Automobile Engineering

ME-4015
Engine Systems
Fuel & Exhaust gas system

Dr. Sobahan Mia

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
KUET, Khulna
 Automotive Engine System

Engine fuel and Exhaust System

(EFI System, Supercharger,
Turbochargers, Carburetor, Diesel
fuel injection system)
Engine Lubrication System

Engine Cooling System

 Pollutants from Automobile
Pollution There are four sources of air pollutants from
the automobile. These are the engine crankcase, air
cleaner or carburetor, fuel tank and tail pipe.
Vehicle emission controls: The amount of pollutants from each
source is controlled by the vehicle emission controls. These are:
Crankcase emission control system: It sends blowby
gases back through the engine to be burned. This prevents
their escape into the atmosphere.
- Evaporative emission control system: It traps fuel
vapors escaping from the air cleaner, carburetor and fuel
tank. These vapors are then returned to the engine and
burned.
- Exhaust emission control system: It includes a variety of
engine management and emission control devices and
systems. They all are work to reduce the pollutants in the
exhaust gas.
 Fuel (Gasoline)
Gasoline is the lightest liquid petroleum fraction. Gasoline
is made or refined from crude oil (petroleum).
A good quality Gasoline should have
1. Proper volatility, which determines how easily the gasoline
vaporizes.
2. Resistance to spark knock or detonation.
3. Oxidation inhibitors, which prevent formation of gum in the fuel
system.
4. Antirust agents, which prevent rusting of metal parts in the fuel
system.
5. Anti-icers, which retard icing in the throttle body and fuel line-
freezing.
6. Detergents, which help keep the carburetor or fuel injectors clean.
7. Dye for identification, such as red dye which gives leaded gasoline
a rust or orange color.
 Anti-Knock and Octane rating
Abnormal combustion of Spark Ignition engine in the combustion
chamber is known as knocking or detonation. The two flame fronts
meet, producing a very rapid, and high pressure rise. The result is a
high-pitch metallic rapping noise called pinging. To ensure the anti
knock property of gasoline, impurities from gasoline should removed.
Octane Number measures the antiknock quality of a gasoline. The
higher the octane number, the more resistant the gasoline to knock.
To determine the Octane number of petrol, two reference fuels iso-
octane and normal heptane are mixed in a certain proportion by
volume. % of iso-octane indicates the octane number. There are three
ways of degisnating the octane rating of gasoline. (i) Research Octane
Number (RON), (ii) Motor Octane Number (MON) and (iii) Road
Octane Number = (RON+MON)/2.
Mechanical factors affecting Detonation

The shape of the combustion chamber has an effect on

detonation or knocking.
Wedge combustion chamber: In wedge chamber the flame
front must travel across the chamber. The mixture is
squeezed out so fast that it promotes turbulence. The
turbulence improve the combustion.
Hemispheric combustion chamber: It has a centrally located
spark plug. The flame front travels only a relatively short
distance.
The different shapes of combustion chambers are used too
promote turbulence and improve combustion.
 Engine Fuel System
The purpose of fuel system is to supply the engine with a combustible
mixture of air and fuel. This mixture is the air-fuel mixture. It is burned
in the engine to produce power.
Types of Fuel Supply Systems:
(i) Fuel injected system and (ii) Carbureted system.
They differ in how they measure or meter the fuel to produce the desires
air-fuel ratio.
The fuel system include
(i) the fuel tank,
(ii) fuel level indicator,
(iii) fuel lines,
(iv) fuel pump,
(v) fuel filter,
(vi) air cleaner,
(vii) throttle body, and
(viii) intake manifold.
 Air Fuel Mixture
Rich and Lean Mixture
Rich Mixture: If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the
fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture, often abbreviated to
stoich. AFR numbers lower than stoichiometric are considered "rich". Rich
mixtures are less efficient, but may produce more power and burn cooler,
which is kinder on the engine. In general, if the content of fuel is higher
than air in the air-fuel mixture then it is a rich mixture.
Lean Mixture Lean-burn refers to the
burning of fuel with an excess of air in
an internal combustion engine. In lean-
burn engines the air:fuel ratio may be
as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air / fuel
ratio needed to stoichiometrically
combust gasoline, by contrast, is
14.64:1. if the content of air is higher
than fuel in the air-fuel mixture then it
is a lean mixture.
 Fuel Tank Cap, Fuel Pump
The fuel tank is made of metal or
plastic. It is usually located at the rear
of the vehicle.
Most Cars with an evaporative-
emission-control system use a special
cap on fuel tank. This cap has a
pressure-relief valve and a vacuum-
relief valve. Some caps includes
rollover check valve, this prevents fuel
leakage that could cause a fire during
an accident.

The fuel pump sends fuel from the

fuel tank to the carburetor or fuel
injectors. These are two types of
automotive fuel pumps : mechanical
and Electrical.
 Fuel Pump
The electric fuel pump must submit to
the engine enough fuel, with the
required pressure, in any operating
conditions. The electric fuel pump, in
the modern direct injection fuel
systems for petrol and diesel engines,
has the function of pre-supply pump.
Most carbureted automobile engines used
mechanical fuel pumps to transfer fuel from the
fuel tank into the fuel bowls of the carburetor.
Most mechanical fuel pumps are diaphragm
pumps, which are a type of positive displacement
pump. Diaphragm pumps contain a pump
chamber whose volume is increased or decreased
by the flexing of a flexible diaphragm, similar to
the action of a piston pump. A check valve is
located at both the inlet and outlet ports of the
pump chamber to force the fuel to flow in one
direction only.
 Vapor return line
Many cars with a
carburetor and a
mechanical fuel pump
have a vapor return line.
It runs from the fuel
pump or fuel filter to the
fuel tank. The fuel pump
can handle liquid only.
Any vapor that forms in
the pump return to the
tank through the vapor
return line.

Some car have a vapor

separator between the fuel
pump and carburetor.
Fuel System
 Fuel Gauges and Displays
Fuel level indicators: The indicator is an electro-mechanical fuel
gauge or electronic fuel level display.

Fuel Gauges- Magnetic fuel gauge, Thermostatic fuel gauge,

Electronic Fuel gauge
 Fuel Filter and Air Cleaner
Fuel system use filters and screens to prevent dirt from entering the
fuel line and fuel pump.
Air enters the engine through the air intake or air induction system.
 Fuel Pump
Fuel pump sends fuel from the fuel tank to the carburetor or fuel
injector. There are two type of automotive fuel pump: (i) Mechanical and
(ii) Electrical
Most carbureted fuel system use a
mechanical fuel pump. It usually mounts
on the side of cylinder block. An eccentric
on the camshaft operates the pump. The
rotating eccentric rocks the rocker arm up
and down. This flexes a diaphragm to
produce the pumping action.
Electric fuel pump uses an electric motor
or solenoid to provide the pumping action.
Advantages: (i) fuel delivery can begin as
soon as the ignition switch is turned on,
(ii) the electric fuel pump can always
deliver more fuel than the engine needs.
 Electric Fuel Pump
There are two type of electric fuel pump: (i) in line and (ii) in tank.
An electric motor driving an impeller provides the pumping action.
The fuel is pressurized from the pump to the engine. This helps
prevent vapor lock. In line pump is in the line between the fuel tank
and the engine.
The pump is usually located near the fuel tank at the rear of the
vehicle. Most cars uses the in tank pump located in the fuel tank.
Some vehicles use both.
 Exhaust System

The exhaust system collects, quits, and cleans the exhaust gases from
the engine.
Exhaust system includes the Exhaust manifold, Exhaust pipe, Catalytic
converter, Muffler, Resonator, Tail pipe.
Exhaust gas flows out of the catalytic converter through a muffler and
resonator. There are single exhaust system and dual exhaust system.
Muffler is usually between the catalytic converter and the resonator or
tail pipe. Its purpose is to quiet or muffle the noise of the exhaust. It
has a series of holes, passages, and resonance chambers through which
the exhaust gases passes. This damps out the noisy high pressure
surges resulting from the opening of the exhaust valves.
Electronic noise control systems are being developed. These can
almost completely eliminate exhaust noise.
 Catalytic Converter

Catalytic converter cleans the exhaust gas by reducing the pollutants to

harmless substances. The exhaust gases flow through the catalytic
converter. Catalysts inside the catalytic converter cause these changes.
Muffler
Located inside the muffler is a set
of tubes. These tubes are
designed to create reflected
waves that interfere with each
other or cancel each other out.
Take a look at the inside of this
muffler:
The exhaust gases and the sound
waves enter through the center
tube. They bounce off the back
wall of the muffler and are
reflected through a hole into the
main body of the muffler. They
pass through a set of holes into
another chamber, where they turn
and go out the last pipe and leave
the muffler.
Catalytic Converter