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213
214 SUSTAINABILITY
10.3 The Gemini Residence inventively reuses two existing reinforced concrete grain silos
Designed by MVRDV with JJW Architects
Steel 80-100 90
Softwood 50-80 70
Steel 60-100 70
Timber 80-150 70
Softwood 40-50 45
Hardwood 60-80 70
Hardwood 25-35 30
Galvanised/plastic 30-40 35
coated metal
Timber
Steel
References:
a. The ECOj figures for GEN 1, RC32/40 and RC40/50 were derived using industry agreed
representative figures for cementitious materials, aggregates, reinforcement, admixtures and an
appropriate figure for water.
b. BRE Environmental Profiles database, Building Research Establishment (BRE), 2006.
c. Communication from the Environment Division, BREEAM Centre, Building Research
Establishment (BRE), 2005.
d. Hammond, G. and Jones, C. (2006) Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) version 1.5 Beta,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath.
e. Amato, A. and Eaton, K., J. (1998) A Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of
Modern Office Buildings, Steel Construction Institute.
SUSTAINABILITY 221
References:
a. The ECO^ figures for GEN 1, RC32/40 and RC40/50 were derived using industry agreed
representative figures for cementitious materials, aggregates, reinforcement, admixtures and an
appropriate figure for vi/ater.
b. BRE Environmental Profiles database, Building Research Establishment (BRE), 2006.
c. Communication from the Environment Division, BREEAM Centre, Building Research
Establishment (BRE), 2005.
222 SUSTAINABILITY
Note 1: BS EN 1744-1 section 12.2 separates material only at a density of 2,000 kg/m';
BS EN 933-7 is a sorting method, but only for the determination of shell content.
Note 2: The water absorption test is not used to classify recycled aggregates. However, for the
purpose of guidance only, the following values would be indicative of the various types of materials.
For the purpose of guidance Type I Type II Type III Test method
Environmental responsibility
The cement and concrete industries have
demonstrated a strong commitment to
environmental responsibility and seek to
continuously improve its performance.
All cement works in the UK are certified to
ISO 140001: 2004, Environmental
Management Systems as a minimum. The
Concrete Industry Alliance Environmental
Report,^'' produced in 2000, notes the
commitment of the cement and concrete
industry to continuous environmental
improvement. From 1994-98 the following
improvements were made (per unit weight of
concrete):
Peak temperature
;' delayed by up to six
hours
Net reduction ot
IM
30 C
\ X innternai Temperature
/ 1
\ \ / / \ \
1
1
\ \ / / \ \
~\\^ // '' \ V\
\ v /
1
/A \^ / ' y\ ^
\ ^^//^-^ \ ^
vJ^
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15 C
water and concrete. Utilising the thermal mass Fabric energy storage can be controlled by
of building materials is l<nown as fabric energy either passive or active cooling methods.
storage. Natural ventilation is the most basic method,
but is dependent on lower night-time external
Fabric energy storage can be employed to temperatures. Passive systems are suitable
regulate temperatures within a building, for gains of up to 30 W/m^, where natural
minimising the need for energy-consuming ventilation can be used. Single-sided natural
systems such as air-conditioning. Heat is ventilation will operate at a plan depth of up
absorbed from the sun, as well as incidental to twice the floor to ceiling height, while cross-
gains from people, artificial lighting and ventilation operates at depths of five times the
electrical equipment. Internally exposed floor to ceiling height. Active systems allow for
concrete will absorb these gains, until it higher performance, and improved control, as
is balanced with the internal temperature, well as the potential for heat recovery from the
and will then release the energy when the ventilation. Passing water through the concrete,
internal temperature drops - creating a lag in connection with a ground storage tank, or
and a reduction in peak temperature. The heat exchanger, increases the effective thermal
amount of energy it can store, and the period mass, and can potentially be combined with a
of this lag time, is proportional to its mass heating system. Thermal mass and insulation
and its exposure. For fabric energy storage to perform different, often complementary,
operate effectively, a strategy for absorbing functions and should not be confused. Due to
and releasing the accumulated energy must their density, a material of high thermal mass
be employed, or the structure will simply will usually have a poor insulating ability, while
stay averagely warm during the summer, and a highly insulating material will have a low
averagely cold during the winter. Ideally, a thermal mass. Insulation blocks the passage of
lag time of 12 hours will offset and reduce thermal energy; thermal mass absorbs it.
the peak temperature by the maximum value.
Another possibility is to utilise a seasonal, Embodied energy, although significant in the
six-month lag-time, though this requires a selection of a building material, represents a
very high mass and will usually rely upon relatively small investment when compared with
ground temperatures, as in earth shelter the energy used by a typical late twentieth-
construction. century building. For example, in a four to six
storey building, with a life expectancy of
SUSTAI N A B I L i T Y 227
10.23 Key sections of the United States Federal Building, San Francisco, California
SUSTAINABILITY 231
create comfortable conditions. The exposed only 19.8 m wide to facilitate daylighting and
internal concrete structure is a vital component cross-ventilation. This in conjunction with a
in achieving comfort because it provides generous floor to ceiling height of over 3.25 m,
accessible thermal mass that can store energy which enables 85% of the workplace to be
on a diurnal basis. Thom Mayne, the founder day lit. The offices also afford its occupants
of Morphosis, writing about the design of this excellent views across San Francisco. It is
project, observes: highly appropriate for GSA to pioneer a low-
energy office building as it administers all
'When architecture engages social, of the federal government buildings in the
cultural, political, and ethic currents, USA. High-performance fagades are vital in
it has the potential to transform the achieving this energy saving, while creating
world and our place in it. For me. Dieasant worksoaces.
232 SUSTAINABILITY
^ A ^ ^N -i ^k -dJ I 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 i l X i
A ^s A A A vv Al
ffl.
I A /s A /s A ^ /\ /.s y\ A
10.27 Typical office floor section of the United States Federal Building,
San Francisco, California
SUSTAI NABILITY 233