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From the SelectedWorks of ali ali
2009
Simple methodology for sizing of absorbers for

TEG (triethylene glycol) gas dehydration systems
ali ali
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/bahadori/6/

Energy 34 (2009) 19101916
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
Simple methodology for sizing of absorbers for TEG (triethylene glycol) gas
dehydration systems
Alireza Bahadori*, Hari B. Vuthaluru
Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Natural gas is an important source of primary energy and it is saturated with water vapor under normal
Received 19 May 2009 production conditions. In the design of natural gas dehydration systems, correct estimation of absorption
Received in revised form column size is crucial. Once the lean TEG (Triethylene glycol) concentration has been established, the
30 July 2009
circulation rate of TEG and number of trays (height of packing) must be determined. The current
Accepted 30 July 2009
methods to correlate the TEG circulation rate, TEG purity, water removal efciency, number of equilib-
Available online 31 August 2009
rium stages (or height of packing) and the diameter of contactor employs rigorous calculation techniques
involving more complicated and longer computations. The aim of this study is therefore to develop
Keywords:
Natural gas a simple-to-use method, by employing basic algebraic equations to correlate water removal efciency as
Gas dehydration a function of TEG circulation rate and TEG purity for appropriate sizing of the absorber at wide range of
Absorber operating conditions of TEG dehydration systems. Estimates from simplied approach were found to be
Triethylene Glycol (TEG) quite reliable and accurate, as evidenced by the comparisons with literature data where the average
absolute deviation percent from reported data in the literature shown to be around 0.05%.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction accomplished by lowering the dewpoint temperature of the gas at

which vapor will condense from the gas. There are several methods
Most natural gas producers use TEG (triethylene glycol) to of dehydrating natural gas. The most common of these are liquid
remove water from the natural gas stream in order to meet the desiccant (glycol) dehydration and solid desiccant dehydration
pipeline quality standards, Natural gas is saturated with water [6,7].
vapor. Water vapor increases natural gases corrosivity, especially Among these gas dehydration processes, absorption is the most
when acid gases are present [1]. Extensive literature is available on common technique, where the water vapor in the gas stream
common gas dehydration systems including solid and liquid becomes absorbed in a liquid solvent stream. Glycols are the most
desiccant and refrigeration-based systems[14]. Glycols are very widely used absorption liquids as they approximate the properties
good absorbers for water because the hydroxyl groups in glycols that meet commercial application criteria. Several glycols have
form similar associations with water molecules [2]. The contact been found suitable for commercial application. TEG is by far the
between a wet gas and glycol can be made in any gasliquid contact most common liquid desiccant used in natural gas dehydration as it
device. Liquid desiccant systems are very established dehydration exhibits most of the desirable criteria of commercial suitability
systems. They are relatively simple to operate and maintain and it is [8,9].
possible to automate them for unmanned operations [2,5]. Natural Summarizing the ow path of natural gas and TEG in a typical
gas usually contains water, in liquid or vapor form, at source or as TEG dehydration unit, wet natural gas rst enters an inlet separator
a result of sweetening with an aqueous solution. Operating expe- to remove all liquid hydrocarbons from the gas stream. Then the gas
rience and thorough engineering have proved that it is necessary to ows to an absorber (contactor) where it is contacted counter-
reduce and control the water content of gas to ensure safe pro- currently and dried by the lean TEG. TEG also absorbs VOC (volatile
cessing and transmission. Removal of the water vapor that exists in organic compounds) that vaporize with the water in the reboiler.
solution in natural gas requires a more complex treatment. This Dry natural gas existing the absorber passes through a gas/glycol
treatment consists of dehydrating the natural gas, which is heat exchanger and then into the sales line. The wet or rich glycol
exiting the absorber ows through a coil in the accumulator where
it is preheated by hot lean glycol. After the glycolglycol heat
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 61 8 9266 1782; fax: 61 8 9266 2681. exchanger, the rich glycol enters the stripping column and ows
E-mail address: alireza.bahadori@postgrad.curtin.edu.au (A. Bahadori). down the packed bed section into the reboiler. Steam generated in
0360-5442/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.07.047
A. Bahadori, H.B. Vuthaluru / Energy 34 (2009) 19101916 1911
contactor capacity upgrades. Hence, the structured packing may

Nomenclature offer potential cost savings over trays [10].
Conversion from equilibrium stages to actual trays can be made
A coefcient assuming an overall tray efciency of 2530%. For random and
B coefcient structured packing, HETP (Height of Packing Equivalent to a Theo-
C coefcient retical Plate) varies with TEG circulation rate, gas rate, gas density,
D coefcient and packing characteristics but a value of about 1.5 m is usually
Cb coefcient for bubble cap column adequate for planning purposes [3].
Cp coefcient for packed column In addition widening the absorber column and generating near-
Db bubble cap Diameter, m atmospheric pressure steam are cost-effective options to incorpo-
Dp packed column Diameter, m rate environmental objectives into the design of plants such as
G mass velocity, kg/(m2 h) absorption systems. [11,12].
m_ mass ow rate, kg/h In view of the above mentioned possible applications it is
N number of theoretical stages necessary to formulate a simple method to correlate the TEG
NOP number of data points circulation rate j Cubic meter of TEG=kg H2 O, TEG purity
R water removal efciency (X, mass fraction of TEG), water removal efciency
W water content of gas, mg/(Sm3) R Win Wout =Win , number of equilibrium stages (or height of
X triethylene glycol purity, mass fraction packing) and the diameter of contactor.
rv vapour density, kg/m3
rL liquid density, kg/m3
j TEG circulation rate, TEG, m3/kg H2O 2. Methodology to develop simple correlation
The proposed simple approach, correlates the TEG circulation

rate, TEG purity, water removal efciency, number of equilibrium
the reboiler strips absorbed water and VOCs out of the glycol as it stages (or height of packing) and the diameter of contactor with
rises up the packed bed [6,7]. The water vapor and desorbed natural ease and computationally less time consuming unlike conventional
gas are vented from the top of the stripper. The hot regenerated simulation approaches involving of rigorous and time consuming
lean glycol ows out of the reboiler into the accumulator (surge calculations and plotting of graphs etc. A number of commercial
tank) where it is cooled via cross exchange with returning rich simulation softwares and mathematical models have been repor-
glycol; it is pumped to a glycol/gas heat exchanger and back to the ted so far [11]. However, according to the authors knowledge, no
top of the absorber. Fig. 1 illustrates a typical TEG-Natural Gas simplied approach exists in the literature for correlating the TEG
Dehydration System [7]. circulation rate, TEG purity, water removal efciency, number of
Traditionally, the glycol absorber (contactor) contains trays that equilibrium stages (or height of packing) and the diameter of
provide an adequate contact area between the gas and the glycol. contactor. In view of this necessity, our efforts have been directed at
One other option to the trayed TEG contactor is the use of struc- formulating simple-to-use method that can help engineers for
tured packing. Structured packing was developed as an alternative rapid estimation of the water removal efciency as a function of
to random packing to improve mass transfer control by use of TEG circulation rate and TEG concentrations. The correlation
a xed orientation of the transfer surface. The combination of high proposed in the present work is simple and unique expression,
gas capacity and reduced height of an equilibrium stage, compared which is non-existent in the literature.
with trayed contactors, makes the application of structured packing The required data to develop this correlation includes the
desirable for both new contactor designs and existing trayed- reported data [3] for the water removal efciency as a function of
TEG circulation rate j Cubic meter of TEG=kg H2 O, and TEG
concentrations (X). In this work, the water removal efciency is
predicted rapidly by proposing a simple correlation. The following
methodology has been applied to develop this correlation:
Firstly, water removal efciencies (R) are correlated as a func-
tion of TEG circulation rates j Cubic meter of TEG=kg H2 O,
for different TEG concentrations (X). Then, the calculated coef-
cients for these polynomials are correlated as a function of TEG
concentrations. The derived polynomials are applied to calculate
new coefcients for equation (2) to predict the water removal
efciency. Tables 1 and 2 show the tuned coefcients for equa-
tions (3)(6).
In brief, the following steps are repeated to tune the correla-
tions coefcients.
1. Correlate the water removal efciency as a function of TEG

circulation rate j Cubic meter of TEG=kg H2 O, for
a given TEG concentration (X).
2. Repeat step 1 for other TEG concentrations (X).
3. Correlate corresponding polynomial coefcients, which are
obtained in previous steps versus TEG concentrations (X), So
a,b,c and d coefcients are correlated as a function of
Fig. 1. Water removal efciency vs. TEG circulation rate at various TEG concentrations triethylene glycol purity (X), in mass fraction. (See equations
(Number of theoretical stages, N 1) in comparison with data [3]. (3)(6)).
1912 A. Bahadori, H.B. Vuthaluru / Energy 34 (2009) 19101916
Table 1
Tuned coefcients for various number of theoretical stages N 1, 1.5 and 2.
Coefcient Number of theoretical stage (N) 1 Number of theoretical stage (N) 1.5 Number of theoretical stage (N) 2
A1 1.51750000734 105 1.36318190812 104 1.27155870163 105
B1 4.5287844071 105 4.1087635096 104 3.78535979271 105
C1 4.50515787525 105 4.1278286256 104 3.75616159919 105
D1 1.49387377624 105 1.38224984469 104 1.24236038846 105
A2 1.1316270524 104 1.07128653518 103 1.16335738747 104
B2 3.3777842508 104 3.22852999323 103 3.46339151846 104
C2 3.3607087 104 3.24270631055 103 3.43686140202 104
D2 1.11455135941 104 1.08546448915 103 1.1368271474 104
A3 2.4475093673 102 3.97385136272 101 3.3397932662 102
B3 7.3073793526 102 1.19123690208 102 9.94295556513 102
C3 7.2722549748 102 1.1902390712 102 9.8669620555 102
D3 2.41238559437 102 3.96388087735 101 3.2637991018 102
A4 1.62668383278 3.76154014912 101 2.856748838
B4 4.85801145745 1.1251621391 8.50453031755
C4 4.8359647407 1.1218236382 8.4391925267
D4 1.6046374352 3.7281593611 101 2.7914105909
Equation (1) illustrates equation to calculate water removal B2 C2 D2

b A2 2 3 (4)
efciency as a function of inlet and outlet water content values. X X X
Equation (2) represents the proposed governing equation in
which four coefcients are used to correlate the water removal B3 C3 D3
efciency as a function of TEG circulation rate and TEG concen- c A3 2 3 (5)
X X X
tration where the relevant coefcients have been reported in
Tables 1 and 2. B4 C4 D4
d A4 2 3 (6)
W Wout X X X
R in (1)
Win These optimum tuned coefcients help to cover the water
removal efciency for TEG circulation rate and TEG concentration
Circulation rate is dened as: up to 0.06 cubic meter of TEG over kg of water and 0.9999 mass
fraction respectively. The optimum tuned coefcients given in
Cubic meter of TEG
j Tables 1 and 2 can be retuned quickly according to the proposed
kg H2 O
approach if more data are available just by quick readjusting the
tuned coefcients. Typical example is given in the results section to
So water removal efciency R Win Wout =Win is calculated
illustrate the simplicity associated with the use of proposed
by equation (2):
correlation for estimating water removal efciencies and contactor
b c d sizing in gas dehydration plants. The correlation proposed in the
ln R a (2) present work is novel and unique expression, which is non-existent
j j2 j3 in the literature. This is expected to benet process engineers and
Where: making design decisions which could lead to informed decisions on
the selection of appropriate TEG circulation rate and sizing for
B1 C1 D1 a given application in gas industry. Equations (7)(9) are applied to
a A1 2 3 (3)
X X X predict the diameter of contactor (absorber).
Table 2
Tuned coefcients for various number of theoretical stages N 2.5, 3 and 4.
Coefcient Number of theoretical Stage (N) 2.5 Number of theoretical stage (N) 3 Number of theoretical Stage (N) 4
A1 3.65792068453 104 1.72521576917 106 7.38643001783 107
B1 1.09019787644 105 5.16460399496 106 2.21479386633 108
C1 1.08309529773 105 5.1535751573 106 2.21365910392 108
D1 3.58689467686 104 1.7141869357 106 7.37508239331 107
A2 2.59663054678 103 1.26805051527 105 4.97389685515 106
B2 7.74050225267 103 3.79545983218 105 1.49140002987 107
C2 7.69127114067 103 3.78677891486 105 1.4906312923 107
D2 2.54739956763 103 1.25936959826 105 4.96620947993 106
A3 5.39404855899 101 3.20022637366 103 1.049098764 105
B3 1.60845322929 102 9.57833625744 103 3.14566557041 105
C3 1.59871276975 102 9.5560237605 103 3.14403546725 105
D3 5.29664543317 101 3.1779138752 103 1.04746866096 105
A4 3.3504537023 101 2.45377077254 101 6.77322483974 102
B4 9.9951682574 101 7.34407625715 101 2.030910371004 103
C4 9.93899634714 101 7.3268643351 101 2.02985369484 103
D4 3.2942824495 101 2.43655884304 101 6.7626580778 102
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
R
0.75 TEG Purity, Mass fraction=0.985
Data
Data
TEG Purity, Mass fraction=0.995
0.65
Data
0.6 Data
0.55
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Triethylene Glycol (TEG) Circulation Rate, (Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
Fig. 2. Water removal efciency vs. TEG circulation rate at various TEG concentrations (Number of theoretical stages, N 1.5) in comparison with data [3].
p simple method has an average absolute deviation percent around

G Cb rv rL rv (7) 0.05% so the estimates are quite reliable and accurate. This simple-
to-use approach can be of immense practical value for the engi-
r
4m neers to have a quick check on sizing of the absorber for wide range
Db (8) of operating conditions. The developed method is easier than
Gp
existing approaches requiring more complicated and longer
For structured packing: computations. Results demonstrate that a designer may consider
s this correlation as an appropriate estimation tool during the design
Cb of a gas dehydration system utilizing TEG solvent.
DP Db (9)
CP
4. Example
3. Results
This typical example illustrates the simplicity associated with
Figs. 27 compare the results of new proposed correlation for the use of proposed correlation for sizing TEG absorber: 0.85 mil-
predicting the water removal efciency vs. TEG circulation rate at lion Sm3/day of a 0.65 relative density natural gas enters a TEG
various TEG concentrations and number of theoretical stages with contactor at 4100 kPa (abs) and 38 C. Inlet water content is
some of the reported data [3]. As can be seen, there is a good 1436 mg H2O/Sm3 and outlet water content specication is 110 mg
agreement between predicted and reported values. The proposed H2O/Sm3. The TEG circulation rate is 25 l TEG/kg H2O. Estimate the
simple method shows consistently accurate results within the contactor diameter and number of bubble cap trays or height of
investigated range for number of theoretical stages up to 4 and structured packing required to meet this requirement. Consider
glycol purity up to 0.9999 mass fraction. Table 3 shows the accuracy z 0.92, at T 38 C lean TEG concentration z 99.0 mass%, H2O
and the error analysis of proposed method in terms of average Dewpoint 4 C, which is equivalent to a water content of 110 mg
absolute deviation percent. This table illustrates that the proposed H2O/Sm3 at 4100 kPa (abs).
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
R

Data
Data
0.65
Data
0.6 Data
0.55
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Triethylene Glycol (TEG) Circulation Rate, (Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
Fig. 3. Water removal efciency vs. TEG circulation rate at various TEG concentrations (Number of theoretical stages, N 2) in comparison with data [3].
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
R
Data
0.88
Data
0.86
0.84 Data
0.82 Data
0.8
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06
Triethylene Glycol Circulation Rate,(Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
Fig. 4. Water removal efciency vs. TEG circulation rate at various TEG concentrations (Number of theoretical stages, N 2.5) in comparison with data [3].
4.1. Solution From equations (2)(6) and coefcients from Table 1 (N 2) at

25 l TEG over kg H2O and 99 mass% TEG:
4.1.1. Estimate number of theoretical stages
a 6:1685987 102 from equation 3
Win Wout 1436 110

0:922 b 1:2677203 103 from equation 4
Win 1436
From equations (2)(6) and coefcients from Table 1 (N 1.5) at c 6:701629 105 from equation 5
d 3:991632 107 from equation 6

a 4:71903584 102 from equation 3
b 7:8915523 104 from equation 4 R

Win Wout
0:9115062770from equation 2
Win
c 3:035954 105 from equation 5 From equations (2)(6) and coefcients from Table 2 (N 2.5) at
d 8:4835929 108 from equation 6 a 3:95145722 102 from equation 3
Win Wout
R 0:885from equation 2 b 6:4588395 104 from equation 4
Win
0.98
0.96
0.94
R

Data
Data
0.9
Data
0.88 Data
Data
0.86
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06
Triethylene Glycol Circulation rate, (Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
0.99
0.98
R 0.97
Data
0.96
Data
Data
Data
0.94
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06
Triethylene Glycol Circulation rate,(Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
R
0.995
0.994 Data
0.993 data4
0.992
data6
0.991
data8
0.99
0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06
Triethylene Glycol Circulation Rate, (Cubic meter of TEG)/(kg H2O)
Table 3
Error analysis and accuracy of proposed method for prediction water removal efciency at various TEG circulation rates and TEG concentrations in comparison with the
reported data [3].
TEG circulation rate, TEG purity in Number of Proposed correlation results for Reported data Absolute
cubic meter per kg H20 mass fraction theoretical stages Water removal efciency Water removal [3] K deviation percenta
0.02 0.985 1 0.7093 0.71 0.1
0.05 0.999 1 0.9086 0.91 0.15
0.013 0.99 1.5 0.7796 0.78 0.051
0.045 0.995 1.5 0.9479 0.95 0.22
0.06 0.985 2 0.9211 0.921 0.01
0.03 0.99 2 0.9239 0.925 0.12
0.015 0.999 2 0.9098 0.91 0.02
0.013 0.985 2.5 0.8749 0.875 0.01
0.03 0.99 2.5 0.9445 0.945 0.05
0.05 0.9995 2.5 0.9969 0.997 0.01
0.05 0.995 3 0.9772 0.977 0.02
0.03 0.999 3 0.9928 0.993 0.02
0.015 0.9999 3 0.9816 0.981 0.06
0.013 0.999 4 0.99035 0.9904 0.005
0.02 0.9999 4 0.9981 0.9982 0.01
0.05 0.99995 4 0.99948 0.9995 0.002
Average absolute deviation percent (AADP)a 0.05
a 1
PNOP reported
valuescalculated values
Absolute Deviation PercentAADP NOP n1 reported values 100.
tool during the design of a gas dehydration system utilizing TEG

c 8:34654235 106 from equation 5 solvent. The proposed correlation is simple to use, employing basic
algebraic equations that can easily and quickly be solved by
d 1:4448143 107 from equation 6 spreadsheet. In addition, the estimates are quite accurate, as evi-
denced by the comparisons with literature data with average
absolute deviation being around 0.05%. This approach would be
Win Wout
R 0:9405953from equation 2 useful in the design of absorbers at wide range of conditions of TEG
Win
dehydration systems. In particular, process and chemical engineers
So, use N 2. would nd the proposed method to be of practical value and user
2 theoretical stages are approximately 8 bubble cap trays at friendly involving no complex expressions with transparent
0.6 m tray spacing. calculations.
2 theoretical stages is approximately 3 m of structuring packing.
4.1.2. Size the contactor Acknowledgement

Bubble caps, 0.6 m tray spacing, so mass velocity (G) is
calculated: The lead author acknowledges the Australian Department of
Education, Science and Training for Endeavour International Post-
p
G Cb rv rL rv graduate Research Scholarship (EIPRS), the Ofce of Research &
Development at Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western
p Australia for providing Curtin University Postgraduate Research
G 176 321119:7 32 32 800 kg=m2 h Scholarship and the State Government of Western Australia for
Calculate mass ow rate: providing top up scholarship through Western Australian Energy
Research Alliance (WA:ERA). Useful comments from anonymous
!
0:85 106 Sm3 1 kmol 0:65 28:97 kg 1 day reviewers and the editor are also acknowledged which led to
:m improvements in the original version of the paper.
day 23:64 kmol 24h
kg
28211 References
h
[1] Gandhidasan P, Al-Farayedhi AA, Al-Mubarak AA. Dehydration of natural gas
Then, calculate cross sectional area:
using solid desiccants. Energy 2001;26:85568.
[2] Karimi A, Abdi MA. Selective dehydration of high-pressure natural gas using
m 28211 supersonic nozzles. Chemical Engineering and Processing 2009;48:5608.
A 0:86 m2
G 32800 [3] Gas Processors Suppliers Association. GPSA engineering data book. 12th ed.
Tulsa, OK: Gas Processors Suppliers Association; 2004. Section 16, p. 113.
Bubble cap diameter is calculated: [4] Bahadori A, Mokhatab S. Simple correlation accurately predicts densities of
glycol solutions. Petroleum Science and Technology 2009;27:32530.
r r [5] Bahadori A. New model predicts solubility in glycols. Oil Gas J
4A 4 0:86 2007;105(8):505.
Db 1:05 m
p 3:14 [6] Bahadori A. BTEX solubility in TEG. International Gas Engineering and
Management 2006;46(7):157.
Diameter for structured packing will be: [7] Bahadori A. New model calculates solubility of light alkanes in triethylene
glycol. Petroleum Chemistry 2009;49:1719.
s r [8] Bahadori A, Vuthaluru HB. Explicit numerical method for prediction of
Cb 176 transport properties of aqueous glycol solutions. Journal of the Energy Insti-
DP Db 1:05 0:73 m
CP 366 tute 2009;82:18892.
[9] Bahadori A, Vuthaluru HB, Mokhatab S. Analyzing solubility of acid gas and
light alkanes in triethylene glycol. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry
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[10] Kean JA, Turner HM, Price BC. Structured packing proven superior for TEG gas
drying. Oil Gas J 1991;89(38):416.
The correlation proposed in the present work is novel and [11] Bernier E, Marechal F, Samson R. Multi-objective design optimization of
unique expression, which is non-existent in the literature and is a natural gas combined cycle with carbon dioxide capture in a life cycle
recommended for appropriate sizing of the absorber at wide range perspective. Energy 2009;. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.06.037.
[12] Mofarahi M, Khojasteh Y, Khaledi H, Farahnak A. Design of CO2 absorption
of conditions of TEG dehydration systems. Results illustrate that plant for recovery of CO2 from ue gases of gas turbine. Energy 2008;33:
a designer may consider this correlation as appropriate estimation 13119.

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From the SelectedWorks of ali ali

Simple methodology for sizing of absorbers for

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/bahadori/6/

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

1. Introduction accomplished by lowering the dewpoint temperature of the gas at

contactor capacity upgrades. Hence, the structured packing may

The proposed simple approach, correlates the TEG circulation

1. Correlate the water removal efciency as a function of TEG

Equation (1) illustrates equation to calculate water removal B2 C2 D2

p simple method has an average absolute deviation percent around

0.75 TEG Purity, Mass fraction=0.985

4.1. Solution From equations (2)(6) and coefcients from Table 1 (N 2) at

Win Wout 1436 110

d 3:991632 107 from equation 6

b 7:8915523 104 from equation 4 R

d 8:4835929 108 from equation 6 a 3:95145722 102 from equation 3

0.92 TEG Purity, Mass fraction=0.985

tool during the design of a gas dehydration system utilizing TEG

4.1.2. Size the contactor Acknowledgement

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