STANDARDIZATION IN

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
CONSTRUCTION
ROLE OF BIS

Shri D. Bhadra, Scientist C

Bureau of Indian Standards
Eastern Regional Office
18 November 2010
 INTRODUCTION

In the past 3 centuries over 3 million people

have died due to earthquakes and earthquake
related disasters.
The economic losses estimated for the period
1929-1950 are in excess of Rs. 500 billion
2/3 of the earths crust is seismically active,
which means that about 1,000,000,000 people
are living in areas of the world that are prone to
earthquakes.
 INTRODUCTION
What do we know?

Earthquakes cannot be prevented nor

accurately predicted.
It is not ground shaking itself that causes life
and economic loss but the collapse or
damage of buildings and infrastructure that
are too weak to resist the ground shaking.
 What is Earthquake Engineering?
The application of civil engineering to reduce
life and economic losses due to earthquakes,
(i.e to mitigate seismic risk)

What is Seismic Risk ?

the probability of losses occurring due to
earthquakes within the lifetime of a structure;
these losses can include human lives, social
and economic disruption as well as material
damage.
 What earthquake effects
cause damage?
Ground shaking
Surface rupture
Landslides
Liquefaction
Tsunamis
 INDIAN SEISMIC ZONE

India lies at the northwestern end of the Indo-

Australian Plate, which encompasses India,
Australia, a major portion of the Indian Ocean and
other smaller countries. This plate is colliding
against the huge Eurasian plate and going under the
Eurasian plate. This process of one tectonic plate
getting under another is termed as subduction.
When continents converge, large amounts of
shortening and thickening takes place like at the
Himalayas and the Tibet. Three chief tectonic sub-
regions of India are the Himalayas along the North,
the plains of the ganges and other rivers and the
peninsula.
EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA
 SEISMIC
ZONATION
MAP OF
INDIA
 Seismic zonation map of India

Seismic zonation map of a country is a guide to the

seismic status of a region and its susceptibility to
earthquakes. India has been divided into five zones with
respect to severity of earthquakes. Of these, Zone V is
seismically the most active where earthquakes of
magnitude 8 or more could occur. Recent strong motion
observations around the world have revolutionized
thinking on the design of engineering structures, placing
emphasis also on the characteristics of the structures
themselves.
 INDIAN SCENARIO

India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on

account of its unique geo-climatic conditions.
More than 59% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of
moderates to very high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12% of
land) is prone to floods and river erosion; close to 5700 kms out of
7516 kms long coast line, is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of
the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought including the capital of
the country. Further, hilly areas are also at risk from landslides and
avalanches.
In the decade 1990-2000, an average of about 4344 people lost
their lives and about 30 million people were affected by disasters
every year.
The loss in terms of private, community and public assets has been
astronomical.
 GOVERNMENT OF INDIAs INITIATIVES

DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREVENTION

APPROACH
The Government of India has brought into a paradigm shift
in the approach to disaster management. Going beyond
the historical focus on relief and rehabilitation after the
event, the new approach proceeds from the conviction that
development cannot be sustainable unless disaster
mitigation is built into the development process. Another
corner stone of the approach is that mitigation has to be
multi-disciplinary spanning across all sectors of
development. The new policy also emanates from the
belief that investments in mitigation are much more cost
effective than expenditure on relief and rehabilitation.
 DISASTER MITIGATION AND PREVENTION
APPROACH

After the Indian Ocean Tsunami, the GOI has constituted

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by
the PM, through an Act of Parliament, to spearhead and
implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster
Management in India.
The Disaster Management Act 2005 was enacted on 23rd
December 2005. This Act ensures dedicated and exclusive
institutional mechanism at the National, State, District and
Local level.
The National Vision is of a paradigm shift, from the erstwhile
response-centric syndrome to a proactive prevention,
mitigation and preparedness driven approach to Disaster
Management.
 DISASTER MITIGATION AND
PREVENTION APPROACH

In India, the changed policy/approach, however, mandates a

priority to pre-disaster aspects of mitigation, prevention and
preparedness and new institutional mechanisms are being put
in place to address the policy change. The Government of
India has adopted mitigation and prevention as essential
components of the development strategy.

Disaster prevention involves engineering intervention in

buildings and structures to make them strong enough to
withstand the impact of natural hazard or to impose
restrictions on land use so that the exposure of the society to
the hazard situation is avoided or minimized.
 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
APPLICABLE TO ALL
STRUCTURES/CONSTRUCTION
Adobe structures
Limestone and sandstone structures
Timber frame structures
Light-frame structures
Reinforced masonry structures
Reinforced concrete structures
Prestressed structures
Steel structures
 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS-
SEISMIC RETROFIT
External post-tensioning
Base isolators
Supplementary dampers
Tuned mass dampers
Slosh tank
Active control system
Adhoc addition of structural support/ reinforcement
Connections between buildings and their expansion
additions
Exterior concrete columns
Infill shear trusses
 RELEVANCE OF STANDARDS IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
In view of the construction boom and rapid urbanization,
municipal bye-laws are being made technology and user
friendly, so as to safeguard the interests of communities.
These bye-laws are reviewed periodically to identify safety
gaps, from seismic and other hazards and suitable
modifications are being made to align them to revised
building codes. Also, the undesirable professional practices,
that tend to crop up from time to time, need to be addressed
in the bye-laws. The tendency to allow utilization of
unsuitable areas for construction further adds to
vulnerabilities and needs to be guarded against. Similarly,
the existing bye-laws for rural areas are also be attended to
and notified.
 RELEVANCE OF STANDARDS IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The aim of a mitigation strategy is to reduce losses in the
event of a future occurrence of a hazard.
Structure mitigation may comprise construction of
individual disaster resistant structure like retrofitted or
earthquake-resistant buildings or creation of structure whose
function is primarily disaster protection like flood control
structures, dykes, levees, infiltration dams etc.
Mitigation measures essentially need to be considered in
land use and site planning activities. Construction in
hazardous areas like flood plains or steep soft slopes are
more vulnerable to disasters. Necessary mitigation
measures need to be built into the design and costing of
development projects.
 RELEVANCE OF STANDARDS IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Mitigation measures on individual structures can be

achieved by design standards, building codes and
performance specifications. Buildings codes, for
achieving stronger engineered structures, are being
formulated in accordance with the vulnerability of
the area and implemented through appropriate
techno-legal measures. Continuous efforts being
made to revise the safety codes and suitably modify
them periodically.
 BIS EFFORTS TO MITIGATE
DISASTERS
Indian Standards are formulated through several technical
committees through consensus and involve consultation with
consumers, manufacturers, technologists, R&D organizations
and government officials. In the field of Disaster Mitigation, BIS
has formulated about 200 standards through various technical
Committees. The list of published standards is available on BIS
website: www.bis.org.in .

In consonance with Government policies for reducing the risk to

the people and to the functioning of the society, the most
effective remedy will be to reduce the vulnerability of the
physical assets by structural measures of safer new construction
and retrofitting the existing unsafe assets for which effective
building Codes have been already developed through the
Bureau of Indian Standards.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, CED 39

Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic plain,

Western India and Cutch and Kathiawar regions are
geologically unstable parts of the country and some
devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred
there. A major part of peninsular India has also been
visited by strong earthquakes, but these were relatively
few in number and had considerably lesser intensity.
The Seismic Zoning Map of India classifies the country
in four seismic zones, having 20.8 percent of land area
in most serve seismic zone V, 17.5 percent land area in
next severe seismic zone IV, and 30.8 percent land
area in moderate seismic zone III. Thus the country
has about 59 percent area liable to the risk of
earthquake damage.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, CED 39

It has been a long felt need to rationalize the earthquake

resistant design and construction of structures taking into
account seismic data from studies of these earthquakes.

It is to serve this purpose that standards have been

formulated in the field of Design and Construction of
Earthquake Resistant Structures and also in the field of
measurement and tests connected therewith by the
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39.
 IS 1893:1984 Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures
This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of
structures and is applicable to buildings; elevated
structures; bridges; dams etc. It also gives a map which
divides the country into five seismic zones based on the
seismic intensity.

IS 1893 was initially published in 1962 as

`Recommendations for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures and then revised in 1966. As a result of
additional seismic data collected in India and further
knowledge and experience gained the standard was
revised in 1970, 1975 and then in 1984.
 IS 1893:1984 Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures (contnd.)
Consequent to the publication of this standard on account of
earthquakes in various parts of the country including that in
Uttar-Kashi and Latur and technological advancement in the
field, the technical committee decided to revise the standard
into five parts which deals with different types of
structures:
Part 1 : General provisions and Buildings
Part 2 : Liquid retaining Tanks Elevated and Ground
Supported
Part 3 : Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part 4 : Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures
Part 5 : Dams and Embankments
 IS 1893(Part 1):2002 `Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures : Part 1
General provisions and Buildings

This standard contains provisions that are

general in nature and applicable to all
structures. Also, it contains provisions that
are specific to buildings only. It covers
general principles and design criteria,
combinations, design spectrum, main
attributes of buildings, dynamic analysis,
apart from seismic zoning map and seismic
coefficients of important towns, map showing
epicenters, map showing tectonic features
and lithological map of India.
 IS 1893(Part 1):2002 `Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures : Part 1 General
provisions and Buildings (contnd)
Following are the major and important modifications made in this
revision:

The seismic zone map is revised with only four zones, instead of five.
Erstwhile Zone I has been merged to Zone II and hence Zone I does
not appear in the new zoning; only Zones II, III, IV and V do. The
killari area has been included in Zone III and necessary modifications
made, keeping in view the probabilistic Hazard Evaluation. The
Bellary isolated zone has been removed. The parts of eastern coast
area have shown similar hazard to that of the killari area, the level of
Zone II has been enhanced to Zone III and connected with Zone III of
Godawari Graben area.

This revision adopts the procedure of first calculating the actual force
that may be experienced by the structure during the probable
maximum earthquake, if it were to remain elastic. Then the concept
of response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy
dissipation in the cracks is brought into the code explicity, by
introducing the `response reduction factor in place of the earlier
performance factor.
 IS 1893(Part 1):2002 `Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures : Part 1 General
provisions and Buildings (contnd)
The values of seismic zone factors have been
changed; these now reflect more realistic
values of effective peak ground acceleration
considering Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) and service life of structure in each
seismic zone.

A clause has been introduced to restrict the

use of foundations vulnerable to differential
settlements in severe seismic zones.
 IS 1893(Part 4):2005 `Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
Part 4 Industrial Structures Including Stack
Like Structures
This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of the
industrial structures (plant and auxiliary structures) including
stack-like structures such as process industries, power plants,
textile industries, off-shore structures and marine/port/harbour
structures.
In addition to the above, stack-like structures covered by this
standard are such as transmission and communication towers,
chimneys and stack-like structures and silos (including parabolic
silos used for urea storage).
The characteristics (intensity, duration, etc) of seismic ground
vibrations expected at any location depends upon the magnitude
of earthquake, its depth of focus, distance from the epicenter,
characteristics of the path through which the seismic waves
travel, and the soil strata on which the structure stands.
 IS 1893(Part 4):2005 `Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures: Part 4
Industrial Structures Including Stack Like
Structures (contnd)
The response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function of the
nature of foundations, soil, materials, form, size and mode of
construction of structures; and the duration and characteristics of
ground motion. This standard specifies design forces for structures
standing on rocks or soils, which do not settle, liquify or slide due to
loss of strength during vibrations.
The design approach adopted in this standard is to ensure that
structures possess minimum strength to withstand minor earthquakes
which occur frequently, without damage; resist moderate earthquakes
without significant structural damage though some non-structural
damage may occur; and withstand a major earthquake (MCE) without
collapse.

NOTE - Formulation of revised codes for other parts of IS 1893

are in advance stages.
 IS 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design
and Construction of Buildings - Code of
Practice
This standard provides guidance in selection of materials,
special features of design and construction for earthquake
resistant buildings including masonry construction, timber
construction, prefabricated construction etc. In this
standard, it is intended to cover the specified features of
design and construction for earthquake resistance of
buildings of conventional types. The general principles to
be observed in the construction of such earthquake
resistant buildings as specified in this standard are
Lightness, Continuity of Construction, avoiding/reinforcing
Projecting and suspended parts, Building configuration,
strength in various directions, stable foundations, Ductility
of structure, Connection to non-structural parts and fire
safety of structures.
 IS 4326:1993 Earthquake Resistant Design
and Construction of Buildings - Code of
Practice (contnd)
Special Construction Features like Separation of
Adjoining Structures, Crumple Section,
Foundation design, Roofs and Floors and
Staircases have been elaborated in the standard.
It also covers the details pertaining to the type of
construction, masonry construction with
rectangular masonry units, masonry bearing
walls, openings in bearing walls, seismic
strengthening arrangements, framing of thin load
bearing walls, reinforcing details for hollow block
masonry, flooring/roofing with precast
components and timber construction.
 IS 13827:1993 Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Earthen Buildings Guidelines

The guidelines covered in this standard deal with the

design and construction aspects for improving
earthquake resistance of earthen houses, without the
use of stabilizers such as lime, cement, asphalt, etc.

The provisions of this standard are applicable for

seismic zones III, IV and V. No special provisions
are considered necessary in Zone II. However,
considering inherently weak against water and
earthquake, earthen buildings should preferably be
avoided in flood prone, high rainfall areas and
seismic zones IV and V.
 IS 13827:1993 Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Earthen Buildings Guidelines
(contnd.)
It has been recommended that such buildings
should be light, single storeyed and of simple
rectangular plan. Qualitative tests for the
suitability of soil have been suggested.

Guidelines for Block or Adobe Construction,

Rammed earth construction, Seismic
strengthening of bearing wall buildings,
Internal bracing in earthen houses and
earthen constructions with wood or cane
structures have heen elaborated in this
standard.
 IS 13828:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance
of Low Strength Masonry Buildings Guidelines
This standard covers the special features of design and
construction for improving earthquake resistance of
buildings of low-strength masonry.
The provisions of this standard are applicable in all
seismic zones. No special provisions are considered
necessary for buildings in seismic zone II if cement-sand
mortar not leaner than 1:6 is used in masonry and through
stones or bonding elements are used in stone walls.
The various provisions of IS 4326:1993 regarding general
principles, special construction features, types of
construction, categories of buildings and masonry
construction with rectangular masonry buildings of low
strength dealt with in this standard. There are however
certain restrictions, exceptions and additional details
which are specifically included herein.
 IS 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces Code of Practice
This standard covers the requirements for designing and
detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as
to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist
severe earthquake shocks without collapse.

The provisions for reinforced concrete construction given

in this standard apply specifically to monolithic reinforced
concrete construction. Precast and/or prestressed
concrete members may be used only if they can provide
the same level of ductility as that of a monolithic
reinforced concrete construction during or after an
earthquake.
 IS 13920:1993 Ductile Detailing of
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces Code of Practice
Provisions on minimum and maximum reinforcement
have been elaborated which includes the requirements
for beams at longitudinal reinforcement in beams at joint
face, splices and anchorage requirements. Provisions
have been included for calculation of design shear force
and for detailing of transverse reinforcement in beams.
Material specifications are indicated for lateral force
resisting elements of frames. The provisions are also
given for detailing of reinforcement in the wall web,
boundary elements, coupling beams, around openings, at
construction joints, and for the development, splicing and
anchorage of reinforcement.
 IS 6922:1973 Criteria for Safety and
Design of Structures Subject to
Underground Blasts
This standard deals with the safety of structures
during underground blasting and is applicable
to normal structures like buildings, elevated
structures, bridges, retaining walls, concrete
and masonry dams constructed in materials like
brickwork, stone masonry and concrete.
As underground blasting operations have
become almost a must for excavation
purposes, this standard lays down criteria for
safety of such structures from cracking and also
specifies the effective accelerations for their
design in certain cases.
 IS 4991:1968 Criteria for Blast Resistant
Design of Structures for Explosions Above
Ground

This standard covers the criteria for

design of structures for blast effects of
explosions above ground excluding blast
effects of nuclear explosions.
 IS 4967:1968 Recommendations for
Seismic Instrumentation for River
Valley Projects

This standard covers recommendations for

instrumentation for investigation of seismicity,
study of micro tremors and predominant
period of a dam site and permanent
installation of instruments in the dam and
appurtenant structures and in surrounding
areas.
These standards endeavor to provide a
guideline in designing and repairing of
buildings under seismic forces.
 RETROFITTING OF LIFELINE AND
IMPORTANT BUILDINGS IN
SEISMICALLY VULNERABLE ZONES:
The mitigation measures take care of the new construction but the
problem of unsafe existing building stock still remain.
Assessment of seismic vulnerability of existing building stock to urban
areas would help in disaster mitigation and management by planning
mitigations measures before an earthquake, selecting engineered
retrofitting schemes for the existing buildings and carrying out
rehabilitation following an earthquake. Delhi being the national capital
has had the privilege of planned development but the unusual growth of
this mega city has set off all the plans. The city is dotted with all kinds of
buildings and infrastructural facilities comprising of very good
construction to poorly designed and constructed ones. The most
challenging task is to evaluate seismic safety of these constructions and
take necessary steps for their retrofitting so as to protect them from
future earthquakes at a place like Delhi, which is seismically very active.
BIS has formulated guidelines which covers the selection of materials
and techniques to be used for repair and seismic strengthening of
damaged buildings during earthquakes and retrofitting for upgrading of
seismic resistance of existing buildings.
 IS 13935:2009 Repair and Seismic
Strengthening of Buildings Guidelines
This standard covers the selection of
materials and techniques to be used for
repair and seismic strengthening of damaged
buildings during earthquakes and retrofitting
for upgrading of seismic resistance of existing
buildings.
The provisions of this standard are applicable
for buildings in seismic zones III to V of IS
1893:1984, which are based on damaging
seismic intensities VII and more on MSK
Scales.
 IS 13935:2009 Repair and Seismic
Strengthening of Buildings Guidelines
The buildings affected by earthquake may suffer both non-
structural and structural damages. This standard lays
down guidelines for non-structural/architectural as well as
structural repairs, seismic strengthening and seismic
retrofitting of existing buildings. Guidelines have been
given for selection of materials for repair work such as
cement, steel, epoxy resins, epoxy mortar, quick setting
cement mortar and special techniques such as shotcrete,
mechanical anchorage etc. Seismic Strengthening
techniques for the modification of roofs or floors, inserting
new walls, strengthening existing walls, masonry arches,
random rubble masonry walls, strengthening long walls,
strengthening reinforced concrete members and
strengthening of foundations have been elaborated in
detail.
 BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

OF INDIA 2005 (NBC 2005) takes
into account the various aspects of
Earthquake Resistance Construction
in the Indian Scenario.
 STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS
ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD
ISO 22762-1:2010 Elastomeric seismic-protection
isolators -- Part 1: Test methods
ISO 22762-2:2010 Elastomeric seismic-protection
isolators -- Part 2: Applications for bridges --
Specifications
ISO 22762-3:2010 Elastomeric seismic-protection
isolators -- Part 3: Applications for buildings --
Specifications
ISO 19901-2:2004 Petroleum and natural gas
industries -- Specific requirements for offshore
structures -- Part 2: Seismic design procedures and
criteria
ISO 23469:2005 Bases for design of structures --
Seismic actions for designing geotechnical works
 STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS
ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD
ISO/TR 25741:2008 Lifts and escalators subject to seismic
conditions -- Compilation report
ISO 24314:2006 Structural steels -- Structural steels for
building with improved seismic resistance -- Technical
delivery conditions
ISO 6258:1985 Nuclear power plants -- Design against
seismic hazards
ISO 3010:2001 Basis for design of structures -- Seismic
actions on structures
ISO 16134:2006 Earthquake- and subsidence-resistant
design of ductile iron pipelines
BS EN 1998-5:2004 Euro code 8. Design of structures for
earthquake resistance. Foundations, retaining structures
and geotechnical aspects
 CONCLUSION
Earthquake construction means implementation of seismic
design to enable building and non-building structures to live
through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the
expectations and in compliance with the applicable
BUILDING CODES
Design and construction are intimately related. To achieve a
good workmanship, detailing of the members and their
connections should be, possibly, simple. As any construction
in general, earthquake construction is a process that consists
of the building, retrofitting or assembling of infrastructure
given the construction materials available
Each CONSTRUCTION PROJECT requires a QUALIFIED
TEAM OF PROFESSIONALS who understand the basic
features of seismic performance of different structures as well
as CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 THANK YOU
Danke
Merci
gut

Dhanyavad Thank
you
 Capacity Building for Earthquake Preparedness

Dr. Damodar Maity

Civil Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur

1
Friday, May 17, 2013
 What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden violent motion of the earth,
which lasts for a short time, within a very limited region.
Most earthquakes last for less than a minute, but sometimes
shock may last, for as long as 3 to 4 minutes.
Earthquake- the vibration of the ground
Cause: Due to movement of rocks along a fault
Rocks under stress accumulate strain energy over time.
When stress exceeds strength of rocks, the rock breaks.
Strain energy is released as seismic waves.
The longer that energy is stored up and is maintained without
release, the more likely that a strong earthquake will occur.
Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks
Aftershock- tremors that occur as rocks adjust to their new
position

Friday, May 17, 2013 2

 Types of Plate Boundaries
Spreading Zone
- This is an area where two plates are moving apart from
one another
- Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Transform Fault
- This is where two plates are sliding past each other
- One example is the San Andreas Fault on the coast of
California and Northwestern Mexico
Subduction Zone
- This is where one plate moves on top of another causing
one to be subducted into the mantle where it melts.
- One example is the Western Coast of South America near
Chile.

Friday, May 17, 2013 3

 Worldwide distribution of Earthquakes

Friday, May 17, 2013 4

 Where Do Earthquakes Occur
and How Often?
~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt
most of these result from convergent margin activity
~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt
remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and
on spreading ridge centers
more than 1,50,000 quakes strong enough to be
felt are recorded each year

Friday, May 17, 2013 5

 Frequency vs Depths
90% of Earthquakes occur within depths less than 100
km
Majority of Catastrophic Earthquakes occur within
Depths less than 60-km Deep
1964 Alaska EQ ---- 33 km from surface
1995 Kobe, Japan--- 20 km from surface

Friday, May 17, 2013 6

 Magnitude Vs. No. of Earthquakes
Magnitude Approximate Number per year
1 7,00,000
2 3,00,000
3 20,000
4 6,000
5 800
6 150
7 50
8 and above 1 in every few years

Friday, May 17, 2013 7

 Direct Effects of Earthquakes
Ground shaking
Disruption of Utilities
Damage to personal
items and buildings
Water table
adjustment
Aftershocks

Friday, May 17, 2013 8

 Indirect Effects of Earthquakes
Ground failures
Landslides
Subsidence (drop in elevation
of land due to removal of
water)
Liquefaction (reduction in the
strength of saturated soils)
Tsunamis (tidal waves)
Flooding
Fires from electrical
difficulties

Friday, May 17, 2013 9

Capacity Building for Earthquake Preparedness
Priorities for Action:

Make Disaster Risk Reduction a Priority

Identify, Assess and Monitor Risk
(Such as we should have a realistic vulnerability map at the
micro level)
Build a culture of resilience through awareness, education
& training
(eg., peoples participation needs to be chalked out as how
people will participate in preparing it.)

Friday, May 17, 2013 10

 Earthquake Forces

Friday, May 17, 2013 11

Capacity Building for Earthquake Preparedness
Priorities for Action:

Reduce Risk in Key Sectors

(Public Buildings like hospital, school, transmitter tower,
bridge, nuclear power plant, dam etc. need to be made EQ.
Resistant.)

Strengthen Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response

(BIS and NBC codes may be incorporated in the states
depending upon their vulnerability.)
Friday, May 17, 2013 12
 Capacity Building for Earthquake Preparedness

Strategies for vulnerability reduction before

earthquakes
Development of Earthquake preparedness plans at grass
root level
Public education on earthquake disasters through
awareness campaigns
Enhance national capacities for the development and
implementation of a countrywide framework for disaster
risk preparedness, management and mitigation in
education sector

Friday, May 17, 2013 13

Shape of House
L - Shape

Square
(Best)

Rectangular

Friday, May 17, 2013 14

 B
B
B

L
L
(b) I Type Plan with small Projection
(a) Rectangular Plan (L<3B) (L<3B, B<B/3)

Fig. 7 Desirable Symmetrical Plans

B
B
L

(a) Rectangular Plan (L>3B)

L

(b) I Type Plan with Long Projection

(B> B/3)

Fig. 8 Undesirable Symmetrical Plans

Friday, May 17, 2013 15

 (a) U Shape Plan (b) Unsymmetrical Plan

Fig. 9 Undesirable Unsymmetrical Plans

Friday, May 17, 2013 16

 B
L<3B L<3B

(Separation gap for

long rectangular block Separation gap
(b) Separation gap for I type block

(c) Separation gap for U shape block (d) Separation gap for unsymmetrical block

Fig. 10 Uses of Separation Gaps to Improve Plans

Friday, May 17, 2013 17

 Accurate detailing is
important

Friday, May 17, 2013 18

 Horizontal Band is must

19
Friday, May 17, 2013
 Strategies for vulnerability reduction before
earthquakes

Safety measures must be incorporated in all types of

structures.
Existing buildings and bridges needs to be retrofitted.
Ensuring construction of Earthquake resistant buildings at
the administrative level throughout
Seismic safety needs to be highlighted in the design itself.
States can adopt the national codes or make their own
codes specific to the state.
Fixing of responsibility of adhering to the building codes
and norms.
Friday, May 17, 2013 20
 Danger of Open
Ground Storey

Courtesy: NICEE, NPEEE, IIT

Kanpur, BMTPC, New Delhi

Friday, May 17, 2013 21

 Danger of Open
Ground Storey

Friday, May 17, 2013 22

 Dissemination of the Earthquake
Preparedness Plan:

Involving of media both print and electronic in

dissemination of the earthquake preparedness plan
Advertisements related to disasters prior, during and after
may be given in the media.
Advertisements over radio, TV and other channels at peak
time of news. These advertisements can be region specific
and disaster specific in different local languages.
Media needs to be sensitized and made a partner in
Disaster Mitigation.
Friday, May 17, 2013 23
 Strategies for vulnerability reduction before
earthquakes
Hospital safety may be given top priority Building and
equipment of Hospitals guidelines framed out by MHA
need to be followed strictly.
Facility for stock piling of relief material at the district
Headquarters should be created.
The District Authority should have a protocol to
manage the relief material.
Assistance of various NGO can be sought.
Simulation/Mock exercises can be carried out where all
the concerned functionaries will participate and an
assessment of the preparedness can be made.
Friday, May 17, 2013 24
 Capacity Building for Earthquake Preparedness
2. Strategies for vulnerability reduction
during earthquakes

Friday, May 17, 2013 25

 Dos and Donts for Protection

Courtesy: Dept. of Earthquake Engg. IIT Roorkiee

Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, New Delhi
Friday, May 17, 2013 26
 If you are caught indoors at the time of an earthquake:
Keep calm.
Stay away from glass windows, doors, almirahs, mirrors etc.
Stay away from falling plaster, bricks or stones.

Friday, May 17, 2013 27

 If you are caught indoors at the time of an earthquake:
Get under a table or a sturdy cot so that you are not hurt by falling
objects.
Do not rush towards the doors or staircase. They may be broken or
jammed.

Friday, May 17, 2013 28

 If you are outdoors at the time of earthquake:
If open space is available nearby, go there.
Keep away from tall chimneys, buildings, balconies and other
projections.
Do not run through streets; hoardings or lamps may fall on you.

Friday, May 17, 2013 29

 After an earthquake:
Check if you or anyone else is hurt. Use first aid at least on the cuts and
bruises.
Keep the streets clear for emergency services.
Switch off all appliances like the refrigerator, TV or radio.
Wear shoes to protect your feet from debris.
A battery operated radio will help you to get important messages.
Be prepared for more shocks. These aftershocks always follow an
earthquake.
Turn off the gas.

Friday, May 17, 2013 30

Avoid the following in an earthquake:
Do not crowd around damaged areas or buildings.
Do not waste water. It will be needed for fire fighting.
Do not move the seriously hurt people.
Wait for medical help to arrive.
Do not spread rumors. They lead to panic and worsen the situation

Friday, May 17, 2013 31

 Thanks.

Friday, May 17, 2013 32