cos

Reactive power |Q | = Vrms Irms sin

Clamp Type Current Transformers

Reactive Power Compensation

Reactive power compensation is partial or full

Power Factor = p.f. = cos

Full or Partial Compensation

Partial Compensation Q, Reactive Power

Partial compensation is the case, where

Power Factornew = p.f.new = cos new