6626-1-11E AID: 1825 | 14/02/2014

Refer to Figure 1.2 (h) in the text book.

From the figure, the controlled variables for the kidney dialysis treatment are blood
temperature and waste concentration.

From the figure, the manipulated variables for the kidney dialysis treatment are flow rate.

From the given figure, the disturbance variables for the kidney dialysis treatment are loss
of pressure, initial waste concentration, heat losses to environment, and equipment
failure.

The separation of waste components is better for longer operation times and longer
residence times. The final result is affected by the time of operation and it can be viewed
as a manipulated variable.