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Slumped position Ghost image of cervical spine superimposed on the Stand-up machines: have the patient
anterior region step forward or place feet on markers
All machines: be certain the patient is
sitting or standing erect
Chin not on the chin rest Sinus not visible on the film Position the chin on the chin rest
Tops of condyles are cut off
Excessive distance between inferior border of the
mandible and the lower edge of the film
Bite guide not used Incisal and occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower Use bite guide
teeth overlapped Compensate for missing anterior teeth
with cotton rolls
Tongue not on palate Relative radiolucency obscuring apices of the Place the tongue firmly against the
maxillary teeth (palatoglossal air space) palate
Ask the patient to swallow, or to suck
on his or her tongue
Lips open Relative radiolucency on the coronal portion of the Close lips
upper and lower teeth
PANORAMIC PATIENT POSITIONING ERRORS
Adapted from Langland OE, Langlais RP, Preece JW. Principles of Dental Imaging, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2002.