Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Abstract. The purposes of a syllabus are project in which we have examined more contract between the instructor and the
almost as varied as the possible contents but than two hundred course syllabi from student (Matejka and Kurke 1994, Smith
can be grouped into several categories. The eleven colleges and schools in a single and Razzouk 1993). Like any contract,
article proposes that syllabi serve three major
roles: the syllabus as a contract, the syllabus as university. From our observations of the syllabus serves to set forth what is
a permanent record, and the syllabus as a these documents as well as our reading of expected during the term of the con-
learning tool. Each function has implications the scanty academic literature on syllabi, tracttypically a semesterand to guide
for what a syllabus should contain. General we have noted that syllabi seem to vary in the behaviors of both parties. More
observations about constructing syllabi two fundamental areas: (a) the apparent specifically, the syllabus should delineate
conclude the article.
reasons for writing the syllabus and (b) the responsibilities of students and of the
the material that it contains. It also seems instructor for various tasks, including
that the literature has not synthesized attendance, assignments, examinations,
56 COLLEGE TEACHING
end up changing in ways they dont wish fession or discipline. They may also con- contain a number of small but important
to change. An instructor might indicate sider a syllabus as evidence of an instruc- pieces of information in addition to a
her or his own limitations or biases in tors clarity of writing, attitudes towards detailed description of the content and the
teaching a certain course if that would be students, knowledge of pedagogy, and assessment procedures: the title and
of use to students. fairness in evaluation. date(s) of the course, including the name
Finally, the syllabus should mention In addition to faculty reviews, academ- of the department; the number of credit
the rights and responsibilities of students ic programs, departments, colleges and hours; the title and rank of the instructor;
with disabilities and provide a discussion whole universities often undergo any prerequisites or co-requisites for the
of how you will accommodate students accountability reviews for which syllabi course; required and optional texts; other
with particular learning needs. Most uni- are helpful. Examining syllabi for a series materials and experiences that the course
versities have services available to stu- of courses making up an academic major will involve. For courses that are linked to
dents with disabilities, including assess- or minor can help communicate what stu- accreditation, certification, or licensure, it
ment of their specific needs and dents are expected to know when they may also be helpful to have course objec-
provisions of ways to meet them. It is complete such a degree. Most academic tives explicitly linked to professional
likely that the administration has some programs and institutions choose to standards. A reference to these stan-
formal policies consistent with the Amer- undergo accreditation reviews by profes- dardswhich could be in the form of a
icans with Disabilities Act, as well as sional organizations. Syllabi are often hyperlink for an Internet-available syl-
suggestions for faculty on how to imple- required as part of these reviews as well. labuscould be provided.
ment them in their classrooms. For example, the National Council for Finally, we wish to issue a caution
Accreditation of Teacher Education, about the use of a Web-based syllabus as
The Syllabus as a Permanent which accredits schools and colleges with a permanent record. Such a syllabus can
Record teacher preparation programs, uses syl- be extremely flexible and easy to update,
There are at least two general reasons labi to determine if the program covers all incorporating a great variety of useful
why a syllabus is useful as a permanent of the professional education knowledge hyperlinks. However, a syllabus will
record of what was taught in a course: bases (NCATE 1992). The syllabi can be function as a permanent record only if it
accountability and documentation. In this used to demonstrate that courses are in is an accurate description of what a par-
age of outcomes assessment, which is alignment with the department and/or ticular course entailed at the time it was
often mandatory for accreditation of pro- institutional mission statements (Wool- offered. We suggest that instructors either
grams and institutions, more and more cock 2000). They can also be used to keep a printed copy of their on-line syl-
evidence is often sought to show evidence show that the program is consistent with labus, print out an index to itif the
of effectiveness. By providing details of the expectations of the discipline and the entire syllabus is extremely longor
what was covered, what students were accrediting agency. store each semesters revised syllabus in a
expected to do, and how these outcomes There is a second set of reasons for different file. Otherwise, it will be diffi-
and performances were assessed, syllabi using a syllabus as a permanent record, in cult to document how the course was
can be quite helpful in efforts to evaluate addition to helping to demonstrate the changed or what a particular student stud-
both individual instructors and entire pro- effectivenessor ineffectivenessof an ied when he took the class back in spring
grams. instructor or academic unit. As a perma- 2000.
Instructors are held accountable for nent record, a syllabus can serve to docu-
their performance through processes such ment what was covered in a course; at The Syllabus as a Learning Tool
as annual reviews, merit pay reviews, and what level, scope and depth; and for what A course syllabus can serve as a high-
promotion and tenure reviews (Glassick, kinds of credit. When students wish to ly effective facilitator of student learning
Huber, and Maeroff 1997). As part of the transfer credits from one institution to (Grunert 1997, Pastorino 1999), some-
review process, course syllabi are often another institution or to substitute one thing that many faculty may not fully
used to communicate information about course for another, the course syllabus consider (Woolcock 2000). With the
the instructors teaching ability (Hutch- may be used to help determine whether or increasing influence that cognitive, con-
ings 1996, Kahn 1993, Malik 1996, not the request is appropriate. Since many structivist, and social learning theories
Seldin 2000). Review committees will students are now attending a number of are having on higher education as well as
consider syllabi to determine if courses institutions of higher learning in the the effects of the many technological
contain information about a topic that is course of obtaining a degree, as well as advances in modes of delivery of instruc-
appropriate in terms of both scope and requesting credit for professional experi- tion, faculty members realize that stu-
depth. They may evaluate whether or not ences or on-line courses, a detailed syl- dents do not do all of their learning while
the instructor appears to be cognizant of labus can play an important role in docu- sitting in the classroom. Students learn as
the level of students in the course, the menting what a particular course much or more by reading, writing,
uses to which the students will put the included and how it might fit into a cohe- researching, and discussing outside of
knowledge and skills learned in the class, sive course of study. class as they do from direct interaction
and the correspondence between the con- For a syllabus to be most useful as a with a faculty member. Even with
tent and the current demands of the pro- permanent record, the document should phones, Web sites, and e-mail, a faculty
58 COLLEGE TEACHING
research that has empirically, let alone office location; office hours; phone and Dr. Mary Harris
experimentally, evaluated the effects of fax numbers; e-mail address; degree(s) Professor Emerita
and titles [Original syllabus includes
syllabi upon student learning. Nor have
required and optional course materials address, telephone number, and
we conducted such research ourselves, e-mail address]
although we hope to do so in the future. schedule or calendar
expectations for student performance M 1011:30
We emphasize that our suggestions
and behavior TH 1011:30
above and those we will provide below grading procedures and policies and by appointment
reflect professional judgment but not information about learning strategies
quantitative analyses. We urge readers additional policies Course Materials
to consider these suggestions and to rec- Texts:
ognize that a syllabus is a personal doc- Some instructors choose to reveal a Grunert, J. 1997. The course syllabus: A
ument as well as a professional one. A substantial amount of personal informa- learning-centered approach. Bolton, MA:
tion about themselves in their syllabus, Anker Publishing Company.
syllabus reflects the instructors feel-
including cell phone numbers, names of Student Packet available from the College
ings, attitudes, and beliefs about the of Education Publications Copy Center
subject matter as well as about the stu- family members, and information about
dents in the class. By making those their reasons for teaching the class or General Course Information
opinions salient, a syllabus can serve as studying the topic. Some choose to use Pre- or Co-requisites: None
a guide to the instructor as much as a colored paper; to include graphics, jokes, Credit Hours Earned: 1 graduate credit
or quotations; or to supplement a mini- Departments Offering the Course: Higher
guide to the class. Education (HIED)
As we reviewed the literature on syllabi malist syllabus with subsequent hand-
Catalog Description: Designed for univer-
and looked at our own collection of syl- outs. The decision to construct a Web- sity faculty, part-time instructors, and teaching
labi, we noticed some potential elements based syllabus permits the use of color assistants, this course teaches syllabus con-
of a syllabus that, at least from our per- and links as organizational devices but struction from a purposive perspective. Pur-
may end up being a less helpful reference poses of a syllabus, such as a contract, a per-
spective, are helpful and some things that manent record, and a learning tool are
seem distracting. To decide what to tool, particularly if the syllabus is too
considered.
include in a syllabus, we find it helpful to lengthy to be printed and the student does
not have access to a laptop. Such choices Course Objectives
consider it to be a reference document
(Grunert 1997) which students will use about the structure and format of a syl- This course is designed to provide you with a
labus provide a way to serve the needs of workshop-style experience in syllabus writ-
throughout and even after the course. As a ing. At the completion of the course you
reference source, like a dictionary or tele- the instructor and the student. In making
should be able to:
phone book, a syllabus must be well orga- these decisions we suggest that the List the major purposes syllabi serve in
nized and structured to maximize the abil- instructor design a syllabus so that a read- higher education.
ity to locate the necessary information er can use it easily to achieve its major Discuss the implications of those purposes
purposes: as a contract, as a permanent for syllabus content.
efficiently. Although the typical organiza- Write syllabi for your own courses that
tion is topical rather than alphabetical, it document, and as a tool to enhance stu-
appropriately consider the purposes for
probably helps to use a variety of organi- dent learning. writing syllabi.
zational devices: headings and subhead- The sample syllabus in the appendix
Course Procedures
ings; boldface, italics, and underlining; incorporates many of the ideas we have
suggested here. Although we recognize The course meets Mondays from 12:001:00
spacing and indenting; variable font sizes p.m. in Simpson Hall Room 125 throughout
and styles; bullets and/or numbers; and that there is no such thing as a generic the semester. This meeting will consist pri-
perhaps color. Too much of any of the good syllabus that fits all courses and all marily of discussion of the weeks assigned
above can be distracting, however. Pages instructors, this example might serve as an readings, as well as workshop time spent in
and pages of text seem less useful to us appropriate synthesis of our discussion. drafting syllabi or portions of syllabi. Students
will be expected to critique and revise syllabi
than bulleted or numbered lists. Indeed provided by others as well as their own work.
Diamond (1998) has suggested preparing APPENDIX
a student manual to supplement a syllabus HIED 501: The Purposes of a Syllabus Assessment and Grading
rather than trying to incorporate too much Spring Semester, 2001 Grades for the course will depend on class
1 credit participation and discussion indicating that
information in the syllabus alone.
The particular structure that a syllabus Instructors: you have read the assigned readings (25
Dr. Jay Parkes percent of course grade), timely completion
includes will vary greatly with the type of Asst. Prof. of Educational Psychology of all assignments, including critiquing the
course that it details. However, we have [Original syllabus includes syllabi written by classmates (30 percent of
found that it is generally useful to delin- address, telephone number, and course grade), and writing and submission
eate the following topics or divisions: e-mail address] of three course syllabi, (45 percent of
course grade).
basic information about the course: Office Hours: Failure to complete any of the work will
title, department, credits, meeting loca- M 1:453:45 result in a zero being recorded for that
tion, and instructor T 1011:30 assignment.
basic information about the instructor: and by appointment No incompletes will be given.
60 COLLEGE TEACHING
Keen v. Penson, 970 F.2d 252, (E.D. Wiscon- Lexington MA: D.C. Heath and Company. the syllabus. Journal of Education for Busi-
sin, 1992). National Council for Accreditation of Teacher ness 68(4):21521.
Leeds, J. 1992. The course syllabus as seen Education. 1992. Standards, procedures, and Whitley, B. E., D. V. Perkins, D. W. Balogh, P.
by the undergraduate student. Paper pre- policies for the accreditation of professional Keith-Speigel, and A. F. Wittig. 2000. Fair-
sented at the Annual Meeting of the Amer- education units. Washington, DC: Author. ness in the classroom. APS Observer 13(6):
ican Psychological Association, Washing- Pastorino, E. E. 1999. Students with academic 247.
ton, DC. difficulty: Prevention and assistance. APS Wittig, A. F., D. V. Perkins, D. W. Balogh, B. E.
Malik, D. J. 1996. Peer review of teaching: Observer 1011, 26. Whitley, and P. Keith-Speigel, 1999. Treating
External review of course content. Innova- Seldin, P. 2000. Portfolios: A positive appraisal. students differentially: Ethics in shades of
tive Higher Education 20(4):27785. Academe, January/February, 3747. gray. APS Observer 12(6):123, 36.
Matejka, K., and L. Kurke. 1994. Designing a Sheen, R. 1994. A critical analysis of the advo- Woolcock, M. J. V. Constructing a syllabus.
great syllabus. College Teaching 4(3): cacy of the task-based syllabus. TESOL (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2000 from
11517. Quarterly 28(1):12750. <http://Sheridan-Center.stg.brown.
McKeachie, W. J. 1986. Teaching tips: A Smith, M. F., and N. Y. Razzouk. 1993. Improv- edu/publications/SyllabusHandbook/
guidebook for the beginning college teacher. ing classroom communication: The case of syllabus.shtml>.