Training Course in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Student Exercises PDF

TRAINING COURSE IN GEOTECHNICAL
AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
NHICOURSE NO. 13239 - MODULE 9 PUBLICATION NO. FHWA HI-99-014

FEBRUARY 1999
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
STUDENT EXERCISES
u.s. Department
of Transportation
Federal Highway
Administration
.~I:I. National Highway Institute
REPRODUCED BY: I!DJ,

u.s. Department of Commerce ---
National Technicallnfonnation Service
Springfield, Virginia 22161
THIS STUDENT EXERCISE BOOK (FHWA-99-014) IS
INTENDED ONLY TOBEUSED AS AN
INTERACTIVE TEACHING . TOOL FOR NHI
COURSE NO. 13239- MODULE 9. "GEOTECHNICAL
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING", AND IS NOT
INTENDED TO BE USED AS AN INDIVIDUAL
EXERCISE BOOK.
DETAILED DESIGN EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING

THE PRINCIPLES AND ANALYSES OF
GEOTE.CHNICALEARTHQUAKEENGINEERING
ARE INCLUDED IN PART II OF THE REFERENCE
MANUAL (FHWA-HI-99-012) .FOR THE SAME
COURSE.
Technical Report Documentation Page
1. Report No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.
111111111111111111I111111111111
FHWA-HI-99-014 PB99-142549
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING February 1999
STUDENT EXERCISES 6. Performing Organization Code
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.
Principal Investigator: George Munfakh*

Authors: Edward Kavazanjian, Jr...., Neven Matasovic"',
Tarik Hadj-Hamou"', and Jaw-Nan (Joe) Wang*
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
* Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

One Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10119
11. Contract or Grant No.
In association with:
... GeoSyntec Consultants DTFH61-94-C-ooI04
2100 Main St., Suite 150, Huntington Be"ach, CA 92648
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered
National Highway Institute

U.S. Department of Transportation 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Federal Highway Administration
Washington D.C.
15. Supplementary Notes
FHWA Technical Consultants - J.A. DiMaggio, A. Munoz and P. Osborn

FHWA Contracting Officer - J. Mowery III; COTR - L. Jones, National Highway Institute
16. Abstract
This student exercise book has been developed for use as an interactive teaching tool and a companion workbook
for NHI Course No. 13239 - Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering", and is not intended to be used
as an individual exercise book. The extents and depths of the problems presented in this exercise book are limited
due to the time constraint of the 2.S-day course schedule. Detailed design examples illustrating the principles and
analyses of geotechnical earthquake engineering are included in Part II of Module 9"Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering" Reference Manual (FHWA-HI-99-012).
17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

Geotechnical earthquake engineering, response
spectra, site response analysis, liquefaction, slopes, No restrictions.
foundations, retaining walls
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 162

Form DOT F 1700.7(8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorIzed
PREFACE
This student exercise book is intended only to be used as an interactive teaching tool and a companion
workbook for NHI Course No. 13239 - Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering", and is not
intended to be used as an individual exercise book. The extents and depths of the problems presented
in this exercise book are limited due to the time constraint of the 2.5-day course schedule.
Module 9 "Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering" is the ninth module in a series of twelve modules
that constitute a comprehensive training course in geotechnical and foundation engineering. Sponsored
by the National Highway Institute (NHI) of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the training
course is given at different locations in the U.S. The course is tailored to the needs of both
geotechnical and structural engineers who are involved in the analysis, design, and construction of
surface transportation facilities in seismic areas.
A reference manual (FHWA-HI-99-012) was developed to provide information on how to apply

principles of geotechnical earthquake engineering to planning, design, and retrofit of highway facilities.
Detailed design examples illustrating the principles and analyses of geotechnical earthquake engineering
are included in Part II of the reference manual.
Finally, this student exercise book is developed to be used as a living document. Additional
student exercises or case histories may be given separately during the training session.
PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Reproduced from
best available copy.
NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by the US Department of
Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), under Contract No. DTFH 61-94-C-QOI04
to Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. The document has been subjected to peer and
administrative review by FHWA, and it has been approved for publication as a FHWA document.
In this document, certain products may have been identified by trade name. Also, photographs of these
products may have been included in the document for illustration purposes. Other products which are
not identified in this document may be equally viable to those identified. The mention of any trade
name or photograph of a particular product does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use
by either the authors or FHWA.
CONVERSION FACTORS
When When
, , L
(a) h
inch 25.4 millimeter millimeter 0.039 inch
foot 0.305 meter meter 3.28 foot
yard 0.914 meter meter 1.09 yard
mile 1.61 kilometer kilometer 0.621 mile
(b)
, , Area
square inches 645.2 square millimeters square millimeters 0.0016 square inches
square feet 0.093 square meters square meters 10.764 square feet
acres 0.405 hectares hectares 2.47 acres
square miles 2.59 square kilometers square kilometers 0.386 square miles
(c)
.. Volume
fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces
gallons 3.785 liters liters 0.264 gallons
cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters cubic meters 35.32 cubic feet
cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters cubic meters 1.308 cubic yards
(d)
, , Mass
ounces 28.35 grams grams 0.035 ounces
pounds 0.454 kilograms. kilograms 2.205 pounds
short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (tonne) megagrams (tonne) 1.102 short tons (2000 lb)
(e) Force
pound I 4.448 I Newton I Newton I 0.2248 I pound
(f) Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticit
47.88
6.895
Pascals
kiloPascals
I
.
Pascals
kiloPascals
0.021
0.145
16.019 I kilograms oer cubic meter I kilograms oer cubic meter I 0.0624
(h) Temoerature
Fahrenheit temperatureeF) I 5/geF- 32) I Celsius temperatureeC) I
Celsius temperatureeC) I 915eC) + 32 IFahrenheit temperatureeF)
Notes: 1) The primary metric (SI) units used in civil engineering are meter (m), kilogram (kg), second(s), newton (N) and pascal (Pa=N/m2).
2) In a "soft" conversion, an English measurement is mathematically converted to its exact metric equivalent.
3) In a "hard" conversion, a new rounded metric number is created that is convenient to work with and remember.
MODULE 9
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STUDENT EXERCISES
Page
No.1 Ground Motion Parameters 1-1
No.2A Derivation of SPT- (N 1)60 2A-l

No.2B Soil Profiling Using CPT 2B-1
No.3 Gmax Derivation- Empirical Correlations 3-1
No.4 Simplified Site Response Analysis 4-1
No.5 SHAKE Program 5-1

No.6 Liquefaction Potential 6-1
No.7 Simplified Seismic Deformation Analysis 7-1
No.8 Stiffness Matrix for Spread Footings 8-1
No.9A Pile Capacity Evaluation 9A-l
No.9B Foundation Stiffness for Pile Group 9B-l
No. lOA Dynamic Earth Pressure- Retaining Walls lOA-l
No. lOB Permissible Displacement Approach- Retaining Walls 10B-l
STUDENT EXERCISE NO.1
Derivation of Site-Specific Design Ground Motion

Parameters and Response Spectra.
Objective:
Design Earthquake and Site-Specific Response Spectra
for a Firm Ground Site (V s = 760 m/s) and Soft Clay Site
(V s = 120 m/s) in Boston, Massachusetts for 2% in
50-Year Probability of Exceedance.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 3-4, 3-5, 4-17, and
4-18, Tables 4-3 and 4-5.
USGS Website Data: 2% in 50-Year Seismic Hazard

Data, Deaggregated Hazard Data for Boston,
Massachusetts (attached).
1-1
1. Establish Free-Field Firm Ground Peak Horizontal
Ground Acceleration from USGS Hazard Map
(Figure 3-5):
PGAFF = - - - - -
2. Establish To and T s for Normalized Spectra

(Figure 4-18) For Firm Ground (Vs =760 m/s)
A. Establish Z Factor From Figure 3-4:
Z= _
B. Establish Site Class From Table 4-3
Site Class =- - - - -
C. Establish Cv From Table 4-5:
Cv = _
1-2
D. Establish T s From Inset on Figure 4-18:
Ts-- -
C -
v - _
2.5Z
E. Establish To From Inset on Figure 4-18:
To =0.2 Ts = _
3. Plot Spectra on Attached Graph Paper
4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for Soft Clay Site
5. Plot Spectral Accelerations from USGS Website on

Attached Graph
6. Subjectively Assess Design Earthquake Magnitude

and Distance from USGS Website Data
A. M= _
B. D= _
1-3
'/
Figure 3-4: Map and Table for Evaluation of UBC Seismic Zone Factor, Z. (Reproduced from the
Uniform Building Coden!, Copyright~ 1994, with the Permission of the Publisher, the
International Conference of Building Officials)
1-4
'T1
~. Peak Acceleration (%9) with 100/0 Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years
vJ
260. (site: NEHRP B-C boundary)
I
VI
50 -l....- 270' 280
--L I
..---..
'"0'"0
('\) ('\)
c:! ~
g 0::r:: 150
M
'"0'"1
'"1 N'
100
o 0
80
CJ:::I
8:~ 60
:=:0
~'"1
o 0 40
... 8 30
rno-
~ )-
('\) 0 25
o-('\)
('\) 0
40~/1
20
o~ &' I\)
c_
~
(1)
..... 0 15
:::I :::I
I
~ s' 10
Ul
.-<W
('\) 0-
9
I\) '"1
'"1 0 B
!" ~
'iT10' 7
j:;J '"1
!*() 6
('\) ('\)
...... :::1
M 5
('\) j:;J
M ......
4
~~
0- 3
-rn
\01\) ~1.~ 2
\Otn
Q\M
'-'('\)
g 1
c: u. S. Geological Survey o
en June 1996
~
s:
I\)
>-'
o
270' 280
4
z
0
i=
z
0
3 SOIL PROFILE TYPE III
0::
I- w
...J
w SOIL PROFILE TYPE II
0:: ()
W
...J
() SOIL PROFILE TYPE I
W
()
() ...J
I-
...J

Z
0 " ..... ..... .....
..... ..........
--- -- -- --
0::: N
I- 0::
U 0
w ::c
0..
(/)
1
~

w
0..
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-17: Normalized 1994 Uniform Building Code Response Spectra. (UBC, 1994, reproduced
from the Uniform Building CodeN, copyrightc 1994, with the permission of the publisher,
the International Conference of Building Officials)
Control Periods
'Jii Ts = Cj2.5Ca
s To = O.2Ts
z
o
~
a:
w
..J
W
o
~
i
l l.
rn
PERIOD (SECONDS)
Figure 4-18: 1997 Uniform Building Code Design Response Spectra (UBC, 1997, reproduced from the
Uniform Building CodeTII , copyright" 1997, with the permission of the publisher, the
International Conference of Building Officials)
1-6
TABLE 4-3
1997 UBC SITE CLASSIFICATION
Sit" rl" Sh"",. W"v" V"Inritv l ()'hQ"
.. z
S Hard Rock > 1500 m/s

SA Rock 760 m/s to 1500 m/s
Sr Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock 360 m/s to 760 m/s N > 50. S > 100 kPa
So Stiff Soil 180 m/s to 360 m/s IS < N < 50

50 kPa < Su < 100 kPa
SE Soft Soil Less than 180 m/s More than 3m of soil with PI > 20.
Wn > 40%, and Su < 25 kPa
SF Special Soils Collapsible. liquefiable. sensitive

soils; More than 3m of peat or
highly organic; More than 7.5m of
clay with PI > 75: More than 36m
of soft to medium clay.
Notes: I. Average shear wave velocity ~or upper 30m.

2. N = standard Penetration Test Blow Count
Su = Undrained Shear Strength
PI = Plasticity Index
Wn = Moisture content
TABLE 4-4
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT C~
Seismic Zone Factor, Z

Soil Profile Type
Z - 0.075 Z - 0.15 Z - 0.2 7. - 0.] 7. - 0.4
S 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32N

SA 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40N
Sr 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40N
S" 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 O.44N

S~ 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36N.
S~ See Footnote 1
Notes: I Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF'
TABLE 4-5
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT C y
S.o1 Prom. Type I .

Z -- 0075 - .
Z - 0 15
Seismic Zone Factor,
I Z -
- 02 .
Z~
I Z - 03
,
~
Z-04
- ,
_
S 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32N v

SA 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 OAON v
Sr 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56N v
Sn 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 O.64N v
S~ 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96N v
S~ See Footnote I
Notes: I Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic
coefficients for Soil Profile Type SF'
1-7
,-.....
Cf)
O'l
..........
c 0.5
0
-+-'
0
L-
V
V
U
u
0.25
0
L-
-+-'
U
V
Q..
(f)
o 1.0 2.0
Spectral Period (seconds)
1-8
USGS-National Seismic Hazard Mappi...e Look-up for Ground Motion Values http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htmllzipcode.shtm
~11,1!;li'l
',' USGS. Central R,xian. Ge~Jiu.:.,'fC Ha:.w~ Team
Gi'lden. C%rud... '
~,
V ' .., .. : ..
.~:..
Welcome to the USGS Zip Code earthquake ground

motion hazard look-up page. Here you will be able to enter a 5
digit integer zip code and ground motion hazard values,
expressed as a percent of the acceleration of gravity, (%g), will
be returned to you. The ground motion hazard values returned
will be Peak Ground Acceleration, CPGA), 0.2 second period
spectral acceleration, (SA), 0.3 second period (SA), and 1.0
second period (SA) for 10%, 5%, and 2% probability of
exceedence, (PE), in 50 years.
(These ground motion values are calculated for 'firm

rock' sites which correspond to a shear-wave velocity of 760
m/sec. in the top 30m. Different soil sites may amplify or
de-amplify these values.)
o The original zip code file was a freebee download from

the Census Bureau, dated approximately January 1996,
and thus may not reflect the most recent Zip Codes in use
today.
o It has been determined that the latitude and longitude
associated with each zip code, is the average of the
northern and southern most latitudes and the average of
the eastern and western most longitudes of the zip code
area. This location is not necessarily the Post Office
location nor the centroid of the zip code area.
o In this look-up program each zip code location is
associated with the nearest point on a grid of points 1/10
of a degree apart on which earthquake ground motions
have been calculated covering the 48 adjacent states.
To find the ground motion values enter a 5 digit zip code

in each of the blank boxes in the following table. Usethe TAB
key to move to the next table element. You may request from I
to 12 Zip Codes.
NO EXTENSIONS
NO ALPHA CHARACTERS
NO DECIMAL NUMBERS
lof2 6/9/98 6:47 PM

USGS-National Seismic Hazard Mappi...e Look-up for Ground Motion Values http://geohazards.cr.usgs.govleq/htm IIzipcode.shtrr
Enter Zip Code: Enter Zip Code:

.1. . L_ .
IEnte~ZipHCod~~H" IEnter Zip Code:
II . .
t . .
"'om
. _.~ .........._ .. ,I ..:.....
iEnter Zip Code: :1 Enter Zip Code: IEnter Zip Code:
III ",' .... ,; ""::: .":':.,...._".." ...... ....,..
~ :II'H:H::':':' :C':':': '. . l .. ,
1Enter Zip Code: IEnter Zip Code: iE~ter Zip Code:
'--- II . .
.110" _" .. ' iI. "::~::. :::.::C.':'.
.sUbi'lli EQuery '. '1
The URL ofthis page is

http://gldage.cr.usgs.gov/eq/html/zipcode.shtml
Contact: Stanley L. Hanson (hanson@Usgs.gov)
Updated: Thursday, 04-Sep-97 14:16:37 MDT
The input zip-code is 02115.

ZIP CODE 2115
LOCATION 42.3419 Lat. -71. 0968 Long.
DISTANCE TO NEAREST GRID POINT 4.6581 kms
NEAREST GRID POINT 42.3 Lat. -71.1 Long.
Probabilistic ground motion values, in %g, at this point are:
10%PE in 50 yr 5%PE in 50 yr 2%PE in 50 yr
PGA 4.75 8.20 15.87
0.2 sec SA 10.65 17.44 31.40
0.3 sec SA 8.12 13.02 24.45
1. 0 sec SA 2.83 4.87 8.78
2of2
1-10 6/9/98 6:47 F
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htm IIdeagg.shtm I
.. - ".:!i
. : ~ NATIO;"':U SELo;MIC HAZA.RD "'HPPING PROJECT
... '': ~"'.
[rSGS. C1!111r~1 RC'/!;on. Geo(ugit: Hauu,13' Tc:Wtl

Gilldeli. CQlorad.!
At 56 cities in the Central and Eastern U.S. (CEUS) and 44 cities in

the Western U.S. (WUS), the seismic hazard corresponding to a two
per cent probability of exceedance in 50 years is deaggregated by
magnitude (Mw, or moment magnitude) and by epicentral distance
(CEUS) or hypocentral distance (WUS). Hazard with respect to
'jt'\'Alfi' ;O'3iltJ' magnitude is binned into intervals of width 0.5 Mw. Hazard with
respect to epicentral distance is binned into intervals of 25 km width.
The hazard probabililities are deaggregated for the following ground
motion parameters: PGA, 1.0, 0.3 and 0.2 second PSA.
Four matrices of per cent contribution to hazard are available at this

web site. The matrices are organized with magnitude intervals
corresponding to columns and distance intervals corresponding to
rows. The first row of numbers gives the upper endpoint of the
magnitude interval. For example, the number 6 means that seismic
sources with magnitudes in the interval 5.5 < Mw <= 6 are included
in hazard calculations for that column. The first column of numbers
gives the upper endpoint ofthe epicentral distance interval. For
fiafum'.:litlJjhl example, the number 150. means that source-to-station distances in
...
the interval 125 < d <= 150 km are included in the hazard calculations
for that row. Missing rows, or gaps in the matrix, correspond to
distance ranges for which the greatest per cent contribution to hazard
is less than 0.0005, yielding a row of zeros to the level of precision
given in the below data.
For the CEUS, the lowest magnitude considered for hazard

rrl=:I#i1J.
" - ...- calculations is MbLg 5.0. This magnitude corresponds to Mw = 4.7
using the Johnston (1996) relationship between the two magnitudes.
Thus, for CEUS cities, the interval width for the first column of
contribution to hazard is about 0.3 Mw units, rather than 0.5 units, the
usual interval width. For the WUS, the lowest magnitude considered
for hazard calculations is Mw = 5.0.
An example iraph of deaggregated seismic hazard for 1 Hz spectral

acceleration for Washington, D.C., for 2% probability of exceedance
in 50 years.
To obtain the four hazard matrices, go to the CEUS map or WUS map
and click on the city (red dot). The entries are per cent contribution to
hazard. They will sum to 100 per cent for each matrix.
The URL ofthis page is

http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/html/deagg.shtml
Web Contact: Nancy Dickman (dickman@USgs.gov)
Last Modified: Thursday, 04-Sep-97 13:49:59 MDT
1-11
of! 6/9/98 6:47 PM
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.govieq/html/ceus.shtr
CEUS Cities
m~:I!II:r,uj;!t)
2S"N
100"W
9O"W ssw 8O"W 1SW
The URL ofthis page is http://geohazards.cr.llsgs.gov/eq/html/cell

Web Contact: Nancy Dickman (dickman@llsgs.gov)
Last Modified: Thursday, 04-Sep-97 13:47:33 MDT
1-12
20f2 6/9/98 6:48 P
USGS-National Seismic Hazards Mapp...roject-Deaggregated Seismic Hazard http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/eq/htm IIceus.shtm :
l'SGS. Ct'rllru! Rcgwn. G{'<llo.~ic H!J:Lmi.\ T.'ulTr

Gold':ll. C!J{ilrad~.
Please note that the image map on this page is a client-side image map.
YOU WILL NEED A BROWSER WHICH SUPPORTS CLIENT-SIDE 1M
USE IT!!!
~ - '-'.--- (such as Netscape Navigator 2.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or the eq
To obtain the four hazard matrices click on the city (red dot). The entries are per
hazard. They will sum to 100 per cent for each matrix.
1-13
) of2 6/9/98 6:48 PM
Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years pga
Boston MA 42.333 deg N 71.083 deg W PGA=0.15820 g
M<= 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
d<= 25. 14.782 10.319 5.586 2.673 0.972 0.580
50. 6.324 7.939 7.158 5.055 2.338 1.587
75. 0.992 2.138 3.299 3.692 2.387 2.037
100. 0.179 0.583 1.361 2.146 1.788 1.884
125. 0.047 0.211 0.643 1.306 1.286 1.530
150. 0.012 0.072 0.275 0.701 0.824 1.088
175. 0.003 0.021 0.101 0.323 0.461 0.734
200. 0.001 0.006 0.034 0.140 0.240 0.470
225. 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.067 0.137 0.322
250. 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.036 0.087 0.239
275. 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.019 0.054 0.171
300. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.010 0.033 0.121
325. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.020 0.088
350. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.065
375. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.050
400. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.034
425. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.023
450. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.014
475. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.008
500. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004
Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years 1.0 hz (1.0 s)

Boston MA 42.333 deg N 71.083 deg W SA= 0.08500 g
M<= 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
d<= 25. 0.778 2.581 3.391 2.317 0.934 0.571
50. 0.161 1.358 3.656 4.160 2.235 1.572
75. 0.034 0.518 2.283 3.881 2.726 2.262
100.0.0090.2231.439 3.219 2.705 2.527
125. 0.003 0.126 1.044 2.747 2.563 2.493
150. 0.002 0.075 0.739 2.204 2.228 2.222
175. 0.001 0.040 0.466 1. 586 1.759 1.945
200. 0.000 0.021 0.281 1. 091 1.358 1.650
225. 0.000 0.012 0.189 0.825 1.132 1.501
250. 0.000 0.008 0.145 0.705 1.048 1.501
275. 0.000 0.005 0.109 0.589 0.945 1.449
300. 0.000 0.004 0.083 0.492 0.849 1. 390
325. 0.000 0.003 0.064 0.418 0.773 1. 355
350. 0.000 0.002 0.050 0.363 0.721 1. 354
375. 0.000 0.001 0.041 0.326 0.690 1.387
400. 0.000 0.001 0.030 0.260 0.588 1.261
425. 0.000 0.001 0.022 0.208 0.500 1.139
450.0.0000.0000.014 0.150 0.380 0.922
475. 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.112 0.265 0.681
500. 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.080 0.177 0.482
1-14
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO.1
For Firm Ground Site:
1. PGAFF =0.16g
2A. Z = 0.15
2B. Site Class = SB/SC (On Boundary)
2C. C v = 0.20 (Interpolate Between Site Classes SB
and Sc)
2D. T s = 0.53 s
2E. To = 0.11 s
For Soft Ground Site:
4A. Z = 0.15
4B. Site Class = SE
4C. C v = 0.50
4D. Ts = 1.33 s
4E. To = 0.27 s
See Attached Plot of Spectra, USGS Data.
1-15
5 0.5
o4J
o
L
Q) _____=-==w- - - - - - - - -:4...
---.. -- --
C1> ....... .......
o ..............
o
e
0.25
....... -
+J
o
C1>
Q.
(J)

o 1.0 2.0
Spectral Period (seconds)
USGS - 2% in 50 years (S. - Sc Boundary)
1997 USC Firm Ground (Sa - Se Boundary)

A 1997 USC S9ft Soil (St)
1-16
From Deaggregated USGS Hazard Data:
6A. M = 6.5 (Subjective)

6B. D = 75 km
1-17
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 2A
Computation of Standardized and Normalized SPT

Blow Count Number, (N t )6o
Objective:
Derive Normalized and Standardized SPT Blow
Counts, (N 1)60' at 6 m Below Ground Surface at a Site
Shown in Figure S2A-l.
Soil Properties and Uncorrected Field SPT-N
Values Are Shown in Figure S2A-1.
SPTs Were Performed Using a Donut Hammer
with Rope and Pulley.
Standard SPT Sampler (with Room for Liners)
Was Used without Liners.
Borehole Diameter: 100 mID
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 5.4.2 Equations 5-6,
5-7,5-8,5-10, and 5-11, and Tables 5-2 and 5-3.
2A-1
SPT - N ~,~, .... ~,~"
~
4 ~l l- GWT
f
y = 16 kN/m 3
Silty Sand
151 I I 8'
'<tI Ysat= 19 kN 1m
3
A
10 I I Ie Average Fines Content= 15 %
I
8
tv
17
1 I~
>
I
tv
23 I I I
. . . Compute (N 1)60 at Point A

25
28 L-J -...I-' _
End of Borehole
Figure S2A-l: Soil Profile and Field SPT-N Values

Compute (N 1)60
1. Use Equations 5-6 and 5-11
2. Standardization
Use Equations 5-7 and 5-8 and Tables 5-2 and 5-3.
C60 - ------
3. Normalization
Compute Effective Overburden Pressure, o~
v/ = -----
2A-3
Compute Overburden Correction Factor Using
Equation 5-10
1/2
1
CN - 9.79
CN - -----
2A-4
TABLE 5-3
CORRECTION FACTORS FOR NON-STANDARD SPT PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT
(Richardson, et al., 1995; Youd and Idriss, 1997)
Correction for Correction Factor Reference

Nonstandard Hammer Type C HT =0.75 for DH with rope and pully Seed, et ai. (1985)
(DH = doughnut hammer; ER = energy ratio) C HT = 1.33 for DH with trip/auto & ER=80
Nonstandard Hammer Weight or Height of Fall H W calculated per Seed, et al.
e IIW = 63.5'
(H = height of fall in mm; W = hammer 762 (1985)
weight in kg)
Nonstandard Sampler Setup (standard samples Css = 1.10 for loose sand Seed, et ai. (1985)
with room for liners, but used without liners) Css = 1.20 for dense sand
Nonstandard Sampler Setup (standard samples Css = 0.90 for loose sand Skempton (1986)
tv
>
I
Vl
with room for liners, and liners are used)
Short Rod Length
Css = 0.80 for dense sand
C RL = 0.75 for rod length 0-4 m Seed, et al. (1983); Youd
C RL = 0.85 for rod length 4-6 m and Idriss (1997)
C RL = 0.95 for rod length 6-10 m
C RL = 1.0 for rod length 10-30 m
C RL < 1.0 for rod length > 30 m
Nonstandard Borehole Diameter C BD = 1.05 for 150 mm borehole diameter Skempton (1986)
C Bn = 1.15 for 200 mm borehole diameter
Notes: N = Uncorrected 8PT blow count.
Coo = C"T . C.. w C ss . C RL C BD
N6() = N . Coo
CN = Correction factor for overburden pressure.
(N \)60 = C N N 60 = C N C60 N
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. 2A
2. Standardization
C 60 = CHT CHW Css (1) CRL(2) CBD (Equations 5-7 and 5-8)
C 60 = 0.75 x 1 x 1.1 x 0.95 x 1
C 60 - 0.78
Note: (1) For loose sand (N= 10), use C ss = 1.10 (Table 5-3)
(2) For rod length greater than 6 ill, use CRL= 0.95 (Table
5-3)
3. Norrnalization
Compute Effective Overburden Pressure, o~
(J~ - yX2m + (Ysat - Yw)x4m
O~ - 16x2m + (19 - 9.81)x4rn
/
0v - 69 kPa
2A-6
Compute Overburden Correction Factor, CN
(Equation 5-10)
C = 9.79 - 1) 1/2
N ( 69
CN - 1.18
2A-7
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 2B
Development of Soil Profile Using CPT Data.
Objective:
Develop Soil Stratigraphy Using Cone Penetration
Data Shown in Figure S2B-l. Estimate the Equivalent
SPT-N Values Using CPT-SPT Correlation Charts.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Sections 5.4.2, Figures 5-6
and 5-7.
2B-l
DEVELOP SOIL PROFILE USING CPT DATA
Friction
Friction Ratio Resistance Cone Bearing Pore Pressure
FR= f/qc (%) fs (x 100 kPa) : qc (x 100 kPa) u (x 100 kPa)
100
5 0 5
oI
0 ! ! !~I ! ! ! ! 'i
-1 0
0
4
A
B
-
N
"I , I "I' I .. $ C
OJ J
I } D
N
::r::.
~
~ 20 20 20
~
.Q ~
<-
.:;;=-
I
~
~
1..'-
1'J.
{
f J:
........
E
I
I
( :? I
I
I
40 I , 40j I 40j J 40
.j
Figure S2B-l: CPT Data Profile

Effective Mean Cone Normalized Friction Equivalent
Stratum Vertical Grain Size Resistance Cone Ratio Soil Type SPT-N
Stress qc Resistance FR (0lc.) Value
(kPa) (mm) (x 100 kPa) qet
(x 100 kPa)
A 6kPa 0.2mm 35 88 0.6 Sand to Silty Sand 7
B 25 kPa .. 0.003 mm
tv
to
I
W C 40kPa 0.2mm
D 50kPa 0.003 mm
E 85 kPa 0.2mm
Table S2B-l: Effective Vertical Stress and Mean Grain Size for Each Stratum
For Stratum A:
1. Determine the normalized cone resistance qCl.
qc = 3,500 kPa (from Figure S2B-1)
a' v =6 kPa (form Table S2B-1)
(Using Figure 5-6)
. qCl = qc (3.5 - 1.25 loglO 0' v)
= 88 (x 100 kPa)
2. Determine the soil behavior type.
qCl = 88 (x 100 kPa)
Friction Ration = 0.6% (from Figure S2B-1)
Stratum A is Sand to Silty Sand (using Figure 5-6)
2B-4
3. Determine the equivalent SPT-N value.
Mean Grain Size D so = 0.2 mm (from Table S2B-l)
qc / N = 4.7 (using Figure 5-7)
==> N = qc / 4.7 = 35 / 4.7 ~ 7
(Note: qc in bars. 1 bar = 100 kPa)
Determine Soil Behavior Types and the Equivalent SPT-N

Values for Strata B, C, D, and E.
2B-5
QCl = Qc( 3.5 -1.251og 1o av')
with 0v I , qc, qCl in kPa.
10 3
HEAVILY
"""' OVERCONSOLIOATEO
-=
c.. OR CEMENTEO SOILS
..10::
0
0
x
'-'
,...
0
CT
UJ
(,)
Z 2
< 10
t-
f/)
f/)
UJ
0:
UJ
Z
0
(,)
c
UJ
N
CLAY TO
...J
< 10' ORGANIC
CLAY
:E
0:
0
Z
1 0 0 -h.,....,.,rT4-rrT'T'TT"T"T'"r"'1"'T""""'r""T"TT'T"1r""T"TTT"I-n-r"'1"'T........,MT""""''TT''I,..,..,...TTT'''''''''''''''r''T'T''I-
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
FRICTION RATIO (%)
Figure 5-6: Soil Behavior Type Classification Chart Based on the CPT. (Douglas, 1984, 1981,
reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043, 1992.)
2B-6
BASED ON ENERGY RATIO OF 60% (N60)
qc in bars (1 bar = 100 kPa )
ClAY(Y SILlS SANOY SILT
a SILTY CLAy a SILT SILTy SANO SANO
10
I.
9
---
0
oj-) 6
9
);
0 7
4-
!- V
--- CJ
0..
6
~l~/ti.
~4
-
UI 3 9 12 e
S- UI 5 A.~A
~
IQ , 10
I'..W& . .
--C r- ..
.0
....... p
'2
~!>
47 cr
U
:z
:;
~~~II
12
......
13
12 9 !> A. ~~
2
.-<::....
0
I
~lll'
~ ,
0::
o .
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
O.2l'l1M
MEAN GRAIN SIZE, D50 ' mm
Fig':lr:~ 5-7: CPT-SPT Correlation Chart. (Robertson et al., 1983, reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043,
1992.)
2B-7
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 2B
Effective Mean Cone Normalized Friction Equivalent

Stratum Vertical Grain Size Resistance Cone Ratio Soil Type SPT-N
Stress qc Resistance FR(%) Value
(kPa) (mm) (x 100 kPa) Qc1
(x 100 kPa)
A 6kPa 0.2 mIll 35 88 0.6 Sand to Silty Sand 7
N B 25 kPa 0.003 mm 4 7 3.5 Silty Clay 3

OJ
I
00
C 40kPa 0.2 mIll 45 67 0.8 Sand to Silty Sand 9
D 50kPa 0.003 mIll 3.5 5 1 Sensitive Silt 2
E 85 kPa 0.2 mIll 55 60 2 Silty Sand to 12

Sandy Silt
qCl = qc ( 3.5 - 1.25 lag lo ov' )
with 0v I, qc, qCl in kPa.
103
HEAVILY
---
~
~
OVERCONSOLIOATEO
OR CEMENTED SOILS
..l<:
0
0
><
.......
....
0
0"
W
()
z
10 2
..-
(I)
(I)
UJ
0:
W
Z
0
()
c
UJ
N
CLAY TO
..J
10' ORGANIC
CLAY
::2
0:
0
Z
1 0 0 -h-rrTT4-rrr-T"T.,......n-r..,...,.......,-rr.,...,...n-r"T'"T"rrr-h-""""'"T"T"""""'"T'T",..,...,-rr.,.,...,-rrT'T'l-rl-
o 1 2 3 4 5 6
FRICTION RATIO (%)
Figure 5-6: Soil Behavior Type Classification Chart Based on the CPT. (Douglas, 1984, 1981,
reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043, 1992.)
2B-9
BASED ON ENERGY RATIO OF 60% (N~
qc in bars (1 bar = 100 kPa)

CLAyey SILlS SANOY SILl
8 SILTY CLAY 8 SILl SILly SAHD
\0
A
~
9
..,
..-.. 8 ,
0
0 7
,~
~
~
/
..-.. C!J 6
c.. 1~,-1. ~A
~I e
-
VI 3 ' 12
~ VI 5 A~A4
'" ~ f~:~ '. C, E
~ ..c 4
12
~
4-.7 ......
~ 3
12
..... ~ ~B
,
U
CT
12
, ~~~II
~ A.
13
a 2 ~ 10--" =-~ll'"
~,t _
~
~
< I
1.5 0::: )~.1.1'"
o
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0
MEAN GRAIN SIZE, D50 ' mm

Figl:lr.e 5-7: CPT-SPT Correlation Chart. (Robertson et aI., 1983, reprinted from FHWA-SA-91-043,
1992.)
2B-IO
Gmax Derivation by Empirical Correlations.
Objective:
Evaluate Dynamic Material Properties for Sand at
25 meters with a Void Ratio of 0.5 and the Water Table at
10 m Using Empirical Correlations. Assume a Moist Unit
Weight of 18 kN/m3 and a Saturated Unit Weight of
20.5 kN/m3 Assume a Friction Angle <I> = 30 for the
0
Sand.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Table 5-5, Figures 5-12, 5-13,
5-14, Equations 5-11, 5-12, 5-13, and 5-14.
1. Calculate Mean Effective Stress Using Equation 5-12:
,
<Jv =-----
1<.0= _
,
<Jm =-----
3-1
2. Assign (K2)max from Figure 5-12:
3. Calculate Gmax from Equation 5-14:
G max =- - - - - -
4. Assign modulus reduction and damping curves from
Figures 5-12, 5-13, and 5-14:
3-2
G. 220 K~)"'z kPa
1<0- 0.4
.;. - 36-
oy'wlSO kPa
30
20l-------4-------+---......::~
10
OL.- -.l. ..r.- --' ...J
10-4 10-:1 10-Z 10-'

SlMor S',o.n -pe,cent
eO~-----__.~-----__r------_r------,
70
0, .. 90%
60,0,.-75%
T
50~Or"60~.
KZ
40
Or'" 30%_"1-_ _
201-------I1--------+--:::s::::~~~_+------_t
10
OL...."...------.J....",....-----_-+.:,....- ....l..-:-- -l
10- 4 10-:1 10-Z 10-'
Shea, Strain -percent
Figure 5-12: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Seed and Idriss, 1970, reprinted by
pennission of ASCE)
3-3
TABLE 5-5
CORRELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING INITIAL SHEAR MODULUS
Reference Correlation Units Limitation

Seed. et al. (1984) (K2)max ::: 30 for very loose sands and 75 for very dense
G = 220 (K ) (0' )'h sands; ::: 80-180 for dense well graded gravels; Limited
max 2 max m
kPa to cohesionless soils
1/3
(K 2)max z 20(N 1)60
Imai and Tonouchi (1982) G = 15 560 N 0.68 kPa Limited to cohesionless soils
max ' 60
Hardin (1978) Limited to cohesive soils
G = 625 (P . 0' )o.s OCR k
mn 2 am
kPa(l) (3) p. = atmospheric pressure
(0.3 +0.7e o )
Jamiolkowski. et al. (1991) Limited to cohesive soils

G = 625 (P . 0' )o.s OCR k
mn 1.3 a m
eo
W
I
kPa(2)
~ Mayne and Rix (1993) G = 99.5(P )O.30S(q )O.69S/(e )1.13 Limited to cohesive soils
max a C 0
p. = atmospheric pressure
NOles: (I) Pa and 0'10 in kPa
121 Pa and qc in kPa
01 The parameter k is related 10 the plasticity index, PI, as follows:
PI k
o 0
20 0.18
40 0.30
60 0.41
80 0.48
> 100 0.50
0.8 ..------+----...30~"'c:t!'~~----I__----___1
~ 0.6 1--------I--------l--~_"'l,~~I:""""""_t_-----_1
e
~
<.:>
0.4 ..-------+--------+------"~~~~------1
0.2 1--------+-------+-------+~~~~.----1
OL-------l-----~-----.......I.------J
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, Yc (%)
Figure 5-13: Shear Modulus Reduction Curves for Sands. (Iwasaki, et al., 1978, reprinted by
permission of Japanese SocietY of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
0.8
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
O~.OOO1 0.001 0.01 0.1 10

CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN."Yc (0/0)
(c)
25
PI=O
15
30
-< !OCR-1-8]
015
>= 50
-<
0::
~ 10
c::
::E:
C
5
~.';.0;;:;OO;;;1;----;:;;.:::----::=--:---....L.----..L---..:.-.-J
0.001 0.01 . 0.1 10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAI N. 7;, (0/0)
(6)
Figure 5-14: Shear Modulus Reduction and Damping Ratio as a Function of Shear Strain and Soil
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by permission of ASCE)
3-5
1. crv' = (10 x 18) + (15 x 10.7) = 340.5 kPa
Ko = 0.5 (See note 1)

Use Equation 5-12
om' = [1+2~] X ov'=227kPa
3
2. From Figure 5-12, for e = 0.5 (see note 2),

(K2)max = 60
3. Use Equation 5-14

Gmax = 220(K2)max(<Jm,)1I2= 20(60)(227)5 = 198,878 kPa
=200MPa
4. Use either e = 0.5 curve from Figure 5-12,

om' = 200 kPa curve from Figure 5-13, or PI = 0
curve from Figure 5-14 for modulus reduction.
Use PI = 0 curve from Figure 5-14 for damping

Notes: 1) Ko can be derived as (1 - sin<\
2) Void ratio can be derived from unit weight using Y= Gsrw ,

l+e
where G s =Specific Gravity
3-6
Simplified Site Response Analysis.
Objective:
For Site Profile in Figure S4-1, with a Free-Field Peak
Horizontal Ground Acceleration on Firm Ground Equal
to 0.16 g, Evaluate:
Free Field Peak Ground Acceleration;
Peak Acceleration at Top of Embankment;
Fundamental Period of Clay Deposit in Free Field;
Fundamental Period of Embankment.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 4-19, 6-3, 6-4, and
Equation 4-5.
1. Establish Free-Field Peak Ground Acceleration at

Top of Clay From Figure 6-3:
PGAFF =- - - - -
4-1
t - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
11-
0
- - - - - - 40m - - - - - - - - 1
/ ,
t
6m
Embankment
Vs = 200 m/s
Soft Clay
12m Vs = 120 m/s
!
EXAMPLE
Figure S4-1: Soil Profile
4-2
2. Evaluate Peak Acceleration at Top of
Embankment from Figure 6-4:
PGAEMB =- - - - -
3. Evaluate Fundamental Period of Clay Layer, To
(= lIfo), from Equation 4-5:
4-3
4. Evaluate Fundamental Period of Embankment
from Figure 4-19:
A. H= _
B. h= _
c. A= ~H = - - - - - -
D. an = _
E (T) - -v-
0 EMB -
an H -
- ------
s
4-4
(I)
~ 0.5 1----4-----1
iii O';"';';;'~~=::;:::J
-J
g 0.4 t---+----
~
~
(I) 0.3
~
<
~ 0.2
1=
<
0::
W 1989 LOUA PRlETA
d 0.1
o
o
< EARlHQUAKE UAGNITlJOE ,. 7
o O~--f'O:=l==::====:!..-~---!======dJ
. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
ACCELERATION AT ROCK SITES (g)
Figure 6-3: Relationship Between PHGA on Rock and on Soft Soil Sites. (Idriss, 1990)
0.7 .
s ,,-
,.
~\O~7
~O~
--
20.6
(..,.07
~~-;,,-

Z o~
0
~
00/
<c:
#,7
a:
w
...J
0.5
~
0"0/
w
0 e-/
~ 0.4 .::s~
r
en ~/
w
a: ~
0
w 0.3 $i!; -
en 1../
a:
w
>
I.
en
~ 0.2 I
a:
r /.
~
<
I~
0.1 ~,.. 1989 LOMA PRIETA
W
c.. EARTHQUAKE
~. PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
.
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
PEAK TRANSVERSE BASE ACCELERATION (g)
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,
1991)
4-5
h (V .)avJ
A =- f =--
H a H
TTI
h I
e
II.
:L !
H = Fundamental Frequency
= He~mofilieDmruEmb~em
= Shear Wave Velocity
I = coefficient
A a.
0.00 2.405
0.03 2.409
0.05 2.416
0.10 2.448
0.15 2.501
0.20 2.574
0.25 2.668
0.30 2.786
0.35 2.930
0.40 3.107
0.45 3.323
0.50
- 3.588
1.00 4.0
Note: For 0.5 s ). s 1.0, a" may be derived by linear interpolation from aD = 3.6 for). = 0.5 to a" = 4.0 for I.. = 1.0.
Figure 4-19: Fundamental Frequency of Trapezoidal Dam!Emb~ent
4-6
1. PGAFF = 0.26 g (see attached figure)

2. PGAEMB = 0.56 g (see attached figure)
3. (To)FF= 4H=4XI2=0.4s
Vs 120
4A. H= 16m
4B. h = 10 m
4C. ~=1O= 0.625
H 16
4D. an = 0.625-0.5 (4 - 3.588) + 3.588 = 3.69
1-0.5
4E. (To)EMB = 3.69x6= 0.11 s
200
4-7
0.6 .-----,.---.....---....,..----.-----.-----.
~ 0.5 t-----+-~
iii l,;,;;,;:":;':':':==:::,::::l
oJ
~ 0.4 I---~--
....I-
o
CIl 0.3
~ D, 2." --o4i'E~). "'--T~~~l

~ 0.2 ~~--+---_l_--_1_--_i
F
<:
e::
~ 0.1 H~~~r~~+_-L=..::;=:..:..:..:=~--_+_--~
o
o
<:
o 0!L---O~.1=~/l::. =O=.2=!...--lO.-3- . b :O=.4===0.=s==:::!.J
O.6
AtCELERAllON AT ROCK SlTES (9)
~0.1'3
0.7 ,..
s ,.,.,
:,\\O~7
.... ~<r.,'\;)7
~,O'/
~ 0.6 ~~/
z
e ,..~ o~
PI
~
a::
w
-J
w
0.5 R7
~
~
I.
u
u
<t
rC/)
0.4
tj/
~ -,I
~I I
w
a:: Ef
u
w 0.3 $i1
"'I."/
C/)
a::
w
>
C/)
Z 0.2 I
<t
a::
t- /.
:Ie I~ I
<t 0.\
W ~~ 1989 LOMA PRIETA
EARTHQUAKE
~
j
~. PREVIOuS EARTHQUAKES
0
0 0.1 0.2 A 0.3 0.4 O. 5
~
PEAK TRANSVERSE B SE ACCELERATION (9 )
0.2.' 3
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and 'Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,'
1991)
4-8
Preparation of SHAKE Input.
Objective:
Develop Input Data for SHAKE Analysis of Soil Profile
Shown in Figure S5-1 Using Soil Data Provided in
Table S5-1.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 4-19, 5-12, 5-13, 5-14,
Table 5-5, and Equations 5-2, 5-3, and 5-12.
Reference Manual Part II: Figures 4-3a through 4-10.
1. Evaluate Properties at Center of Silt
A. Evaluate Mean Normal Effective Stress

Using Equation 5-12
,
a =-----
v
,
am = _
5-1
f - - - - - - - 56m ------I
EL+6.0m
EL+2.0m
ORGANIC SILT
EL 0.0
CLAY
PILE FOUNDATION
EL-12.0m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 t----------------j
GLACIAL TILL
EL-18.0m - - ' - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 t------~--------
WEATHERED ROCK
EXAMPLE
Figure S5-1: Subsurface Profile
5-2
TABLE S5-1
SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Unit Weight PI (%) OCR (N t )6o D r (%) eo

(kN/m 3)
Embankment 19.5 0 - - 75 -
Fill
Ul
I Organic Silt 12.0 50 1 - - 3
W
Clay 16.0 15 1 - - 1 - 1.2
Glacial Till 20.5 5 > 10 75 - -
Weathered 21.2 - - - - -
Rock
B. Evaluate Small Strain Shear Modulus Using
Table 5-5 (Jamiolkowski, 1991):
Gmax = _
C. Evaluate Shear Wave Velocity Using

Equations 5-2 and 5-3:
Vs = _
2. Evaluate Properties of Clay Layer:
A. Evaluate Effective Stresses at Top and Bottom

of Clay
(crv ' )BOTTOM =
5-4
B. Evaluate Gmax at Top and Bottom of Clay
C. Evaluate Shear Wave Velocity at Top and

Bottom of Clay
3. Evaluate Properties in Embankment 1 m from Top

(Top) and 1 m Above Clay (Bottom)
A. Evaluate Effective Stresses
(crv ' )BOTTOM =
(crm ' )BOTTOM =
5-5
B. Evaluate Small Strain Modulus Using
Table 5-5 (Seed, et. aI, 1984) and Figure 5-12
C. Evaluate Shear Wave Velocity
4. Evaluate Properties in Center of Till
A. Evaluate Effective Stresses
cry , = _
,
crm = - - - - -
B. Evaluate Small Strain Modulus Using

Table 5-5 (Imai and Tonouchi, 1982)
Gmax = _
5-6
C. Evaluate Shear Wave Velocity
Vs = _
5. Assign Modulus Reduction and Damping Curves

from Figures 5-12, 5-13, and 5-14
Soil Figure Number Curve

Silt
Clay
Embankment
Till
5-7
6. Calculate Fundamental Period of Clay Layer
Beneath the Embankment From Figure 4-19
A. (Vs)AVE = _
B. an = _
c. To = _
5-8
G - 220 K~)1oz kPa
1<0- 0.4
e 0.5 -==::::----:::....:~~--- .p. 36-
e -0.6,_ _-+-__ I
~.150 kPa
K
z
0.7 -_+___ .
4O'F==ler;.om.r===t:::==~:::::""'':::::::::::t'''''~---I----"1
.-0.9-_+ _
30
201--------..1i-------+---..;::"..;~
10
O'-- ---l'-- --'- --'- -l
JO- 4 10-' 10-z 10-0

S"'or Slro,n - perce'"
80...--------,------..,--------,---------,
70
Or"" 90%
G - 220 t<z<O-":'Ilf'2 kPa
KZ
40
Or'" 30%_""t- _
30
201--------..1i-------+---:::s:::~~~_+-------1
10
0 ' -4 - : - - - - - - - I ' - : - - - - - - - i -2- ; - - - - - - - : 7 : : ; - - - - - - - J

10- 10' 10. 10'
Sheor Slrain -percent
pennission of ASCE)
5-9
1.01.. . . . ~~~;:=r--1--1
0.8 1-------+----~c_""....r"~~---__1I__----___I
I: 0.6 I-------+-------+---""I:::-"'l....-"\~ __r-----____t

E
~
Co'
0.4 I-------+-------+-------"~~~~------I
0.2 I--------+-------I--------+~~~,........::____l
0'---------'-------"'---------"'--------'
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN, Yc (%)
pennission of Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
1.0r--"'=::::::r::::::::::~::::::~:::::::::::::::::::~.,-------,.---__,
0.8
0.6
i
o~
l.!::I
- 0.4
I.!::I
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
0~,.~0;;::;OOn;1~----:0-;;-.001=---::----==--------:1':----------=:........-----.Jl0
. 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. ~ (0/0)
(a)
25
PI=O
15
30
-< IOCR-1-sl
015
t= 50
<
c::
~ 10
c::
::l::
~
5
~,';.0;;:;OO;:;:;1:-----:0;-:.001=---0-:.=0I---:-
----l0.1-------L.------1
10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. ~ (0/0)
(6)
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
5-10
h
H
TTl
hi
I! I
H = Fundamental Frequency
i
= Height of the DamlEmbanlanent
I
I
= Shear Wave Velocity
I = coefficient
I
Y
a"
0.00 2.405
0.03 2.409
C.05 2.416
0.10 2.448
0.15 2.501
0.20 2.574
0.25 2.668
0.30 2.786
0.35 2.930
0.40 3.107
0.45 3.323
0.50 3.588
1.00 4.0
Note: For 0.5 s ).. s 1.0, a" may be derived by linear interpolation from an = 3.6 for). = 0.5 to a" = 4.0 for A = 1.0.
Figure 4-19: Fundamental Frequency of Trapezoidal Dam/Embankment
5-11
Material Location 'Y 3 0' v o'm G max V s Modulus
kN/m kPa kPa kPa mls Reduction and
Damping
Embankment 1 m from top 19.5 19.5 19.5 60,230 174 PI=O
1 m above clay 87.7 64.3 109,390 234
Silt Middle 12 2.2 1.5 1,820 39 PI =50
Clay Top 16 4.4 2.9 8,440 72 PI = 15
Ul Bottom 78.8 52.5 45,300 167
I
~
N
Top wi 97.4 64.9 50,350 175
Embankment 171.8 114.5 76,700 217
Bottom wi
Embankment
Till Middle 20.5 N/A 293,000 375
110.9 PI=5
Bedrock Everywhere 21.2 N/A N/A N/A 760 N/A
6. Fundamental Period of Soil Layer Beneath
Embankment:
6A. (Vs)AVE = 175+217 = 196 m1s

2
6B. an = 4
6C. To = 4H=~= 0.25 s

Vs 196
5-13
....-... 0.6
b.D \
""--'"
I\
Z 0.5 , ,~,
o ~Ifl
~
~
,\, I
::,\
f"
'\
~ 0.4
~
,\, f~',
f ~ '\
:"
I
~
I \
I . ' ,\, ' I
~ 'I II ,: : \ \, i
~ I~,I l~--...!.:' I " I
I I \ \ :: / I
~ O 3 I I
I, .' r ,': I / I
I
U 'I
' ;
I ~ ,:
I
I
I \ I
"
". ~#, .' 1 1 ,' ....... \
U I \ ~I : ~, ,' -' ,.... / \ ,
~ ' : \ " ~ I, \ : ~ \
~ O. 2 /
/ :\ "/ '. . . \
, 'I' '...
I \,
I' ,
\ : ~, I
I ,'... : \. \ '\ : ~\
. , (? N"'\": ./ ~ " I '\ "
~
~ -">" - .:~-:>' ,/ \ I
\I , , \I : ~ "
---..a...c \ I , \,' ...,
,-...,> \/ ~ '....: \
...-....c ~ , "
E-i 0.1 \ '_'-~-,
U \
I
'" \ \, '
'-.""
~ Damping = 5% -.
-- ":- ..
~
U2 -.
O. 0 -+-,---.,--,--,.---,-r-;--r-r-,.---,-----,----,--.,-r-r-;r;-;-----r---::..==--1 '-
, .
'....."
0.01 0.1
PERIOD (sec)
------- B024 1M,..
6.5 Simulation FW)
B030 My 6.5 Nahanni, 1985)
B033 My 5.9 Saguenay. 1988)
___ Target Response Spectrum (2~ PE in 50 JTS.)
Figure 4-3a: Design Ground Motions- Peak Acceleration Scaling
5-14
,--.... 0.6
b.O
""--' \
1\
Z 0.5 I \'1 ,
I ,,\'~
o
...-.t I ~:
" ,
1\
~ J \ I
I I \
I t\:
< 0.4 /: I
\
, ''i I
:, " ~ I 1\
~
~ I:' J: 'I I
( I 'I' :"
~
f"
, ,\,
I I'
\
~ 0.3 :
I
~
I
\
u : t \
u ~I, "
\,
~
\
-<: 0.2
~
<
~
'\
~ 0.1 -- '\~
\
u
~ Damping - 5%
~
UJ 0.0
0.01 0.1 1
PERIOD (sec)
------- B024 (M". 6.5. Simulation FW)
-- - - B030s (M". 6.5 Nahanni, 1985)
- - - B033 (M". 5.9 Saguenay, 1988)
__ Target Response Spectrum (2~ PE in 50 yrs.)
Figure 4-3b: Design Ground Motions- Spectral Acceleration Scaling
5-15
1.5
- Response spectra correspond to top of layer of clay
-z
~ 1.25
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0.16 g)
- - - b024 -. simulation
...... b030 - Nahanni
- - b033 - Saguenay
o r. u . , Input Motion Target Spectrum
i=
1 -
0:
W
-I
W
u 0.75
u
Vl

...J
I
~ 0.5 -I -1'---
0'\
...
0:
(.)
w
a.
en 0.25 - .
..................... ,-.- ...
o
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-4: Free-Field Acceleration Response Spectra- Peak Acceleration Scaling

1.5 .-.-----.---.---r--..--.-.....--r-.-.----r---....-...,..--.-.....--.--r--T'""T'"-'--...,..--.---r--...........~........_.
- Response spectra correspond to top of layer of clay I

_
S 1.25 _.
I- Input motion scaled to spectral acceleration at period = 0.4 sec
I I I III I I I
1---
-
b024 - simulation
bo30 - Nahanni
z I I i b033 - Saguenay
-0<C
I-
1 -1- ----l'--il--'l-i'il-'-I--'
I I 1-\
-----Input Motion Target Spectrum
Smoothed Spectrum
a:
w
-I'
W
o 0.75 -I I I I I I I I I I
0
Vl
I
<C
~ -J
-.l <C
a: 0.5 .1- W 4-HitH1\r\71
I-
0
w
35 0.25
0.1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-5: Free-Field Acceleration Response Spectra- Spectral Acceleration Scaling

1.5 .
I , II
.
iii
; I
1 Ii I II
~
I I I i!
I
- Free-field response spectrum corresponds to top of layer of clay ! ; I I
-.9
z
1.25 - ..
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0.16 g)
I Iii ! II I
i
i I Ii
I
I
.---1_1--'
.
I
-+-. ~I,t
: i
!
i
! I I
I
I
I .i I
-ot -
e:( 1 .- -
Input motion
...... Output from Shake

... ,,..
0:'
W
.. ''
-I
W -._- ._- .
- ---_._- - - -_._- .... ... - -_ .. --_ __ - --- ._- ... _. - -
() 0.75 - --'--- --_._" --_. ,, ._-----
-~ ... -' . .. .. . ....... ..

()
Ul
,

I --I
~
00
0: 0.5" _1-1.- I
II V"\
.,
t- I. I:
1/" I
t)
w
35 AI
0.25 .. .............. -/: ..
JV ~ \ I' .
\~I~'~
"
~ ... ~.I~-
...
,
/ \!\ ,
,, I I
I
~1I
.- I
,
.-/" .......
~ ..... '.' " ' ' .. J I
o. -- G ~L . ..
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-6: Acceleration Response Spectra- Peak Acceleration Scaling (Input vs. Free-Field for Nahanni Record).
_
1.5 -I
1'-
I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II
- Free-field response spectrum corresponds to top of layer of clay
Input motion scaled to match spectral acceleration at period 0.4 sec =
i lUllI,I
II
I
0> 1.25 . -I - H-H
z
- I 'III I ,.
o -Input motion
~
CC
-1 - . -
...... Output from Shake
W
-J
W
() 0 .75 ., .. - _ - ,. I l~r
, ! I 1. ,
1 ._.
!I ' -- --
II
I,:" '. -
'I
! I -. - i !I
II'
Ul
()
<C
I I I III I I I J. ", I I ; III
ii, ! i
II
---1-- t~tt--rt\ --
I ,:1
--r1Ht'
I
..J ! il , ! I 'j i
O. I----_+-~---I- -I--j--I-ltl-
~
<C
\0
a:
t-
5
-------j-- ---j-
O
w
a.
(J) 0.25 -I
I.. .' .- . '... ', ...'..,b'
r /
,
'1,
'
I ~--:..L
o. I .. r f f f
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-7: Acceleration Response Spectra- Spectral Acceleration Scaling (Input vs. Free-Field for Nahanni Record).
1.5
- Shake response spectra are from top of embankment
- Input motion scaled to PGA (0,16 g)
...-
-9 1.25 . - . __ .... ' . ' . - ... -. . . - _- . - p.' _ .. _ ... -
z
-lo-
e::( 1
. -,. Input Motion Target Spectrum
- - - Shake output: b024 - simulation . '
0:: - ..... Shake output: b030 - Nahanni .. '

',
W
.-J - - Shake output: b033 - Saguenay
. ,
W
u 0.75 f\
t.> I \:

'
I'
Ul t:
I .-J \',
N
o e::( 0.5 -,-. - - - J'
W
, ,,,
.. --/
,-,-,.\-- -~.
I
1-:---------"'--------.,--------
0:: \: \',
l- r~ . . I'
e.> \ I \:'.J I:
UJ
C- 0.25
t ..... ' - ' . ..a-~_LJ_ '_l'
~~,.
..-.... ;1,1
~.-.~~.::: __ . ~_".: ~.~
"
"""' ... u-r"~'C ..\ rl, ...
...... ,,' ........
~~
t. :

....... _
~f""."tv...
\...I'"
,>'
\
...... '.
~~.
I.
OO .-.-" . ~ .-,., ~ ' ..... ~". . '. '. '. ' '" '.
o
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-8: Acceleration Response Spectra- SHAKE Analysis vs. Target Spectra
o 10 20 30 40 50 60
o
..........
- ............... - .. - bo24 - simulation
~'~4 m .. bo30 - Nahanni
".
5 _I- .~ '", ~nh--'----' -x- bo33 - Saguenay I I
.... , '., ' . .

.... " I
, '.
'... '\ "11.

"
10 "'\
"... , 'II,
"- ...
Ul
N
I
I-l.
-E
- ......." ~
""
\
\
\
\
...
~
,
J: 15 ----~------';
f- \ "
a.. x ~ tI
W \. :
0 '\ :
\. '
'\ :
_.. _ -_.... ,.-..;I()
20 -1-.. ..__-.. -__ ..-- ...-.... - ..... -... -...- ...
,.
..
.- -j
'I.
.,
U .. !
i
i
25 . _ _ _ . _ __. _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 00.00 __ ._ ..
.. " " -- _._ - - .i
Figure 4-9: Maximum Shear Stresses with Depth.

1.5 -
1- Input motion scaled to PGA (0.16 g)
-
S 1.25 -
Z
., .. -
- - - Shake output: top of embankment
I
-
-o II ,! Shake output: botto~ of embankment

t-
<C 1 . -iTt -1- ...... Shake output: Free-fIeld (top of clay) -
CC
W
I
Ic-;-I--------
II : i I
. I
I !!:i
i;
I
: :
I
:. .
:
':
I
I
"
' !
I ! I
II I I
-I
W _. - ... _- -. ...... _.... _. .. I I
!
' .1
I : :1
. :. : -.. . . ,
!
... - .
I ....... -.. ..... ......
.
. . --- -' -.. -.
U 0.75 - .
J
," ,
U ,
Ul<C '. : 1\ ,
I
N-I
N<C ,'\ ,': ,
" "I \
:"\
\~~
0.5 . . - - - ._- c-. .. __._. _:_/" L.__
...
a: ., . :I \ :1.-\ I
-----,-- I -
,
-.
t- "'i \,,, ,
1\/\ .: '
.. :
~\
I \' I
O ." . \,
W
.-4- \.J'\ "-,
'- v vr-r--vvJ/
,
0- ,
en 0.25 - ~- .. ~-..., f---- f--'
,
\ .
!
':;/"' 1-0-'
0-
I I
I: I
I
, I I ! ,'"
I ...... -
I I I
0.01 0.1 1 10
PERIOD (sec)
Figure 4-10: Acceleration Response Spectra- Embankment vs. Free-Field for Saguenay Record.
IOPTION 1 dynamic soil properties' (max Is thirteen): 8 5 0.10 0.135 2493
1 !OPTION 3 Input motion:
5 3
9 ttlModulus for send (PI-D) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) 3752 4096 .005 bo3~.sar (8'9.6)
0.0001 0.060316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 0.16 25. 2 8
1. 'OPTION 4 sublayer for Input motion (within (1) or outcropping (0):
1.000 1.0 .960 0.87 0.715 0.49 0.25 0.1 4
'0.02 8 0
9 ttl Da""lng for s'and (pf=O) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) OPTION 5 number of Iterations &ratio of avg straIn to max strain
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 5
1. o 8 0.59
2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.5 10.5 16.0 20.0 10PTlON 9 RESPONse
24.0 9
10 "112 Modulus for silt (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry. 1991) 2
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 1 0 981
1. 3.16 0.05
1.000 1.000 1.000 0.99 0.95 0.83 0.67 0.45 STOP execution will stop when program encounters 0
0.22 0.02 o .
10 #2 DampIng for 511 (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1. 3.16
2.0 2.0 .. 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.1 6.0 9.3
13.2 18.0 ..
9 #3 Modulus for Cl (Pl I5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
a
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000.. 1.000 1.000 .. 0.95 0.810 0.63 0.400 0.200
Ul 0.1,:
I 9 tt3DampIng for Cl (PI-15) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
N 0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1. .
tJ,)
2.580 2.580 2.580 2.580 4.645 7.77 11.67 16.085
20.12
9 #4 Modulus for till (PI-5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000 1.000 0;980 0.900 0.77 0.51 0.32 0.16
0.06
9 #4 Damping for till not yet (PI-5) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)"
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
2.0 2.000 2.2 2.6 4.6 9.0 14.0 19.5
23.8
6 .. #5 ATTENUATlOIl OF. ROCK AVERAGE
.0001 0.0003.. 0.001 0.003 0;01 0.03 0.1 1.0
1.000 "1.000 0.9875 0.9525 0.900 0.810 0.725 0.550
5 #5 DAMPING IN ROCK
. 0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1:
0.4 0.8 1.5 3.0 4.6
5 1 2 3 4 5
OPTION 2 Soli Profile
2
1 8 F!lIIA wIthout embankment
1 2 6.56 0.05 0.076 128
2 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 275
3 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 353
4 3 9.81, 0.05 0.102 431
5 3 9.61, 0.05 0.102 509
6 I. 9.64 0.65 0.131 1230
7 I, ..9.84 0.05 0.131 1230
af30.TnT 00 Created lied Jun 10 10:56:46 1996 Printed Yed Jun 10' 16:4f:45 1998 Page
'OPTION 1 dynamic soil p..ope..tles (1M1I 1.5 thl ..teen): 8 4 9.84 0.05 0.131 1230
1 9 4 9.84 0.05 0.131 1210
5 10 5 0.10 0.135 249l
9 #1 Modulus fo.. sand (PI-O) (Vueetle and Oob..y, 1991) 10PTlON 1 Input motIon:
0.0001 0.000l16 0.001 0.00l16 0.01 0.Ol16 0.1 0.l16 3
1. l752 4096 .OOS bolO.sar (8F9.6)
1.000 1.0 .960 0.87 0.715 0.49 0.25 0.1 0.16 2S. 2 ,. 8
0.02 PTlOII 4 sublayer for Input motion (wIthin (1) or outcroppIng (0):
9 #1 Damping for sa~ (PI=O) (Vueetie and Dobry, 1991) 4
'0.0001 0.000l16 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 10 0
1. PTfON S number of iteratIons &ratIo of avg strain to max straIn
2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.5 10.5 16.0 20.0 S
24.0 a 8 0.S9
10 '''2 Modulus for sltt (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991) 'PTION 9 RESPONse
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 .. 0.00316
.. 0.01 0.Ol16 0.1 0.316 9
1. 3.16 1
1.000 1.000 1.000 0.99 0.95 0.83 0.67 0.45 1 a 981
0.22 0.02 O.OS
10 #2 Damping for sll (PI-50) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)' ,STOP executIon lilt t stop Idlen program encounters 0
0.0001 0.000316 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316 a
1. 3.16
2.0 2.0 .. 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.1 6.0 9.3
13.2 18.0
9 'l Modulus for CL (Pf-15) (Vucetle and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 O.OOOl 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
Ul 1.(1.00 ., 1.000 1.000 .' 0.95 0.810 0.63 0.400 0.200
I 0.1 ..::
9 til Damping for CL (Pl-1S) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
N 0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
~ 1.
2.580 2.580 2.S80 2.580 4.64S 7.77 11.67 16.085
20.12
9 "4 Modulus for till (PI-S) (Vucetlc and Dobry, 1991)
0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
1.000 1.000 0.900 0.900 0.77 0.51 0.32 0.16
0.06
9 "4 DampIng for till not yet (PI-5) (Vucotlc and Dobry, 1991) .'
'0.0001 0.0003 0.001 0.00316 0.01 0.0316 0.1 0.316
1.
2.0 2.000 2.2 .. 2.6 4.6 9.0 14.0 19.5
2l.8
8 #5 ATTENUATION OF . ROCK AVERAGE
.0001 O.OOOl ., 0.001 0.003 0.01 O.Ol 0.1 1:0
1.000 '1.000 0.9875 0.9525 0.900 0.810 0.725 0.5S0
5 .5 DAMPING IN ROCK
,\l001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1,
0.4 0.8 1.5 3.0 4.6
5 1 2 1 4 5
OPTION 2 Soil Profile
2
1 10 FIIIIA III th embankment
1 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 571
2 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 669
1 1 6.56 0.05 0.124 768
4 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 591
5 1 9.84 0.05 0.102 626
6 3 9.84 0.05 0.102 660
I. _.~_._~ .... _........... :!:.~~...-.- ...... 0.05 0.102 695
bc30. inl .... -.._. - .-.. c;'Ciiitc!dy(;(j Jiiil'10' Wi'l9 ;;6'1998 priiiiedllCicTJUnto;(;':'41:49199if' --.----- - ---- Page
Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential

Objective:
Evaluate the Liquefaction Potential at 6 m Below Ground
Surface at a Site Shown in Figure S6-1.
Soil Properties and SPT- N Values are Shown in
Figure S6-1. (Same as in Exercise 2A)
SPT- N Values and Sampling Procedure are the Same
as in Exercise 2A.
Design Earthquake Magnitude M = 6.0
Peak Ground Acceleration = 0.18 g
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 8.3.2, Figures 8-2, 8-3,
8-4, 8-5, and 8-6 and Equations 8-1, 8-3a, 8-4 and 8-5.
Student Exercise No. 2A
6-1
SPT - N i i ~
...... <::r.: ::c:a:4J..... ? <> < >,,- <Ji..': 4Ql.-1... Ii> <1.>9_ <:abj....2' L.
!
4 ~l l GWT
Y = 16 kN/m 3
Level Ground Surface
Silty Sand
15 S
~'A Ysat = 19 kN/m 3
10 e Average Fines Content= 15 %
I
S
0\ 17 V)
I ,...-4
N
23 Evaluate Liquefaction
Potential at Point A
25 - Design Earthquake Magnitude M = 6.0
- Peak Ground Acceleration = O.18g
28
End of Borehole
Figure S6-1: Soil Profile
Step 1: Develop Subsurface Profile
(Boring with SPT-N Values Given)
Step 2: Compute Effective Overburden Pressure, o~
/
0v = 69 kPa (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
Compute Total Overburden Pressure, 0v
v - -----
Evaluate Intitial Shear Stress, 'tho
'tho = - - - -
6-3
Step 3: Evaluate Stress Reduction Factor, rd (Equation 8-1
or Figure 8-2)
fd =-----
Step 4: Calculate Cyclic Stress Ratio Induced by

Earthquake, CSREQ (Equation 8-3a)
CSREQ = 0.65 [ a;X) fd
CSREQ =----
Step 5: Standardized SPT N Value
C60 = 0.78 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
6-4
Step 6: Normalized SPT N Vlaue
C N = 1.18 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
(N 1)60 ~ 9 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
Step 7: Determine Soil Resistance to Liquefaction in Terms

of Cyclic Stress Ratio (Use Figure 8-3)
CSRM =7.5 = - - - - -
Step 8: Correct CSR for Earthquake Magnitude, Initial

Shear Stress and Effective Overburden Pressure
CSRL = CSRM =7.5 kM k a k a (Use Figures 8-4,8-5

and 8-6)
CSRL -----
6-5
Step 9: Calculate Factor of Safety (Equation 8-5)
CSRL
FS =--
L CSREQ
FSL =----
6-6
o 6r------r----r:r:::-r-----r--~---r----
1:.137
.....
2Sl:l
Percent Fines =35 I

15
,
I ,
0.5r----t----1~-f.----iJ----~~-----J
,, I I
,,, ,,,
I I
,I
I
I
,, ,
,
, !
0.4r----+----4~i\i/'---+-I-----+-----J
20' ,
I I
'I'---'I~II
:.,' r-
I
,',' "
CSR7.$ curves for 5,15, and
35 percent fines, respectively
r5J 0.3
r.-s-0+--t....=:::-+---:-.~12,.--/-/f-/-/tf~:......---f:......_+-----~-----j
20 " (f)/ /
J7
2
Ji.sO+/:,y.' e
:
60
.80
10..
._0 ?
?O,/>}O II /
I !5
0.2r--5Cso~~IO~t--~j~nii--r-k~-10:......_--+-----~-----J
48
-.92-,0 ~.20 . 26 ~12
8~
10. cr?O'
~
10 18
30. 1:] .201:f .t!2
I?
22. /ply1D
I
Ai-
~~:70/~~~~ 1230 FINES CONTENT ~ 5%
0.1 r60=(JJj_-f-7-:""~YlI:ll'0~\fr.r~3~1I!\1~~~~'q......;~=:. .,:;~
1:.1""30-,- Modified Chinese Code Proposal (clay content = 59'0)@
7'7 . / ' Marginal No
'3l1 Liquefaction Liquefaction Liquefaction
~ ~ Adjustment Pan - American data l!I
Recommended Japanese data 0 (l)
o:-__.J.:=B=y='W=:o=rk=sh=o::::P::::!1_C_h..:...in..1.,e.:..se:....d::a:.:.ta=--_ _L .:Ji. L 1_ _ .:.A:.....-J

o 10 20 30 40 50
CORRECTED SPT BLOW COUNT, (N 1)6O
Figure 8-3: Relationship Between Cyclic Stress Ratio Causing Liquefaction and SPT (N 1)60 Values for
Sands for M= 7.5 Earthquakes (modified From Seed et aI., 1985)
6-7
4.5
::!l ~ Seed and Idriss, (1982)
~ 4 +----~--.=R,..+-nc-oe-o......,f~r-e-co-mm-.
-en-t41-e--;d---1 -II- Idriss
r:l
0
~
3.5 -+-_ _.....-...-...:~~KM from NCEER x Ambraseys (1985)
u Workshop Arango (1996)
<
~ 3 Arango (1996)
0 -+- Andrus and Stokoe
-
Z
u
.....J
<::
2.5 .A. Youd and Noble, PL<20%
fj, Youd and Noble, PL<32%
en 2 A Youd and Noble, PL<50%
~
0 1.5
::>
!-<
..-.
~ I
<
::E 0.5
0 I
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE, Mw
Figure 8-4: Magnitude Scaling Factors Derived by Various Investigators (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
,
1.2
0.8 ~
0.6
r--...........
-
0.4
0.2
11.0 TSF =96 kPa I
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EFFECTIVE CONFINING PRESSURE (TSF)
Figure 8-5: Recommended Correction Factor ko (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
6-8
SOLUTIONS TO STUDENT EXERCISE NO.6
Step 1: Develop Subsurface Profile

(Boring with SPT-N Values Given)
Step 2: Compute Effective Overburden Pressure, o~
/
Oy = 69 kPa (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
Compute Total Overburden Pressure, Oy
Oy - 16x2m + 19x4m
y = 108 kPa
Evaluate Intitial Shear Stress, 'tho
'tho = _~O~__ (Level Ground)
6-9
Step 3: Evaluate Stress Reduction Factor, rd (Equation 8-1
or Figure 8-2)
rd = 1 - 0.00765 z = 1 - 0.00765 x6
0.95 (For z = 6 m)
Step 4: Calculate Cyclic Stress Ratio Induced by

Earthquake, CSREQ (Equation 8-3a)
CSR.
EQ
= 0.65 (amax
g
) r
d
cry
/
cry
CSREQ = 0.65 (0.18) 0.95 ( 108)

69
CSREQ = 0.174
Step 5: Standardized SPT N Value
C 60 = 0.78 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
6-10
Step 6: Normalized SPT N Value
C N = 1.18 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
(N 1)60 z 9 (From Student Exercise No. 2A)
Step 7: Determine Soil Resistance to Liquefaction in Terms

of Cyclic Stress Ratio (Dse Figure 8-3)
CSRM =7.5 = 0.14 (Based on (N 1)6o = 9 and

Fines Content = 15%)
Step 8: Correct CSR for Earthquake Magnitude, Initial

Shear Stress and Effective Overburden Pressure
kM = 1.75 (for M=6.0, Figure 8-4)
k a = 1.0 (for Level Ground)
6-11
o6r-----,-----r::r=-r----.----......----
37 l:J
2Sl:l
Percent Fines =35I 15

,
::;; 5
I
I , I
0.51---+----+'~,---1~--+-----+----
I I I
I
,
I , ,
, I
I , ,
, I
I
, I
, ,
I :
O.4I-----+-----+~M''---+4----+-----J
I 20 I I
I I
'r--fI~I
I
I
/ / /~ CSR7.5 curves for 5,15, and
/,' " 35 percent fines, respectively
I (~I
//
g 20 I
~ 0.3 r-------~t--::I"?-~LI --tL-'--f,:..---I-------I-------J
~ 1/l/.17
y
_50+ .12:
.27 80 /18_
60 - A50.;1 @ .20
10.. 10 20~hO, / ~IIO
0.21-5(SO>:.:-9~2~_lot~.-r:~20~.'Ii'6~411i-/~lti(i).:I~'~---~------+-----J
.
10. .. I - -
80m Q20~, 10 18
30. . -201:1" Ai2
II I~, /~ /. AI2
o. I T ,'7s- ~~P71~
7S27Q<~~I~( 12
l:l30 FINES CONTENT;;:: 5%
0.1 r 6",-0(J'=..'f-~,-1-nt0l,~~I,-I~tf5(F1-.....l0"'~.'.:;:..,. \ . . . . - - Modified Chinese Code Proposal (clay content = 5%)@
{7. 0 t~ ~
,/
1
w30 .
Marginal No
/1 J" Liquefaction Liquefaction Liquefaction
I-- ~ Adjustment Pan - American data E:l
Recpmmended Japanese data Q (;)
o::-__..C:::B~Y;W=:=(Or=k=sh=O:;;P=!.l._C-h-ini.ie.:..se:....d.:..a::..:.ta=---L
I.:A L.I_ _ ~A:._J
o /10 20 30 40 50
'I
CORRECTED SPT BLOW COUNT, (N 1)60
Figure 8-3: Relationship Between Cyclic Stress Ratio Causing Liquefaction and SPT (N J)60 Values for
Sands for M= 7.5 Earthquakes (modified From Seed et a!., 1985)
6-12
4.5
-+- Seed and Idriss, (1982)
4 -I----~-=R~ng-e-o....,f,.-r-e-co-mm--e-n+-e'd--1 Idriss
3.5 +-__-r----l~~KM from NCEE x Ambraseys (1985)

Workshop Arango (1996)
3 Arango (1996)
--e- Andrus and Stokoe
2.5 A Youd and Noble, PL<20%
A Youd and Noble, PL<32%
2 A Youd and Noble, PL<50%
1.5
0.5 x
0-1-------+------+------1--------1
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE, Mw
Figure 8-4: Magnitude Scaling Factors Derived by Various Investigators (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
1.2
0.8
0.6
'" ............
~
-
0.4
0.2
11.0 TSF = 96 kPa
I
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EFFECTIVE CONFINING PRESSURE (TSF)
Figure 8-5: Recommended Correction Factor ka' (After Youd and Idriss, 1997)
6-13
ka = 1.0 (No Correction for a~ < 100 kPa)
(Figure 8-5)
CSRL = 0.14x 1.75 X 1.0x 1.0
CSRL = 0.245
Step 9: Calculate Factor of Safety
FS = 0.245
L 0.174
FS L = 1.4
6-14
Simplified Seismic Deformation Analysis.
Objective:
Use Newmark Analysis Design Charts to Estimate
Permanent Seismic Deformations for Three Potential
Failure Surfaces Shown in Figure S7-1 for a M 6.5
Earthquake with Free-Field, Firm Ground Peak Ground
Acceleration =0.16 g.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, 7-4,
7-9, and 8-2.
1. Evaluate Peak Ground Acceleration at Top of

Embankment Using Figures 6-3, and 6-4
(PGA)EMB = _' _
7-1
(ky)l =0.20 g
t (kY)2 =0.06 g
r--~-~=====t 2m
10m
10m __
-------_____-Soft Clay _._-_._._._.~_._._--
Exercise 7 - Figure 87-1
7-2
2. Evaluate PAA for Failure Surface 1, 2, and 3
A. Evaluate ZIH for Use in Figure 6-5
Failure Surface 1: ZIH =- - - -

Failure Surface 2: ZIH = - - - -
Failure Surface 3: Not Applicable
B. Find PAAlPGA Using Figures 6-5, and 8-2

Failure Surface 1: (PAA)
PGA = - - - - -
1

PGA z
=
-----

PGA = - - - - -
3
c. Find PAA for Each Failure Surface
(PAA)l = --:--_
(PAA)2 = _
(PAA)3 = _
7-3
3. Evaluate ky/PAA for Each Failure Surface
ky ) _
( PAA ------
I-
ky
( PAA~ ------
I-
ky
( PAA~ ------
4. Calculate Permanent Seismic Deformation, PSD,

U sing Figure 7-4
PSD 1 = _
PSD 2 = _
PSD 3 = _
7-4
5. Calculate Permanent Seismic Deformation, PSD,
Using Figure 7-9
PSD 1 = _
PSD 2 = _
PSD 3 = _
(ky )}=0.20 g
{ (kY)2 =0.06 g
"---~-~=====If 2m
10m
10m 0
_-__---____Soft Clay _._._._---_.~_._._--
Exercise 7 - Figure 87-2
7-5
0.6 r---.----r----r---.,.-----T'"---..
~ 0.5 f-----+.--I
iii 1,;,,;,,;;,;;':':':='':':':::::,::::.1
..J
g 0.4 I---~--
to
til 0.3
J-
<
~ 0.2
F
<
cr
w 1989 lOUA PRIETA
d 0.1
(,)
~ EARlHOUAKE IoIAGNllUlE ,. 7
o 0.1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
ACCELERATION AT ROCK SITES (9)
0.7 ~ I
~
~s ,...
~\O~
-
~ 0.6 ~~.,.07
~O~

Z o~
0
~ ~
00/
~1
c::
LLI
..J
0.5
~
q)

I.LI
0 e-/
~ 0.4 l/ -
t-
(/J ~I
I.LI
c:: Ef
0 ij
~ .
I.LI 0.3
(/J
c:: "I
I.LI
> -I.
VJ
Z 0.2 I
<
c::
t- /.
~
<
I~
0.1 ~,.. _ 1989 LOMA PRIETA
I.LI
C. EARTHQUAKE
~. .
PREVIOUS EARTHQUAKES
I
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
PEAK TRANSVERSE BASE ACCELERATION (g)
Figure 6-4: Comparisons of Peak Base and Crest Accelerations Recorded at Earth Dams. (Harder,
1991)
7-6
o
.s::
~-
....:::I:z -FINITE ELEMENT METHOD- - - - - - .

~
~ 0.2
CD
::;;
....
L...
o
~
:I:
t:>
W
:I: 0.4-
'-
....cr:o
;:)
Vl
....::;;-<: AVERAGE OF'
ALL DATA
~ 0.8
c..
....
o
1.0 !:----~:___>_......J.......J.~~--"--_:_L_:.__---::_1=---......,.J
o 1.0
PEAK AVERAGE ACCELERATION, kmo. / PEAK CREST ACCELERATION. 0mo.
Figure 6-5: Variation of Peak Average Acceleration Ratio with Depth of Sliding Mass. (Makdisi and
. Seed, 1978, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
7-7
STRESS REDUCTION FACTOR, rd
0.1 02 03 0.4 05 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

00
3 (10)
Average values
6(20)
Mean values of rd calculated
9(30) from equation 2
2
'-"
eN 12 (40)
~~
P..
15 (50) ...
u:I
0 18 (60)
21 (70)
24(80) . . .. .. .
27(90) ..
30 (100)
Figure 8-2: Stress Reduction Factor, rd , Versus Depth Curves Developed by Seed and Idriss (1971)
with Added Mean Value Lines from Equation 8-1.
7-8
1000 ...- .,..... ..,
--
E
u
I
::J
~
C
4>
i
u 100
0
Q..
II>
is
C
4>
C
0
E
4>
0.
10 L- ..1- ~ _ ~ :-'
0.01 0.1 1.0

Yield Acceleration. ky I Peak (Average) Acceleration, k_
Figure 7-4: Permanent Seismic Defonnation Chart. (Hynes and Franklin, 1984, reprinted by
permission of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station)
7-9
10000 r-"C"'rTTTTTn:.----------------------,
Mw= 8 1/4
Mw = 7 1/2
1000
-S
E
I
::J 100
.:
c:
Cl>
E
Cl>
()
o
Q.
en
25
..-
c:
Q) M.= 6 1/2
c:
o
...E
Cl>
Q.
Figure 7-9: Pennanent Displacement Versus Normalized Yield Acceleration for Embanlanents. (After
Makdisi and Seed, 1978, reprinted by permission of ASCE).
7-10
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE 7
1. From Figure 6-4, PGA = 0.56
2. A. (ZIH)l = 2/10 = 0.2

(ZIH)2 = 10/10 = 1.0
B. From Figure 6-5, (PAA)l = 0.56 (0.85) = 0.48 g
From Figure 6-5, (PAA)2 =0.56 (0.40) =0.22 g

From Equation 8-1, (PAA)3 =0.56 (0.64) =0.36 g
3. (P~A) = (~:8) =0.42

(p~ 1 (~:~~)
= = 0.27
(p~ 1 (~:~~)
= = 0.33
4. PSD l = < 10 em
PSD 2 =10em
PSD3 = < 10 em
7-11
5. PSD 1 =10em
PSD2 = 20 em
PSD 3 =15cm
7-12
o
.&:
to='
:z:
w
:::
:.::
~ 0.2 r-----------------~~~fj,
m
:::
w
l:5
..-
:I:
(;)
W
:I: OA
........
tii
w
c::
v
5 0.6
E
o
w
g;.
~
w AVERAGE OF'
:::
ALL DATA
IE 0.8
lh
o
0.2 !
1.0 ~---~~~.....~7>_~-__=~---_=.I.:4...:......-~
o 0.6 0.8 1.0
PEAK AVERAGE ACCELERAll :!<mo. / PEAK CREST ACC LERAllON. c""",
1O.t . 0.85 .
Figure 6-5: Variation of Peak Average Acceleration Ratio with Depth of Sliding Mass. (Makdisi and
Seed, 1978, reprinted by pennission of ASCE)
7-13
Stiffness Matrix for Spread Footings.
Objective:
Evaluate the Stiffness Matrix for the Center Pier of the
Bridge Shown in Figure S8-1. The Pier Footing is
25 m in Length, 4.25 m Wide, and 1 m Thick. The Soil
Profile at the Site is Shown in Figure 88-2. The
Design Earthquake is a Moderate Magnitude
(Mw = 6.5) Event.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Figures 5-12, 5-13, 5-14, 9-7
9-8 and 9-9, Tables 5-5 and 9-2, and Equations 9-11
and 9-12a through 9-12d.
1. Evaluate Equivalent Circular Radius Using

Equations in Table 9-2
A. Translational Modes
Rz = _
Rx = _
8-1
:!1
()q
s:: : 38 m
Ci1
en
00,
...... I 19 m -I- 19 m : I
.. DEPTH B-7 ~~ BEARING v~ INlRIOR SUPPORT
n
a
( I)
.EVATION I ==
--================n==E-~~~~~ ~
8-:-8
(I)
en ABUTMENT STEEL GIRDER

CD II ABUlMENT
........
(")
0
::s
0 5m
SIL!i1 g ROADWAY PAVEMENT
"'"'"
.g'"d
0
(I)
CD
0.- SANDY SILT"'-...:=II='
10 m SAND
....to
....
00 &"
CD
1
N
0.-
en
..........0 15 m ~~'"'!'"'.__ --'I......
,jiuv SAND
en
q
........
~
()q
....
-,,-- ..... -- - ------ - __- - - __--11-
~ 20 m GRAVELLY SAND
~
25 rn I I
5 meters
SPT Blow Counts (Blows/300mm)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
SPT N-for B-71
.. SPT N for B-8
(N1 )60 for B-8
A (N1 )60 for 8-7
5 ,
,
"', .. II
,
. .. '"
., ,...-.. ,. ....
....a:..
.r- -
........
10
-...,
E
J: .. ' ....,
e- ~ .....
(1) :. 111
,I "
C
15 - ,, . I :,
~.Bl_:
r
I I "i'
l'
,
. ,~
:.. B
20

I
,.
.'
ar .. ..'" ",
............................ ...t
'" ' ,
...
~
~

.. ....
-. ...
-a. Ilt
~ .~
I
I
tit,'\.
..
..
I
, ...
~

25
Figure S8-2: Corrected SPT Results for Example No.8 Test Borings.
8-3
B. Rotational Modes
R",x = (X-Axis Rocking)
R",y = (Y-Axis Rocking)
R'"z =- - - - - Torsion
2. Evaluate Maximum Shear Modulus Using Imai and

Tonouchi Equation from Table 5-5
N 60 = (From Figure S8-2)
G max = (From Table 5-5)
3. Reduce Maximum Shear Modulus For Strain

Softening Using Figures 5-12 and/or 5-13
Moderate Magnitude Event - Assume y = 0.02%
(G~J=--
G= _
8-4
4. Calculate Stiffness Coefficients for Equivalent
Circular Footing Using Equations 9-12a through 9-
12d
v= (Section 5.3.3)
kz = (Equation 9-12a)
k x =ky = (Equation 9-12b)
~x = . (Equation 9-12d)
~y = (Equation 9-12d)
~z = (Equation 9-12c)
8-5
5. Calculate Rectangular Footing Stiffness Using
Equation 9-11, Figures 9-7 and 9-8
az = (Figure 9-7)
ax = (Figure 9-7)
ely = (Figure 9-7)
a",x = (Figure 9-7)
a",y = (Figure 9-7)
a",z = (Figure 9-7)
bz = (Figure 9-8)
bx = (Figure 9-8)
by = (Figure 9-8)
b",x = (Figure 9-8)
b",y = (Figure 9-8)
b",z = (Figure 9-8)
8-6
k z =a z Bz kz =------
k x = a z Bz k z = - - - - - -
ky = a z Bz kz = - - - - - -
~x = a wz Bwz ~z = _
~y = a wz Bwz ~z = _
~z = a wz Bwz ~z = _
8-7
TABLE 5-5
CORRELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING INITIAL SHEAR MODULUS
Reference I Correlation I Units I Limitation

Seed. el al. (1984) (K 2)mu '" 30 for very loose sands and 75 for very dense
G
max
= 220 (K )
2 max
(a' m )'h sands; '" 80-180 for dense well graded gravels; Limited
kPa to cohesionless soils
1/3
(K 2 )max "" 20(N \)60
Imai and Tonouchi (1982) G = 15 560 N 0.68 kPa Limited to cohesionless soils
ma~ , 60
Hardin (1978) Limited to cohesive soils
G max -. 625 (P . a' )0.3 OCR
k
2 am
(0.3 +0.7e o )
Jall1iolkowski, et al. (1991) Limited to cohesive soils

G = 625 (P . a' )0..5 OCR k kPall) (3) p. = atmospheric pressure
max 1.3 a m
00 eo
I
00 Mayne and Rix (1993) G = 99.5(P a )0.30S(q t )0.69.5/(e )1.13 kPa(2 ) Limited to cohesive soils
ma~ 0
p. = atmospheric pressure
Notes: (I) p. and a'lI1 in kPa
111 p. and qc in kPa
PI The parameter k is related to the plasticity index, PI, as follows:
fl k
o 0
20 0.18
40 0.30
60 0.41
80 0.48
> 100 0.50
TABLE 9-2
EQUIVALENT DAMPING RATIOS FOR RIGID CIRCULAR FOOTINGS
(After Richart, et ai., 1970)
Mode of Vibmtioll Mass (or Inertia) Ratio Dampill2 Coefficient Damping Ratio Equivalent Radius
Vertical Translation 2
::: (l-v) ~ 0.425
Bz 3.4 ro
c :::_- fPG
pO DZ - - - r o ::: R z ::: JBL/1t
4 pr 0 3
Z I-v VB:
Horizontal Translation 2
(7 -8v) m 0.288
(Sliding) Bx ::: -- 4.6 r o
c :::_-
fPG
pO DX - - - r o ::: R x ::: JBL/1t
32 (I-v) pr/ x 2-v VB:
x- and Y-axis Rocking
B ::: 3 (I-v) ~
tJI 8 pros
c :::
0.8r: fPG
tJI (l-v) (1 +B",)
D:::
tJI
0.15
(1 +BtJI)JB; r
o
"R
lJI.
"[ 16(B)(L)'
31t
r
00
I
\0 r
o
= R
lJIy
= [ 16(B>' (L)
31t
r
Z-axis Rotation (Torsion) 0.5
10 D 6 --
B o ==-- c ::: 4 JB o ' pG r =R =[ 16BL(B'+L'>r
1 +2B o
pr 0 S o 1 +2 B o "'. 61t
o
Notes: m mass of the foundation
c damping cocfficient (c" c c.' co)
I momcnt of incrlia of thc foundaliun
fl mass denshy of foundation soil
r" equivalcnt radius (R R R.)
B widlh of the foundation (along axis of rolalion for rocking)
L lenglh of lhe foundation (in Ihc plane of rolation for rocking)
G shear modulus of lhe soil
v l'uisson's ratio of the soil
D damping ratio (D., D D Do)
G - 220 K~)"z kPa
Kc-0.4
e 0.5 .::::=--_.......::~:---i---
-36-
e-0.6_ _~_ I
~-ISO kPa
KZ40F==:ee.... c:0r..78":-=_=-::~1-=~~:-:~:::::..""""::::::::::::::t,,~,----t-----_1
e0.9-_+ _
30
201-------+-------+---~
10
0L- . . - J ~ _..L __l ....J
10-4 10-Z 10'"

Sheor SlrO," - percent
eo~-----~------~------_.------_,
70
G - 220 t<z<cr,;.)112 kPa
60f==="Or-7S"'
I
.
T
50~
I
Or=- 60.".
KZ
40
OrQ30% _
30
201-------lf--------4--,;:::".;::st:~~~------..,
10
0L- --JL...,,- ---4-,,- ---I-:- --1

10- 4 10-1i 10-Z 10-'
Shear Sirain -percent
pennission of ASCE)
8-10
1.0 r-~_1!i1!! =-------.,r---------r"------.,
0.8 1-------~------:~~~~.-------+-----__1
; 0.6 .-------+-------+--"'"'=~~~..__t_-----___;
E
~
C
0.4 1-- +- -+- ---.::l~~~.._---__1
0.2 I--------t-------+-------+~~~~;;:::_____i
O~----_--I-------.l-..-------'---------'
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN. Yc (%)
pennission of Japanese SocietY of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)
1.0r---===::::::r:::::::::::::=::~~~::::=:::::::::_.,..------,---__,
0.8
0.6
~~
o~
- 0.4
~
IOCR= 1-151
0.2
0~,';:;.OOO;nn;1----;0~001:;;::;:;---::----:;!-;;;----:!::--~--=~-----.Jl0
. 0.01 0.1
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAIN.
(a)
-rc (0/0)
25
P(=o
15
30
-< {OCR=1-sl
015
so
!<
co:
~ 10
Ci:
::E:
-<
= 5
~';;.0;;;OO;:1-----:0~.001::::---~0~.01=--:----o...l.1-----L---:..---.J
10
CYCLIC SHEAR STRAI N. -rc (0./0)
(6)
Plasticity Index. (Vucetic and Dobry, 1991, reprinted by pennissioll of ASCE)
8-11
1.20,..,.-------------------;-----------,
~
1.15
~&k
T I----1L
c:i
ot- z
(,)
~ 1.10
LIJ
Q.
<C
::r:
(fl
1.05
1.001+.,_~r_T_r_,_.,....,_,......,i__r_r_,_.,......,__r_.....,;_r--j-..,... .......,__r_.....,r_r__r..,.....,
o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

LIB
Figure 9-7: Shape Factor a for Rectangular Footings. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-12
CQ.
c::
o
I-
()
<{
I.L
I-
Z
UJ
::::2:
o
UJ
CD
::::2:
LLI
O/R
Figure 978: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R < 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
3.0,...-----.,.-,- - - - . . . . . . . , - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - , 9 . 0
I
I
i
-_.. . ----'1------ ... ';'-

i I
.--.-~-_ ..... -. 6.0
~
2.5 - - - - . -.._-~ - .
.. " - ' 6.0
2.0 .... '"'''' _.. 5.0
4.0
1.5 3.0
. ---. ~....... .. - 2.0
1.0 ~:....-....;,..-_=..L::----~----..:...-----i.~....;,..--.....J
1.0
O. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
D/R
Figure 9-9: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R > 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-13
1. Equivalent Radius
Rz =Ry = Rx = r~= 5.82 ill

1/4
R X=
'If [
16(B)(L)3
37r ]
= 18.32
.
m
R
'lfY
= 16(B)3L
[ 37r ]
1/4
= 7.56 m
R
'If
Z = [
2
16BL(B +e)
67r ]
1/4
= 15.52 m
.2. Small Strain Shear Modulus
= 28
(N60 )
Gmax = 15,560 N~~8= 150,000 kPa
3. Modulus Reduction
(G:)= 0.6
G=90MPa
8-14
4. Stiffness Coefficients for Equivalent Circle
MODE Equivalent ex ~ Stiffness
Circular Mpa-m
Stiffness
Mpa-m
Vertical 3,260 1.13 1.09 4,015
Translation 2,568 1.17 1.26 3,785
(X-Direction)
00
I
~
Translation 2,568 1.07 1.26 3,430
Ul
(Y-Direction)
Rocking 2,295,478 1.18 1.1 2,980,000
(X-Axis)
Rocking 161,310 1.16 1.2 225,000
(Y-Axis)
Torsion 1,814,326 1.17 1.3 2,760,000
1.20-,----------------------,,-----------,
1.17
t5
~
1.15 ~F I
I L
~
t
I
~~ ~
I. I f>
1.13
0
t-
z
o
<:
..... 1.10
w
0-
<:
:c
en
'.05
, . oO-+--r--r-"T""""T"""....--r-,--..---.--ir--,,-,--,.--,.--r--r~~~-+-.,.......,......,......,.........__.___.__r__r__1
o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.Q 3.5 4.0
LIB
Figure 9-7: Shape Factor a for Rectangular Footings. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-16
cc..
0::::
o
~
()

\.r..
~
Z
W
~
o
w
m
~
w
O/R
Figure 9-8: Embedment Factors for Footings with D/R < 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
3.0 .-------~--------------_._----.....,
I
9.0
I
I
i
i
--_..... ---_.j-------
!
... .I ..
~
.
._..- - _ ...... 8.0
2.5 -----.--- ~ - .
.. _. 6.0
2.0 .......... _.. 5.0
1.5
... _.. .. .. 2.0

,
~
1 .0 -=:;_-'-_ _-'- ~ _'_ .......;. __J 1 .0

O. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0' 2.5
D/R
Figure 9-9: Embedment Factors for Footings with DIR > 0.5. (Lam and Martin, 1986)
8-17
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 9A
Geotechnical Pile Capacity Evaluation Under

Seismic Loading.
Objective:
Evaluate the Effects of Seismic Loading on the
Geotechnical Capacity of a Pile Group Foundation, as
Shown in Figure S9A-l.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part II: Step 3 in Section 3.4
9A-l
Q
,.- :'4
.
... .. ..
41

:
.... 4
..
llltimate Pile Capacity
Compression: 1,000 kN
Uplift: 500kN
..
4
Pile No. 1 2 3
M-d i Q
p=---
n En 2
d.1
i=l
p = vertical load on pile;

Q =static vertical load on pile cap;
n =number of piles in group (3 for this example);
~ =distance from center of gravity of pile group to pile i;
M = design moment.
Figure S9A-l: Pile Group Foundation
9A-2
Static Case
Q=1,500 kN, M=O
Maximum Vertical Load on Pile = 1,500kN =500 kN

3
(Compression)
1,OOOkN
F.S.(compression) = 500kN
2.0
Pile No. Compression Uplift FS

(kN) (kN)
1 500 - 2.0
2 500 - 2.0
3 500 - 2.0
9A-3
Seismic Load Case 1
Q=1,500 kN, ,
M=3000m-kN

(kN) (kN)
1
2
3
Seismic Load Case 2
Q=300 kN, M=3,OOO m-kN

(kN) (kN)
1
2
3
9A-4
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. 9A
Seismic Load Case 1
Q=1,500 kN, M=3 ,000 m-kN
Seismic Load on Piles 1, 2 and 3
p 1 = 1,500 + 3,000 x 2 = 500 + 750 = 1,250 kN

3 22 +2 2
p 2 = 1,500 + 0 = 500 kN
3
p3 = 1,500 3,000 x 2 = 500 - 750 = -250 leN
3 22 +22

(kN) (kN) . ,. .
1 1,250 - 1,000 :.. 0.8

1,250
2 500 - 1,000
= 2.0
500
3 - -250 500
= 2.0
250
Pile 1: Compression Failure (FS < 1.0)
9A-5
Seismic Load Case 2
Q=300 kN, M=3,000 m-kN
p = 300 + 3,000 x 2 = 100 + 750 = 850 kN

1 3 22 +22
P = 300 + 0 = 100 kN
2 3
p = 300 3,000 x 2 = 100 - 750 = -650 kN
3 3 22 +22

(kN) (kN)
1 850 - 1,000 = 1.18
850
2 100 - 1,000
= 10
100
3 - -650 500
= 0.77
650
Pile 3: Uplift Failure (FS < 1.0)
9A-6
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 9B
Derivation of Foundation Stiffness for Pile Group
Objective:
Evaluate the Foundation Stiffness for a Pile Group
Shown in Figure S9B-1 Using Simplified Design Charts.
The Piles Are End Bearing Piles on a Hard Stratum. The
Soil Overburden at the Site Consists of 30 ft (9.15 m) of
Medium Stiff Clay.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 9.3.6, Table 9-5,
Figures 9-20, 9-21 and 9-22.
9B-1
r- 14-in diameter vertical cast-in-
"'//h':~
place concrete piles.
,Ir
End bearing piles on Very Hard
Z
Stratum.
Medium Pile Length =30 ft.
StiffCIay 30'
Pile head 6" into pile cap.
Cu= lkSf Pile group layout 3 x 3 as shown
(48 kPa)
Center-to-center pile spacing
.
'Ir
s = 42" = 3d (Longitudinal)
Hard Stratum
s =70" =5d (Transverse)
42'1 o 0
0 0
0 L,x A = n x (14) 2 x ..!- = 154 in 2
4
42" 0
-y~
O I = n x (14) 4 x _1 = 1885 in 4
64
L..--- _ _ _,
T L = 30 ft
E = 3,600 ksi
Figure S9B-l: Pile Group Foundation
9B-2
Step 1: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under
lateral loading.
First, determine pile head boundary condition.

Assume pile head has a hinged end condition due to
small pile head embedment into the pile cap (i.e., a
free-headed pile analysis).
A. Determine the coefficient of variation of

subgrade modulus for clay using Figure 9-20:
f = _
B. Consider the pile group effect. Estimate the
overall stiffness reduction factor
(Le., p-multiplier) using Table 9-5:
Pile Spacing in Longitudinal Direction = 3d

Pile Spacing in Transverse Direction = 5d
(Note: d is the diameter of the pile.)
(p-multiplier)ave in Longitudinal Direction = _

(p-multiplier)ave in Transverse Direction = _
9B-3
c. Detennine effective coefficient of subgrade
modulus feff = (p-multiplier)ave f:
Longitudinal: f eff, L = _
Transverse: f eff, T = _
D. Calculate the Bending Stiffness of the Pile
EI = _
E. Derive lateral stiffness for free-head condition
using Figure 9-21:
k' o,L = (Longitudinal)

k' o,T = (Transverse)
9B-4
Step 2: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under axial
loading.
For end bearing piles (ignore skin friction), calculate

the axial stiffness.
"v=~ =----
Step 3: Calculate pile group stiffness by combining the

stiffness contribution of each individual pile.
A. Lateral Stiffness
K L = n . k'g , L
K r = n . k'g ,T
Note: n is the total number of piles.
B. Axial Stiffness
K v = n k v =
9B-5
c. Torsional Stiffness
n n
K TOR = L
i=l
k'8,L . y~ + L
i=l
k'8,T . x~
I.. Yi .,
0 0 0
IXi
0 0 0
L
0 0 0
T
D. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Transverse

Axis.
n
K RT = k v . L x~1
i=l
9B-6
E. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Longitudinal
Axis.
n
K RL = k v . L Y;
i=l
9B-7
BLOWCOUNT (BLOWSIFT)
0 2 4 8 15 30
\ MED. STIFF VERY STIFF HARD
l
e N
,..
e r-=
~OFT
N
-
( 'I)
-
- -
c VERY SOFT C'J
~ E
-ar
;:::.
CfJ
0
ClQ
~
N
Z
.::t:-
C'J
0
W ~
Z
U.
u.
j:::
-x
...:
CI) ~
W Z
-
M
C e v::$ W
'C
~
(!j
Es 0
Ll.
m
=> ,,"" Ll.
CfJ ,," W
0
~ "
~" 0
z ,," w
0
~
0
'lI:f
=
e:-
- a: O
<3:
a: C!)
'!Il
~ ::>
u. rn
0
u:
u.
w 0 -.::r:
~ V')
0
0
0 I
0 1 2 3 4 5
COHESION (ksf)
I
1O' I
50 100 150
I I
200
I
250
COHESION (kPa)
Figure 9-20: Coefficient of Variation of Subgrade Modulus for Clay.
9B-8
Recommended p-Multiplier
For Group Effects
"~",~",,,.(,,
,w"~~~''t,{'*W:~
..7-
.....
.p ~
~:"~..:..
.. ~::: <:~::':":':/'~.::':~'~:'::;
.IIf. , . .. .
.
...;
iii.'
, .. eo A,. i ~ i ,OJ r.o I
\0
to
I
\0
'.
/U rU u, U,U" U1\
Front Row 2nd Row 3rd & More Rows
Row Spacing Front Row 2nd Row 3rd & More Rows
3D 0.8 0.45 0.35
4D 0.9 0.65 0.55
5D 1.0 0.85 0.75
VL.,..-i--" ,
ci It'l
Z
o
S ..
,
u
Cl I"
~ I
.
UJ
:r:
UJ
UJ
l\' I\." '" '''' ~ Jl.......... ~
c:
u.
c: f = 200
o
u. 1 = 150
en
~ .... 1\" 1 =100
en -i--l-+-!~=+++-b--..q~--4+-1+H+,,=-...:::--g....+-fd'.ffi~l\~ 'oM!
, . 1 = 80
UJ V~ 1\\\ 1 =60
zu. I--"'" V ~ /.... ~\ \ 1 = 40
u. V I.. . . . . . . l\\\
~
...J
~
t
./
_ _ ~.1=10
\.
1=5
1=1
1 =20
c: =--l--H-HH+!+,-+-+-+-++H*-+-+-+-tttl+t-~d'1 = 0.5
UJ
~ +---l--l!-+++-l-H+-+--Hf-HI-H-I+---l-t-t-t+tttt--t- 1= 0.1
~
...J
Coefl. of Variation of Soil Reaction
o Modulus with Depth, 1(LBIlN 3)
1"""'1 I
10 10 1011 10 12
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LB-IN 2)
FREE HEAD PILE STIFFNESS Ko'

2
, K
Ko- --M. =
I
I
Ke
~.~
I
I =0.41
I
I
ll.11/S
I Ib/in J = 272 kN/m J
,
I
, T= \T7 I ksf= 48 kPa

lib/in = 0.1752 kN/m
I Ib-in 2 = 2.87xIO 6 kN-m 2
Figure 9-21: Lateral Stiffness of Free-Headed Piles.
9B-IO
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. 9B
Step 1: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under

lateral loading.
First, determine Pile Head Boundary Condition.

Assume pile head has a hinged end condition due to
small pile head embedment into the pile cap (i.e., a
free-headed pile analysis).
A. Determine the coefficient of variation of

subgrade modulus for clay using Figure 9-20:
f = 16lbs/in3
B. Consider the pile group effect. Estimate the

overall stiffness reduction factor (i.e., p-
multiplier) using Table 9-5:
(p-multiplier)ave in Longitudinal Direction =

(0.8 + 0.45 + 0.35) / 3 = 0.53
(p-multiplier)ave in Transverse Direction =

(1.0 + 0.85 + 0.75) /3= 0.87
9B-ll
SLav/COUNT (BLOWSIFT)
o 2 4 8 15 30"
VERY STIFF HARD

\ MED. STIFF
L
c 1+..I..::..J----I,----....I.------r-----1------jr-=
M
c M
1""l
LsOFT
-
( l)
-
-
c VERY SOFT CO)
~ E
-
::::;. c
00 -
N
~ Z
.::t:.
CO)
0
.....
- X
. .:
~
..., Z
-
~ W
0
u:
",'" L1..
",
W
,.'" 0
,,"
,.,,:,,'
0
W
-= a:
C\
Cl
C!J
"CO
::>
Cf)
~
~
e I
0 1 2 3 4 5
COHESION (ksf)
I
iO' I
50 100 150
I I
200
f
250
COHESION (kPa)
Figure 9-20: Coefficient of Variation of Subgrade Modulus for Clay.
9B-12
C. Determine the Effective Coefficient of subgrade
modulus feff = (p-multiplier)ave f:
Longitudinal: feff, L = 0.53 x 16 = 8.5 lb/in 3

Transverse: feff, T = 0.87 x 16 = 13.9 lb/in 3
D. Calculate the Bending Stiffness of the Pile
EI = 3,600,000 x 1885 =6.8 x 109 lb-in2

E. Derive lateral stiffness for free-head condition
using Figure 9-21:
k' o,L = 1.2 x 104 lb/in (Longitudinal)

k' o,T = 1.7 x 104 lb/in (Transverse)
9B-13
~~ ~
...... l;" , :,......-- v
~ "<::
I--::: ~ ~
v ..... 0
l:::t:: ~ ~ L--"l-- ~ .....

I---"
...........:: ~ ~ K\ l\l--" 1/ l.--~ I
0
I
~ l--' ~, L.-":
..... / ", ..... """ I
V..,.. v
V l\' l\ 1\ 1\ V
V
Kl\~ ~
V..,..
v ~ ...
f = 200
CoeH. of Variation of Soil Reaction

Modulus with Depth, f (lSflN 3 )
I I I 1'1.
2
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LS-IN )
FREE HEAD PILE STIFFNESS Ko'

2
K
=Ko- --.M..
,
,
I
K e
=0.41 E~
I
I
I
T
I
I ~1/5
1 Ib/in ' = 272 kNlm '
I
T= \f7 1 ksf= 48 kPa
lIb/in = 0.1752 kN/m
I Ib-in 2 = 2.87x 10. 6 kN-m 2
Figure 9-21: Lateral Stiffness of Free-Headed Piles.
9B-14
Step 2: Solve for the stiffness of a single pile under axial
loading.
For end bearing piles (ignore skin friction), calculate

the axial stiffness.
b- = AE = 154x 3,600,000 =1,540,000 lb/in

I'll L 30x12"
Step 3: Calaculate pile group stiffness by combining the

stiffness contribution of each individual pile.
A. Lateral Stiffness
K L = n k'5,L = 9 x (1.2 X 104)
= 1.1 x 105 lb/in (Longitudinal)
K T = n . k'5, T = 9 x (1.7 x 104)
= 1.53 x 105 lb/in (Transverse)
B. Axial Stiffness
Kv = n . k v = 9 x 1,540,000 = 1.39 x 106 1b/in
9B-15
c. Torsional Stiffness
n n
K TOR =L i=l
k'a,L Y~+L
i=l
k'a,T x~
= 5.3 X 108 lb-in/rad
I~ Yi .,
0 0 0
TXi
0 0 0
T~L
0 0
D. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Transverse

Axis.
n
K RT = k v . L x;
i =1
- 1,540,000 x 6 x (42)2 = 1.6 X 1010 lb-in/rad
9B-16
E. Rocking Rotational Stiffness about Longitudinal
Axis.
n
K RL = k v . L y~
i=l
- 1,540,000 x 6 x (70)2 = 4.5 X 10 10 lb-in/rad
9B-17
Q
~
:
: 0
, 0 . 0
'
,
,
.,
--
0
I I
I I I.
.-. I I III1 I I I I I I
z v,-
::::::
CD
- I I I I
I II
I I III I
I JIll
~ '-' J):
...J
....... Jhtl U:~v~ I
= 200
" O~j;p'-
\D
~ f
0<{
Q-
~ f = 150
W f
f
= 100~
= ~
0
. v.- ...... . , .0
, 0
, I
= 80 --- --- ..... !.....-:' I

~I
::I:
c f 60 " ....
"-..>. 1-"1
0 1''''''''--'-
::.,......-- V- I !
'-"
L 1--'11
II
w I ~~ ~ ... ~ v V v,1 ~!--"'I I

X I I I
IF FIXE P,
-
u:
en
en
an
Q
~
..........-:::~ tt
~
~ t:::
~
I-- HiIt>< V
i'...
tJ..+u.
I I 1
""~ I~
,
.
5.0 X/oil:

W
Z
U.
.... .- 1"""'.... , I
0
I
01.
u.,...-
I
'-'
II "
"
.....
~.'i.
I.>:
0
I
I
I
I
I
Ht ---....k r......'"
'-1 . I i
u. en i-'" )./(1 f',.~nlill
3.3xIO ...J
v ,,~
'~f-40
r.......rrl
......
f',~
<{
z
a "b ,..-(
V
V
~
100-'1.-
I L.--
~o:'O
"'. f
f
=
= 20
10
~ , ,,
, f =5
...J .- .0
I I ......
=1
en v ...... "- f
Z
I
.............
..Joo"', I
,. ........-r
I I IIII
V 1 I
I
I
I ........ f = 0.5
<{
0: I I I I I
f = 0.1
~
M
Q
~
lvH11
. . I I
Coeff. of Variation of Soil Reaction
Modulus with Depth, f (L8IIN3 )
. ' "'1 I
10 10 1011 1012
BENDING STIFFNESS, EI (LB-IW)
I
PI =Ko'3+ Koa' e
I
" Mt =Kae3+Ke,e
K =1.0765E'
T3 I Ib/in 3 = 272 kN/m J
~1/5 1 ksf= 48 kPa
T =\ f7 lib/in = 0.1752 kN/m
I Ib-in~ = 2.87x 10,6 kN-m 2
Figure 9-22: Lateral Stiffness of Fixed Head Piles.
9B-18
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. lOA
Dynamic Earth Pressure Approach for Seismic
Design of Retaining Walls.
Objective:
Derive the Dynamic Earth Pressure for a Cantilever
Wall Retaining a Highway Enbankment in Collinsville,
IL. The Wall Geometry, Soil Properties behind the
Wall and other Assumptions are Presented in Figure
SlOA-l.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part I: Section 9.4.2, Equations 9-
13a and 9-13b, and Figure 9-28.
lOA-l
Location: Collinsville, IL
Peak Acceleration on Firm Ground (or Rock)
Ace = O.15g (per current AASHTO)
Site is Underlain by Soft Soil
Soil Amplification Factor = 1.5
Assume the Wall Can Yield Sufficiently to Mobilize
Active Soil Wedge, But Permanent Sliding
Displacement is Not Allowed.
Other Relevant Parameters Are Given in the Sketch
Below.
0.5m .1 ~
Not to Scale
y=19 kN/m3
0
5m <1>=32
p=oo0 (backfill slope angle)
8=0 (vertical wall face)
0.7 m I I
T -
Figure S lOA-1 : Retaining Wall Geometry and
Assumptions
10A-2
1. Total Wall Height, H = -----
2. 0 = <p =
---
3. kh = Amplified Peak Ground Acceleration/g
= 1.5 x 0.15 =
Ignore Vertical Ground Motion ~ = 0
4. W = arc tan [kh /(l-kv)] = _
5. Compute Active Earth Pressure Coefficient (Eq. 9-13b)
2
K ae = COS r(cP-W-8) ] 2
sin +0 sin - -
COSW cos 2 8 cos(0+8+W) 1 + (cP) (cP W P)
cos(0+8+W) cos(P-8)
K ae = - - - - -
lOA-3
6. Total Dynamic Active Earth Force (Eq. 9-13a)
P =_lK yH 2 ==
ae 2 ae ------
7. Uniformly Distributed Dynamic Earth Pressure
Pae == Pae/H ==
IOA-4
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE NO. lOA
1. Total Wall Height, H = 5 + 0.7 = 5.7 m
2. 0 = <I> = 32
3. kh = Amplified Peak Ground Acceleration/g
= 1.5 x 0.15 =0.225
Ignore Vertical Ground Motion ~ =0
5. Compute Active Earth Pressure Coefficient (Eq.9-13b)
2
K ae = COS [( <I> -tV -8) ] 2
cosljr cos26 cos(5+6+ljr) 1 +

sin(<I +0 sin(<I> - ljr - P)
cos(0+8+tV) cos(~-8)
K ae = 0.47
10A-5
6. Total Dynamic Active Earth Force (Eq. 9-13a)
7. Uniformly Distributed Dynamic Earth Pressure
Pae = Pae/H = 145/5.7 = 25.4 kPa
0=32
For External Stability Analysis
lOA-6
STUDENT EXERCISE NO. lOB
Permissible Displacement Approach for Seismic

Design of Retaining Walls.
Objective:
Derive the Reduced Seismic Coefficient, Kh, Using the
Permissible Displacement Approach for the Same
Retaining Wall in Student Exercise NO. IDA. Wall is
Allowed to Displace by 50 mm. A Peak Ground
Velocity of 250 mm/sec was Obtained from a Site
Response Analysis.
Source Materials:
Reference Manual Part II: Section 9.4.2, Equation 9-14.
10B-l
1. dR = Allowable Displacement = _
2. Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient, A = - - -
3. Peak Ground Velocity, V = - - - -
4. Use Eq. 9-14:
dR
V N)
2
=0.087 ( A.g A
) ( -4
~ N = K h =_ _ (Transmittable Acceleration Coefficient)
lOB-2
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISE NO. lOB
1. dR = Allowable Displacement = 50 nun
2. Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient, A = 0.225
3. Peak Ground Velocity, V = 250 nun/sec
4. Use Eq. 9-14:
dR =0.087 ( ::J.( ~) -4
2
~ 50=0.087 ( 250 J.( 0.225
N )-4
0.225x9,810
N = Kh = 0.106 (Transmittable Acceleration Coefficient)
5. Use kh = 0.106 and kv=O for External Stability Analysis

of the Wall
lOB-3

Training Course in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Student Exercises PDF

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TRAINING COURSE IN GEOTECHNICAL

AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

NHICOURSE NO. 13239 - MODULE 9 PUBLICATION NO. FHWA HI-99-014

GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

.~I:I. National Highway Institute

REPRODUCED BY: I!DJ,

DETAILED DESIGN EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Principal Investigator: George Munfakh*

* Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc.

National Highway Institute

FHWA Technical Consultants - J.A. DiMaggio, A. Munoz and P. Osborn

17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED 162

A reference manual (FHWA-HI-99-012) was developed to provide information on how to apply

PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT

No.1 Ground Motion Parameters 1-1

No.2A Derivation of SPT- (N 1)60 2A-l

No.5 SHAKE Program 5-1

Derivation of Site-Specific Design Ground Motion

USGS Website Data: 2% in 50-Year Seismic Hazard

2. Establish To and T s for Normalized Spectra

A. Establish Z Factor From Figure 3-4:

B. Establish Site Class From Table 4-3

E. Establish To From Inset on Figure 4-18:

4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for Soft Clay Site

5. Plot Spectral Accelerations from USGS Website on

6. Subjectively Assess Design Earthquake Magnitude

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

S Hard Rock > 1500 m/s

So Stiff Soil 180 m/s to 360 m/s IS < N < 50

SF Special Soils Collapsible. liquefiable. sensitive

Notes: I. Average shear wave velocity ~or upper 30m.

Seismic Zone Factor, Z

S 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32N

S" 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 O.44N

S.o1 Prom. Type I .

S 0.06 0.12 0.16 0.24 0.32N v

Spectral Period (seconds)

Welcome to the USGS Zip Code earthquake ground

(These ground motion values are calculated for 'firm

o The original zip code file was a freebee download from

To find the ground motion values enter a 5 digit zip code

lof2 6/9/98 6:47 PM

Enter Zip Code: Enter Zip Code:

The URL ofthis page is

The input zip-code is 02115.

[rSGS. C1!111r~1 RC'/!;on. Geo(ugit: Hauu,13' Tc:Wtl

At 56 cities in the Central and Eastern U.S. (CEUS) and 44 cities in

Four matrices of per cent contribution to hazard are available at this

For the CEUS, the lowest magnitude considered for hazard

An example iraph of deaggregated seismic hazard for 1 Hz spectral

The URL ofthis page is

The URL ofthis page is http://geohazards.cr.llsgs.gov/eq/html/cell

l'SGS. Ct'rllru! Rcgwn. G{'<llo.~ic H!J:Lmi.\ T.'ulTr

Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years 1.0 hz (1.0 s)

For Firm Ground Site:

For Soft Ground Site:

See Attached Plot of Spectra, USGS Data.

USGS - 2% in 50 years (S. - Sc Boundary)

1997 USC Firm Ground (Sa - Se Boundary)

6A. M = 6.5 (Subjective)

Computation of Standardized and Normalized SPT