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SERBIAN LANGUAGE INSTITUTE OF SASA

Monographs 14

Stana Risti

ON WORDS
IN THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE
(word-formation, lexicographical and
lexicological aspects)

BELGRADE
2012
 

14

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2012


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IV.

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.......................................................................................................175

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........................................................................................189

.................................................................................................... 191


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 163

ON WORDS IN THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE

(word-formation, lexicographical and lexicological aspects)

Summary

This monograph presents the results of various studies of Serbian lexis

which were conducted over the last three years in the fields of word-forma-
tion, lexicography and lexicology.
1.0. In the domain of word-formation, we dealt with current issues,
based for the most part on the electronic corpus of neologisms compiled by
. Otaevi, by giving an outline of word-formation processes in Serbian
lexis in the most recent period of its development, as well as an overview
of word-formation processes organized according to word-classes, followed
by a detailed examination of words derived from negative prefixes ne- and
anti-, compounds containing formatives expressing quantification, new
word-forms derived from proper nouns, as well as certain recent instances of
changes in word meaning within Serbian lexis.
1.1. In the outline of the most recent processes in word-formation, pre-
sented from the morphological, semantic, sociolinguistic and normative as-
pect, we have pointed out that the newest layer in the Serbian lexical fund
can be enriched in the following ways: by an introduction of new words
for naming new objects and concepts from different fields (e.g. bankomat,
vauerizacija, haker, hakerski, hakovati, priaonica meaning chat room,
radarac), by lexical borrowing as well as by borrowing affixes from other
languages, by activating the existing word-formation types, and to a lesser
degree by the changes in word meaning. We have noticed the occurrence
of intensified determinologization, where the shifting of terminological vo-
cabulary into the general lexical fund is realized in the form of highly devel-
oped derivational paradigms like, for example, terms related to traditional
and alternative medicine. This process is followed by an intensive process
of jargonization, while the accompanying derivation is marked by the use of
highly productive suffixes and suffixoids of foreign origin, such as: -fob(-ija)
(e.g. akrofobija, albanofob, albanofobija), -filija, -oidan (e.g. ameboidan,
aristokratoidan, brzoidan, kretenoidan), as well as an increased number of
164

adapted words of foreign origin occurring in diversified derivational para-

digms. The productivity of suffixes denoting an occupation is increased in
the set of words denoting womens occupations as well as in the one denot-
ing the persons that have the quality mentioned or the persons who carry out
the action of the verb.
The lexical fund of Serbian in the most recent stage of development has
been considerably extended by word-formation processes such as prefixation
and composition, resulting in the forms of compounds and semi-compounds
with prefixes and prefixoids of both foreign and native origin. The productiv-
ity of particular word-formation types has risen due to processes of hybridi-
zation, which can be illustrated by word-forms containing many different
word-initial formants, such as the following: a-, anti-, alko-, aero-, avio-,
agro-, akva- , art- , arhi-, auto-, bez-/s-, bio-, van-, veliko-, video-, visoko- ,
vie-, de-, evro-, eko-, elektro-, energo-, etno-, idejno-, kratko-, malo-, mega-,
meu-, izvan-, jedno-, jugo-, kvazi-, kontra-, multi-, nad-, narko-, naci-, ne-
, neo-, neuro-, nisko-, novo-, od-, opte-, polu-, porno-, post-, pra-, prvo-,
pred-, pre-, pro-, protiv-, proto-, pseudo-, psiho-, radio-, raz-, samo-, sve-,
hiper-, socio-, srednje-, super-, TV-, trans- and ultra-.
1.2. The overview of word-formation processes according to word-
classes has shown that the newest and the most productive processes have
mostly been applied to nouns, followed by adjectives as well as adverbs
derived from adjectives by means of conversion, whereas verbs are shown to
undergo these processes to a much lesser degree. Nominal derivation exhibits
steadily intensifying processes of mutation, modification and transposition.
As for newly-formed adjectives, we found evidence of each productive
word-formation type in our corpus, while innovations occur in the expansion
of the distributional potential of the base in derivatives and compounds alike.
Derivation of adverbs, except for deadjectival conversives, is interspersed
with formations of substantive origin, which were derived from preposition-
al phrases by means of univerbization, a process governed by the principle
of language economy, e.g.: indeksno (by means of index), skicozno (as a
sketch, sketchily), filmino (by way of film), etc. Newly-formed adverbs,
irrespective of the word-formation type involved in their production, are pre-
dominantly placed before adjectives, in which case they function as modifiers,
or else as nominal predicates. Verbal lexis contains far smaller number of inno-
vations, all of which lie within the framework of regular word-formation types,
not intensifying the productivity or openness of paradigmatic strings either
in terms of constituents or in terms of word-formation types.
1.3. The examination of lexemes containing the prefixes ne- and anti-
from semantic, functional-stylistic and normative points of view has shown
 165

that these two formants are competitive in the semantic field of negation, con-
trariness and contradiction. Having analyzed the distribution of the above-
mentioned prefixes, we drew the conclusion that recent stylistically marked
formations with the prefixes ne- and anti- function as units impregnated with
expressive meaning.
1.4. The examination of compounds with native pre-positive elements
expressing quantification (veliko-, visoko-, nisko-, polu-, pre- and srednje-)
confirms rising productivity and an intensified process of hybridization con-
cerning the intensifiers pre- and visoko- in adjectival and adverbial com-
pounds. According to the corpus of neologisms, in this semantic and stylis-
tic field they are increasingly substituted by word-formation constituents of
foreign origin, such as mega-, multi-, ultra-, hiper-, which can also combine
with native bases, and which, by undergoing the process of hybridization,
secure a place in the lexical system of the Serbian language. It is widely
thought that word-formation processes such as intensification run parallel
with the reverse process of deintensification, which is corroborated in the
corpus of neologisms by a productive deintensifier polu-. Derivational po-
tential of deintensifiers nisko- and srednje- was confirmed by a rather small
number of occurrences.
1.5. A general outline of derivatives produced from proper nouns sheds
light on the fact that they are becoming more numerous as well as that cer-
tain word-formation types are becoming more productive. The most produc-
tive word-formation type among units derived from names of countries and
nationalities are nominal derivatives with the suffix -izacija, and since they
represent appelatives with negative connotation, they are characteristic of
political discourse and journalistic style. As for noun bases denoting first
and last names, the most productive is the word-formation type of adjectival
and adverbial derivatives with the suffix -ski/-ki (-ovski/-evski). Derivatives
based on names of historical personalities realize their meaning with nega-
tive connotation and are typical of political discourse. Finally, derivatives
based on native and foreign first and last names of well-known artists are
typical of an intellectual discourse and academic style, and they realize their
meaning with positive connotation.
1.6. We have shown in this monograph how processes of desemantiza-
tion and trans-semantization affect the meanings of words, which at a formal
level acquire the form of a new, non-typical lexical combinability. By analyz-
ing examples of the use of verbs of physical action, such as uzdrmati, izvui,
sruiti, udariti, dokopati se, odneti, instalirati and nositi, we established
the fact that the above-mentioned current semantic processes, together with
metaphorical derivation, allow for a different hierarchical order of central
166

and peripheral roles as opposed to their typical ordering in the basic, primary
meanings of these verbs. On a syntactico-semantic plane, these changes are
realized in non-agentive form of an utterance, with altered denotative seman-
tic features of participants in relation to their typical features, characteristic
of an active diathesis.
1.7. Our analysis of word-formation processes based on the corpus of
neologisms enabled us to reach the following conclusions.
The electronic corpus of neologisms compiled by . Otaevi represents
mainly secondary lexis: neologisms, occasionalisms and possible words, all
of which are word-forms to do with linguistic creativity and experimentation
with word-formation, morphological and semantic potential of the Serbian
language, concerning both native and foreign word-formation elements. Cor-
pus examples are for the most part stylistically marked, typically belonging
to substandard lexis and jargon.
Borrowed words have shown greater capability of adaptation, as a re-
sult of a natural reaction on the part of the speakers of Serbian to a greater
surge of internationalisms and anglicisms, namely, their acquisition being
recognized by them as a legitimate way of enriching Serbian lexis. It has
been pointed out that the intensified process of hybridization reduces the
effect of the current process of internationalization of lexis, whereby the
Serbian language system is able to maintain the domination of native over
foreign word-formation components. At the same time, both processes are in
their own right conducive to a more stable development of the Serbian lan-
guage, making it more open to innovations in all compartments of spiritual
and material culture and more suitable for functional-stylistic and idiolectal
variations.
In the overview of word-formation types and formants, we have estab-
lished ongoing continuity of lexical innovations dating back to an earlier pe-
riod of linguistic development, namely, from 1960s until the end of the 20th
century. However, unlike the time period mentioned, the corpus of neolo-
gisms points to the enrichment of lexis belonging to particular word-forma-
tion types, a number of types of serial formations with native and especially
foreign word-formation components. All this indicates increased potential
for combinability of word-formation components, as well as to a reduction
in distributional constraints.
On the whole, we have noted that a great number of new forms is creat-
ed as a result of intensified processes of intellectualization and jargonization,
namely, the processes which run parallel in the most recent period of linguis-
tic development and cannot be strictly separated, and whose mutual conver-
gence occurs due to the urbanization of language. The role of the process of
 167

urbanization in present and future linguistic development deserves special

attention and should be a subject of great interest to future researchers. Pro-
ductivity of specific word-formation types in the processes of intellectualiza-
tion and jargonization obscures even more the already unstable boundaries
between functional styles and linguistic idioms. The shifting of lexis between
various functional styles and in terms of prestigious non-prestigious idioms
has accelerated considerably, which allows for more favourable conditions
for the stabilization of the lexical norm. Intensified processes of hybridiza-
tion and internationalization create a favourable climate for a more stable
development of the Serbian language, making it more open to innovations in
all aspects of culture, spiritual as well as material.
The latest tendences in the development of Serbian lexis confirm that
the lexical level represents the core of linguistic super-structure, which is la-
belled by the term intellectualization of language, and the linguistic super-
structure itself is based on authentic native language models and potential,
notwithstanding the impact of lexical borrowing.
2.1. On the examples taken from the Dictionary of the Serbian Acade-
my of Sciences and Arts, the monograph presents lexicographical procedures
in the treatment of grammatical words. It has been established that specific
lexicographical procedure can be fixed for each of the word-classes, and that
the inconsistencies in lexicographical descriptions occur due to problems in
determining the primary function and meaning of certain classes of gram-
matical words, and also as a result of failing to recognize the process of
conversion, which represents the most productive word-formation process
among function words and which triggers a change of function and shifting
of a particular lexical unit into a new word-class category.
2.2. The status of pronominal words and their semantic and syntactic
features have been presented and illustrated by the pronoun sam, -, - and
the neuter forms of demonstrative pronouns to, ovo, ono. It has been con-
firmed that pronouns are grammaticalized units which, apart from expressing
general meanings, are used in order to constitute semantic coherence at a
syntactic and textual level. For that reason, grammars and linguistic studies
in general should treat pronouns, as well as other function words, not only as
morphological but also as syntactic linguistic units.
2.3. Adopting an integral approach to the verbs of visual perception, il-
lustrated by examples of the use of verbs videti (see) and gledati (watch),
taken from the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, we
confirmed that these words are typical verbs of visual perception, since their
meanings and functions realize all four series, characteristic of verbs of per-
ception, and under certain semantic, morphological and syntactic conditions
168

another two series, but with different distribution and probability of occur-
rence. The different uses of the verb videti, which possesses both perfective
and imperfective aspect, do not have any distributional restrictions and their
meaning is realized in all six series, so that this verb can be considered to be
a prototypical representative of the verbs of visual perception.
3.1. This research was in part devoted to Orthodox religious vocabulary
and its status in the Serbian lexicon, using the example sentences taken from
the Dictionary of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Our analy-
sis has shown that religious vocabulary represents a significant layer of the
general lexical fund of the contemporary Serbian language and its word-
formation and semantic potential. As part of the general lexical system, it
follows the current changes in both secular and religious sphere. Nowadays,
its development steps outside of religious language and reaches out towards
current processes in the language of the Orthodox Church, which makes
solid basis for convergence of religious language and contemporary Serbian
language. In the analysis of the words Bog (God), Gospod (the Lord),
apostol (Apostle), jevanelje (Scripture), ispovest (confession), ispove-
dati/ispovediti (to confess), it has been pointed out that both primary and
derived meanings of words belonging to religious vocabulary are founded
upon the language of church service and that they preserve the elements of
authentic Orthodoxy with its fundamental religious tenets. Differences in the
realization of meaning concerning the analyzed items of religious vocabu-
lary both in the secular and religious language corpora reflect the differences
between a more open and dynamic secular complex and a more reserved
sacral complex, developing in order to meet the demands of traditional the-
ology, asceticism and Orthodox culture. The lexis belonging to the language
of church service preserves its original symbolic meaning and its poetic se-
mantics in the secular language in different ways, frequently in the form of
petrified phraseologisms.

Translated by Tatjana Ruin-Ivanovi

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, .
2009 , ., -
( - -),
38/1, , 2741.
2009 , ., -
, -
, 1, , , 125139.
2009 , ., ( -
), XIV/1-2, , 7790.
2009 , ., ,
, X, , ,
307315.
2009 , ., -
,
, , ,
2949.
2010 , ., -
, 39/1,
, , 215226.
174

2010 , .,
( ),
:
, 2009,
, . 1, -
, , 451459.
2010 , ., -
( ),

, , .
2011 , ., ,
-
, , , . 1, , , 3341.
2006 , ., -
, 35/1,
, 179192.
2008, . .,

-
: // -
, XV , .
.., , 427463.
2007 ,
, .
2004 , ., , ., -
, .
1975 , ., ,
, .
2009 , , 1. , 2009, .
2005 , ., , .,
,
34/1, , 5569.
. 2005 Tafra, B., Od rijei do rjenika, kolska knjiga, Zagreb.
2006 , ., - , -
35/1, , 6173.
2008 , ., ,
, 24, .
, .
1995 , . ., : -
,
 175

: ,
: -
, , 82140.
2000 , . ., (
), , , 466474.
1998 , . ., , .

92 2009 92, , , 26. ( -

, , , -
, ).
2009 , 3. , 2009.
.
2002 , -
, .
2001 , ., ,
-
.
1974 Lalevi, M., Sinonimi i srodne rei srpskohrvatskoga jezika,
Leksikografski zavod Sveznanje, Beograd.
3017, 23. 2008; 2008 , Le monde
diplomatique 38, ; 3040, 2.
2009.
4. 5. , 1. 2009.
, -
, .

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176
 177

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178

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 179

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180

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182

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 183

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 185

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186

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 189

, .. 83, 169 Mrazovi, Pavica, Vukadinovi, Zora

, 76, 79, 169 108, 110, 171
, . . 76, 121, 122, 123, 169 , 9, 20, 34, 35, 39, 50,
, 135, 136, 145, 146, 169 66, 69, 159, 171
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Vukadinovi, Zora, Mrazovi, Pavica -, 10, 20, 171
108, 110, 171 , , -, -
, . . 134, 136, 141, 143, 91, 92, 101, 105, 136, 142, 172
169 , 12, 13, 15, 20, 27, 33,
- , 97, 170 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 40, 41, 50, 51, 65,
, 90, 94, 170 74, 76, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93,
Zgusta, Ladislav 89, 170 105, 107, 121, 132, 133, 134, 144,
, 133, 170 172-174
, 170 , 130, 174
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145, 149, 150, 153, 154, 170 , , , -
, 137, 144, 146, 170 108, 174
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, 24, 34, 35, 42, 43, 45, 50, , 75, 174
51, 52, 56, 57, 64, 69, 107, 108, 109, , , , -
110, 117, 119, 170 76, 174
, 78, 89, 170 Tafra, Branka 87, 90, 91, 92, 174
, 119, 170 , . . .
, 132, 136, 142, , 92, 103, 104, 174
145, 171 , 12, 32, 33, 34, 39, 48 , 50,
, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 51, 65, 66, 67, 68, 174
116, 117, 118, 175 , 147175
, . . . , . . 111, 112, 115, 116, 175
Kunzmann-Mller, Barbara 107, 108, , . . 76, 175
171 , . . 107, 108, 109, 111,
, . . 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 171 115, 117, 118, 175
Lalevi, Miodrag 146, 175
190


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192

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 193
194