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    Vertedero

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    11 Free Jet and Straight Drop Spillways 11.1. INTRODUCTION Free jet spillways are most suitable for arch dams where the water jet leaves from level short length outlet with its exit shaped in the form of a deflector, Arch dams of height excveding 200 m are not unusual and some dams while in planning or construction will be about 300 m in height, The main concern in the design of five jet spillways is either the deep scour just downstream of the dam (as in the case of a deflected jet) or impact forces on the stilling hasin floor at the foot of the dam (with a free Falling jet). her a short crested sill at the top of the dam, or a middle level or low ‘The straight drop spillway commonly installed in small drainage structures, also known as the box inlet drop spillway, is simply a rectangular box open at the top and at the downstream end from where a free jet falls freely at the base. Here, the emphasis is on ensuring maximum dissipation of energy by hydraulic jump or impact with the help of appurtenances. 11.2 FREE JET SPILLWAYS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The choice of the type of discharge siructure—whether to have a free over-fall st oF a deep-seated hottom outlet—depends largely on the volume of flood to be disposed, width of the gorge, and the characteristics of the rock forming the gorge and riverbed. For large flood flows, longer crest length would be required which may not be available with narrow gorge and hence deep-seated bottom outle over ac may be suitable. How pose problems of bank stability. With free over-fall over the top, the jet would fall very near the base of the dam where a concrete-lined stilling basin would be necessary to prevent undermining. Dissipating energy in the stilling basin is achieved through impact of the overflowing jet and its diffusion in the mass of ‘a deep scour hole in the riverbed may 231 232 Chapter 11 water. The bedrock there should be competent enough to withstand the impact load and hold the stilling basin floor anchored to it. With deep-seated outlets, the operation of control gates may be more problematic as compared to the free surface gates on overflow crests. Sometimes, strategic considerations have dictated the choice of deep-seated outlets in preference to surface spillways; as for example, to protect the operating system against acts of sabotage or bombing, the submerged outlets have proved to be more reliable. 11.2.1 Overflow Crest Overflow crest profiles on the top of arch dams have to be adjusted with overhangs cither on the upstream, downstream, or on both the sides, since the width available ai the top is seldom adequate to base an overflow profile, A standard ogee profile (WES type) or parabolic profile is suitable with the required overhang. Generally, three types of profiles are used: © Profiles terminating such that the overflow jet is directed to full on the concrete apron for the entire range of discharges. Typical examples are: the crest profiles of Devil’s Gate spillway, Australia, Vouglins dam, France, and Beznar dam, Granada (Fig. 1) © Profiles with nappe splitters to effect aeration of the jet and spreading over larger area as in the case of P.K.Le Roux dam, South Africa, Palawan dam, Rhodesia, Vietoria dam, Sri Lanka, and Madupatty dam, India, ete. (Fig. 2) © Profiles with ski jump buckets to deflect the jet far away, as in the ease of Crystal dam, US and Inguri dam, Russia, as shown in Figure 3 112.2 St 19 Basin The stilling basin design involves determining the elevation of the invert vis-d- vis water cushion, length, and other structural elements such as thickness of the concrete, reinforcement, and anchorage into the bedrock. However, there are no set rules or procedure for design of such stilling basins. The behavior of the water jetin air exerted on the floor have to be taken into account, considering the prevailing standards adopted for such structures in different countries the mass of water, and pressures or for 11.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FREE FALLING JETS Many investigators have studied the characteristics of the free falling, vertical jets of circular cross-section that issue from the nozzles or orifices, jets of rectan- Free Jet and Straight Drop Spillways 233 488.3, Figure 1 Overflow profile of Beznar dam. 1100-0 J Figure 2 Overflow profile with nappe splitters, Palawan dam, 234 Chapter 11 DETAILS OF BUCKET Figure 3 Overflow profile with ski jump bucket. gular cross-section, and nappes. These included plunging jets and submerged jets Plunging jets wayerse some distance in the air before suiking the water surface and may also break down due to turbulence if falling from a considerable height. Submerged jets are practically intact while penetrating the mass of water. Various characteristics studied include the spread and diffusion in the mass of water and energy and pressures imparted on the pool bottom. ‘The volume of air present in the pool also influences these properties. Although considerable work has been done on the above aspects, the results are predominantly empirical and have limited application to the design of the stilling basin for free jet spillways. The jets issuing from free jet spillways are either square or rectangular in cross-sections (jets issuing from bottor wide and thin nappes) falling down the overflow crests, and ate often inclined while striking the water surface. In such cases, applying results of vertical circular jets requires careful consideration. The jets issuing from high dams may have been broken down while striking the water surface; however, very litte information is available on the behavior of such jets in the pool. The design of the stilling b. particularly the stability of the floor slab against uplift forces, warrants a specific model study. Nevertheless, the available information enables a preliminary de sigh, in conjunction with some guidelines derived from a number of model studies. outlets or Free Jet and Straight Drop Spillways 235 Studies by Ervine et al. (1997) deal comprehensively with the circular water Jet issuing from a nozzle, from its origin, and its travel in air up to its striking the water surface and further down in the mass of water up to the bottom. In these studies, the distance from the origin up to its striking the water surface—the jet drop length I—was less than half the length required for the jet to break down, and hence the jet was virtually intact at the point of impingement. The jet drop length [has been divided into three zones: A, B, and C as shown in Figure 4. Zone Ais the region of growing instability characterized by waves and vortices In zone B, the vortices break down into turbulence. The turbulence surface distur- bances grow linearly with the square root of distance from origin of the jet. Air enters into the jet by flowing almost normal to the axis of the jet. The air motion parallel (0 the direction of the jet is negligible. Thus, shear between the jet and the surrounding air is small. In nature, mist forms around the falling jet. Instead of moving rapidly with the falling jet, the mist slowly flows towards the jet. When the turbulence surface fluctuations are large enough to penetrate the core of the jet, Mow begins to break down into individual clumps of water. This is beginning of the Zone C. The distance up 10 this point is called the jet break up Iength I,. Since the jet is a continuous mass, up 10 the break up point, wo conflicting effects determine the diameter of the jet. These are the spread of the : |i ‘ 3| g PE z 3S) & 5 a 2 3) § a ye Be a 2 SC 8 & o \ c| tl \ 5 = | | Mr POOL SURFACE DISCRETE WATER DROPLETS Figure 4 Structure of a free falling jet (shown in Ervine et al. 1997), 236 Chapter 11 jet duc to turbulence and the contraction of the jet due to gravitational acceleration, vine et al, (1997) give the following relationship: ‘The lateral spread ¢ (Fig. 4) is given by wD Jet diameter at the origin Fo = UolVg Do Up = Jet velocity at the origin The turbulence intensity generally varies from 01 to about 5%. The mean diameter of the jet core De, at any point during the plunge is given by P=», fe » U The jet break up length 1, is given implicitly as 1 Where C is turbulence parameter defined as 14D cH) Ithas been shown that the theoretical relationship (Eg. 3) has been verified experi- mentally as. 105, 6 Deo 5) ‘The air entrainment function B= Qy.Q,, is given by | t 6) VP, where Uy, = Minimum velocity required to entrain air U; = Jet velocity at the entry to the pool surface LL mis Free Jet and Straight Drop Spillways 237 D, = Jet diameter at the entry point K, = A constant varying from 0.2 for smooth turbulent circular jets to 0.4 for very rough turbulent jets For a jet of rectangular cross-section | I vu where by = Nappe width dy, = Nappe thickness Pn — Nappe perimeter B=0.26 a The characteristics of circular jets that plunge into water have also been studied by Ervine et al. (1997). They have evolved parameters relating to the pressure distribution on the pool floor such as mean dynamic pressure, RMS fluctwation, ‘maximum and minimum peak fluctuations, and their dominant frequencies, for Wy<0.5. The pertinent results are shown in Figure 5 The main conclusions are given below: © The mean dynamic pressure coefficient C, = (Py — y)UPI2g) along the jet centerline is constant for y/D, <4, For yiD, >20, the dynamic head has decayed to zero. Here, D; is the jet diameter at the entry point; P,, is the mean head on the transducer, and y is the poo! depth. © The RMS pressure fluctuation coefficient C, reaches a value 0.2 in the plunge pool for depth equivalent of 6 jet diameters, increases with the jet break up parameter I/l, until V/, reaches a value of 0.6. Therealter, the coefficient decreases and becomes negligible for \/l, = 2. Here, Cy = Pousl(Uj?2g), where Pras is the RMS value of pressure head fluctuation, U, is the jet entry velocity, | is the total drop of the jet and 1, is the jet break up length. © The maximum pressure head coefficient C,* = Pane ~ Pa )MU,28) reaches @ value of €.8 at a pool depth of y/Dj = 10. The minimum pressure head coefficient Cp” = (Py ~Pmnn)/(Uj?/2g) reaches a value of 0.6 at y/D, © Pressure Muctuations in plunge pool exhibit two dominant frequencies corresponding to Strouhal number fy/U, of 0.01 and 0.25, where f is the frequency of pressure uctuations Although the experimental results have been presented for circular jets, the same can also be applied to jets of rectangular cross-section by calculating its equivalent diameter, if the aspect ratio is nearly equal to unity. Hartung and Hausler (1973) have studied the behavior of submerged rectan- gular and circular jets pluaging vertically inio a mass of water. The jets were Chapter 11 238 (L6G VTE 19 aUEANy Ay UF UALOMS bas ony SuyFunyd siaf sjnoue sonsuoioniny.) g eanBiad BUNSSd_WAWINIA BRNSSBUd WI -3UNSSRYE WNWIKYA BUNSSRd SHY +t0/k = tok o/h ve 3 8 0 oR 31 8 9 we st 8 ° I 70 | vo co go eof a0 HOW3MS NOLLINIS3O —3Wil 3NIT 341N39 137 SNOTY SuNSS3Yd DINYNAG NY3W —lo/k (WH xew H woz gi % g wv o Froo Jet and Straight Drop Spillways 230 relatively intact while striking the pool surface. As the jet plunges into the pool it diffuses almost linearly. Water from the pool is entrained at the boundary of the jet. There are three regions in the pool defined by y yk and y > yy, as shown in Figure 6 1 JET SPREAD YoY y

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