DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

ENGINEERING

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

Prepared by
Irish Angelin S
Assistant Professor
Aeronautical Department
UNIT I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 10

Introduction - Basic Equations of Fluid Dynamics

CONTINUITY EQUATION

ENERGY EQUATION:
. Net heat transfer is given as,
Incompressible In viscid Flows: Source, vortex and doublet panel, methods
VORTEX PANEL
SOURCE PANEL
Elliptic, Parabolic and Hyperbolic equations
HYPERBOLIC EQUATION:
PARABOLIC EQUATION:
ELLIPTICAL EQUATION:
Well posed problems -
If the solution to a partial differential equation exists and is unique, and if the solution
depends continuously upon the initial and boundary conditions, then the problem is well-
posed. In CFD, it is important that you establish that your problem is well-posed before
you attempt to carry out a numerical solution.

Discretization of partial Differential Equations.

Irish Angelin,
AP/Aero
UNIT II GRID GENERATION

Types and transformations.

Generation of structured grids-Unstructured grids.
Assume that we want to solve a partial dierential equation (pde) on a complicated
domain.Itcould be a pde describing the ow of air or water past an object, suchas
ship,car,orairplane, or it could be a pde describing the electric and magnetic elds around an
object. We must then discretize the domain ,i.e., divide it into a number of cells where the
solution can be represented. Numerical solutions are often represented as point values of a
quantity,(e.g.the local velocity of a uid) at the grid points, or as the average of the quantity over
one cell ,see Figure
Fig.Gridpointsandcellcenters.

We next approximate the pde on the discretized domain, using a nite dierence method, nite
element method or any other method which is suitable for the problem at hand. The more
densely clustered the grid points are, the better the accuracy will be in the computational time
becomes larger .However, with a large number of grid points, the computation becomes slower.
There are many problems that even today cannot be satisfactory resolved with todays most
powerful super computers. There are two distinct diculties when we discretize the domain.
How to resolve the geometry, and how to resolve the computed solution.

Delany triangulation.
In computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation for a set P of points in a plane is
atriangulation DT(P) such that no point in P is inside the circumcircle of any triangle in DT(P).
Delaunay triangulations maximize the minimum angle of all the angles of the triangles in the
triangulation; they tend to avoid skinny triangles. For a set of points on the same line there is no
Delaunay triangulation (the notion of triangulation is degenerate for this case). For four or more
points on the same circle (e.g., the vertices of a rectangle) the Delaunay triangulation is not
unique: each of the two possible triangulations that split the quadrangle into two triangles
satisfies the "Delaunay condition", i.e., the requirement that the circumcircles of all triangles
have empty interiors.
UNIT III DISCRETIZATION 8
Boundary layer Equations and methods of solution
Implicit time dependent methods for inviscid and viscous compressible flows - Concept of
numerical dissipation
1.Explicit approach.
(a) Advantage. Relatively simple to set up and program.
(b) Disadvantage. In terms of our above example, for a given x, t must be less than some
limit imposed by stability constraints. In many cases, t must be very small to maintain
stability; this can result in long computer running times to make calculations over a given
interval of t.
2. Implicit approach.
(a) Advantage. Stability can be maintained over much larger values of t, hence using
considerably fewer time steps to make calculations over a given interval of t. This results in
less computer time.
(b) Disadvantage. More complicated to set up and program.
(c) Disadvantage. Since massive matrix manipulations are usually required at each time step,
the computer time per time step is much larger than in the explicit approach.
(d) Disadvantage. Since large t can be taken, the truncation error is larger, and the use of
implicit methods to follow the exact transients (time variations of the independent variable)
may not be as accurate as an explicit approach. However, for a time-dependent solution in
which the steady state is the desired result, this relative time-wise inaccuracy is not important

Stability properties of explicit and implicit methods

Consider,

, the solution can be written as,

Conservative upwind discretization for Hyperbolic systems - Further advantages of upwind
differencing.

The Upwind Scheme

Regarding discretization, we can think about the following formulations:
It is also well known that upwind method of discretization is very much necessary in
convection (advection) dominated flows in order to obtain numerically stable results.

Irish Angelin,
AP/Aero
UNIT IV FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES 6
Overview of Finite Element Techniques in Computational Fluid Dynamics.
Finite Element Method, is a mathematical technique used to predict the response of structures and
materials to environmental factors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) uses FEM, as a powerful
engineering tool, to numerically simulate the real world without the need to test prototypes. The
finite element method (FEM) is also a numerical technique for solving partial differential equations.
In this method variational method is used to minimize the errors and produce stable function.
Strong and Weak Formulations of a Boundary Value Problem.
UNIT V FINITE VOLUME TECHNIQUES 14
Finite Volume Techniques
The flux entering a given volume is identical to that leaving the adjacentvolume,
these methods are conservative. It is a method for representing and evaluating partial
differential equations in the form of algebraic equations
Cell Centered Formulation

Lax - Vendoroff Time Stepping

Runge - Kutta Time Stepping - Multi - stage Time Stepping - Accuracy -.

Cell Vertex Formulation - Multistage Time Stepping

FDM -like Finite Volume Techniques

Central and Up-wind Type Discretizations

Irish Angelin,
AP/Aero
Pressure correction solvers SIMPLE, PESO.
Flow chart of PISO algorithm
The algorithm can be summed up as follows:

1. Set the boundary conditions.

2. Solve the discretized momentum equation to compute an intermediate velocity field.
3. Compute the mass fluxes at the cells faces.
4. Solve the pressure equation.
5. Correct the mass fluxes at the cell faces.
6. Correct the velocities on the basis of the new pressure field.
7. Update the boundary conditions.
8. Repeat from 3 for the prescribed number of times.
9. Increase the time step and repeat from 1.
As already seen for the SIMPLE algorithm, the steps 4 and 5 can be repeated for a prescribed
number of time to correct for non-orthogonality.
PREDICTOR STEP
guess the pressure field and get velocity field component and using Discretized
momentum equation.The initial guess for the pressure may be correct or not.
CORRECTOR STEP 1
velocity component obtain from predictor step may not satisfy the continuity equation ,so we
define correction factor p',v',u' pressure field and velocity field. solve momentum equation by put
correct pressure field and get corresponding correct velocity component and .

where ;
:correct pressure field and velocity component
:correction in pressure field and correction in velocity component
:guessed pressure field and velocity component
we define as above . by put correct term of pressure field in discretized
momentum equation we get correct velocity component and . Once the pressure
correction is known we can find correction component for the velocity and .
CORRECTOR STEP2
;
;
;
where : are respectively correct pressure field and correct velocity component
and are second correction pressure and velocity field.
set where ; are correct pressure and velocity field

Advantages and disadvantages:

1. Generally gave more stable results and took less CPU time but not suitable for all
process.
2. Suitable numerical schemes for solving the pressure-velocity linked equation.
3. for laminar backward facing step PISO faster than SIMPLE but it slower for concerning
flow through heated fin.
4. If momentum and scalar equation have weak or no coupling then PISO better than
SIMPLEC.

Irish Angelin,
AP/Aero