College of Engineering: The Problem

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2008
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
In the past centuries, civil engineers focused on design of making good
concrete in buildings, bridges, highways, foundation and tunnels. But not often
used in reinforced concrete through the difficulties of placement, compaction and
curing. Poor quality led to rusting of the reinforcing steel and cracking of the
concrete cover. It is discouraging and alarming, as this generation, that have still
records of concrete structures with rusting and cracking problems. To reduce this
weakness it is essential that the reinforcing bars be surrounded by sufficient
impermeable concrete to stop them from corroding. If moisture and air penetrate
the concrete the reinforcing will then rust and expand, which will boost the concrete
to spall and thus the reinforcing will then be exposed. Thats why it is very important
to give a supplementary presence of every solitary details in the construction. To
distinguish that, engineers must unquestionably be familiarized of what materials
shall be included in the said construction. One of which is by using concrete
spacer.
According to McCormac and Nelson (2014), concrete is arguably the most
important building material, playing a part in a building structure. Its ability to be
molded to take up the shapes required for the various structural forms. It is also
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very durable and fire resistant when specification and construction procedures are
correct. Concrete can be used for all standard buildings both single-storey,
multistory and containment, retaining structures and bridges. Due to its durability,
concrete is often used by most manufacturing firm to produce concrete spacers.
Concrete spacer, on the other hand, is a device that maintains reinforcement in
proper position. The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in
place, and become a permanent part of the structure. The concrete spacer can
ensure of the cover have acute size, for the spacer have acute size, and carved
size marking and different from the random of the mortar. Using this proper device
can guarantee the individuals who responsible for the structure to meet the proper
space coverage and its specification.
The design of an engineering structure must ensure that (1) under the worst
loading the structure must be safe, and (2) during normal working conditions the
deformation of the members does not detract from the appearance, durability or
performance of the structure. The purpose of design is to achieve acceptable
probabilities that a structure will not become unfit for its intended use that is, that
it will not reach a limit state. Thus, any way in which a structure may ease to be fit
for use will constitute a limit state and the design aim is to avoid any such condition
being reached during the expected life of the structure. (Mosley and Bungey, 1987)
Additionally, the engineering study of every reinforced
concrete construction, whether it is a building, a bridge, a bearing wall or other

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structure, predicts the positioning of steel rebars at specific positions in the volume
of concrete (predicted concrete cover of steel reinforcement bars). This cover
typically varies between 10 and 100 mm. The statics of every concrete
construction are designed in such a way that steel and concrete properties are
combined in order to achieve the maximum possible strength for the particular
construction (e.g. anti-earthquake protection) as well as to prevent the long-
term corrosion of steel that would weaken the construction. Rebar spacers secure
the correct position of steel, thus assisting in the practical application of the
theoretical specifications of concrete construction. The cover of the steel of a
particular construction element for example in a concrete slab or a beam) should
be generally uniform within the element. (Beton B.V. 2014),
The use of spacers is particularly important in areas with high earthquake
activity in combination with corrosive environment. In this world earthquake activity
is very prone from time to time. The purpose of concrete spacer in high earthquake
activity tends the structure as well as the reinforcing bar to restrain the impact load
and it is used to maintain the arranged bar balanced. When arranging the bars or
flooring, stones and bricks cannot be used to support them. It is advisable to
prepare spacer in advance because there are high possibility of unbalance when
using stones or bricks to level the ground especially when at earthquake hours.
In this local areas, the details of concrete spacer upon construction are just
being absurd. And most individual responsible in the construction are just rather
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use stone or bricks than to use concrete spacer for them to lessen expenses. But
if people are just letting themselves to be like that always, thats a problem! Yes,
let us be rather to expense a little part than to expense a whole part. As mention
in the preceding paragraph, theres a high chance of unbalance when using stones
at the very first place.
The purpose of this study is to contribute a different design of concrete
spacer in the construction which provided by the researchers. The researchers
called the Model The Universal Concrete Spacer.
Statement of the Problem
The primary concern of this study was to discuss further the scheme and
construction application of universal concrete spacer.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the design of the universal concrete spacer?
2. How acceptable the designed concrete spacer?
Assumptions
Based from the given problems, the researchers assumed that:
1. The design of universal concrete spacer conforms based on
standard specification.
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2. The acceptability of the design will be answered by the project
engineer/ foreman and other individual who is responsible in the said
construction.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study would benefit the following:
Owner of the Building. It will be economical for the owners. The sizes in
the spacer needed were already provided in one design. Still, this will ensure the
safety and the control of construction cracking, spalling (concrete cancer) and
material integrity and uniformity.
Occupants. This study will give the occupants the insurance of their safety.
Civil Engineering Students. This study may be a medium that could
encourage students to develop thinking on innovations and development. Uphold
creativity and progressive ideas in engineering and in the community.
Civil Engineer. This study would impel engineers to use the proposed
research design of multi-size construction spacer which manifests strength,
reliability, security of steel positions and lessen concrete spalling through this
convenient design in construction field.
Industry. Through this study, local manufacturers engaged in engineering
technology may give more priority and importance to fabricate devices for
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innovations which will be convenient to consumers just like the universal concrete
spacers.
Researchers. This study will be a guide to the researchers to their future
endeavors in engineering field. That this will provide ideas on a better construction
innovation and development which primarily concerns on maintaining static
strength of constructions and controlling spalling and corrosion.
Future Researchers. This study and its result would lead them to develop
new innovations with regards on the new design of construction devices. This will
serve as their basis and guide on future studies especially on the elimination of
problems regarding construction.
Scope and Delimitation
This research focus on design of a universal concrete spacer that secures
the reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures as a device assembled in
place prior to the final concrete pour. The fabrication shall be started on first and
second month of 2015. The design of the spacer will be based on schematic
diagram with an acquired dimensions based on the specifications of concrete
cover for slab and beams. This will be fabricated using molders with obtained
design mix proportions and will be test for acceptability on actual construction.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to provide a
clear understanding of these terms as used in the study.
Acceptability explains the various issues which affect whether information

should be accepted into an article, and for how long.
Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

by resisting bending.
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other
materials together.
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate,

and cement.
Concrete spacer is a device that secures the reinforcing steel or "rebar"

in reinforced concrete structures as the rebar is assembled in place prior to the
final concrete pour
Curing of concrete means maintaining moisture inside the body of concrete
during the early ages and beyond in order to develop the desired properties in
terms of strength & durability.
Foundation forms the lowest part of an architectural structure and are
generally either shallow or deep.
Rebar is also known as reinforcing bar, a steel bar or mesh of steel wires
used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures
to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension.

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Slab is a flat rectangular architectural element that is usually formed of a
single piece or mass.
Spall are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can
be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including as a result of
projectile impact, corrosion, weathering, cavitation, or excessive rolling pressure
(as in a ball bearing).
Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion referring to the
recognition, observation, nature, and permanence of patterns and relationships of
entities. This notion may itself be an object, such as a built structure, or an attribute,
such as the structure of society.
Universal Concrete Spacer is a device named by the researchers which

has a multi-size spacer.
ISO 9001:2008
END NOTES
1. Jack C. McCormac and James K. Nelson, Design Of Reinforced
Concrete, 7th Edition, (January 10, 2014)
2. Mosley and Bungey, Reinfoced Concrete Design, (1987) from website
of http://www.scribd.com/doc/39455973/mosley-bungey-Reinforced-
Concrete-Design#scribd.
3. Molenaar Betonindustrie B.V., Concrete Rebar and Formwork Spacers
in Europe, website in English. www.molenaar-beton.com.
4. Atecon, Concrete Rebar Spacers in Latin America, website in
spanish. www.separadoresatecon.com.
5. http://www.hy-ten.co.uk/pages/respace.htm retrieved on January 21, 2015

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CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
This chapter presents the theories and concepts from which this study was
anchored. Related literature and studies provided direction and information on the
background of the study.
Review of Related Literature
This portion discusses literatures that are relevant to the present study. In
this chapter the researchers conduct several reviews from a wide source of
materials such as books, journals, magazines, published materials, electronic
source in order to obtain enough knowledge and valuable information that provide
insights in the conduct of the present study.
Concrete Spacer
All devices should be held firmly in place before and during casting of
concrete. Devices that will prevent displacement during construction include
concrete spacers, metal, plastic chairs, spacer bars, and wires. The quantity and
strength of a spacer should be sufficient to support both reinforcement and
construction loads. To prevent settlement of horizontal reinforcement into base soil
or indention into soffit forming, spacer should be installed every 5 or 6 ft. (1.5 to
1.8m). (Pantazapoulou, 2000)

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Concrete spacer prevent rebars from corrosion and help to provide
proper transfer of stresses from concrete to steel rebars, by helping provide proper
cover to rebars. Spacer is usually used to hold the location of placed bars and
maintains the cover depth of a member as intended. In addition, they also prevent
dispersions of located bars due to high impacts and undesirable vibrations.
Especially in reinforced concrete, cover depth, which is one of the important factors
for durability, should be seriously considered. Undoubtedly, bar support and
spacer should be strong or even stronger enough to support the bar and endure
high impacts when metal is used to reinforcement. (Dhakal, 2002)
Spacers ensures that the specified concrete cover to the reinforcement for
structures and structural elements is achieved, both before and during concreting.
However, if the steel had been placed too close to the surface and the concrete
had been poured then over time the steel may become exposed to moisture and
corrosion will commence. On the other hand, small mortar blocks are also
commonly used which are tied to the reinforcement bars using soft iron binding
wire. The ends of these ties should be bent away from the surface of the concrete;
otherwise the wire may facilitate the corrosion of the reinforcement. Steel spacers
can be used, but only when the structure is not in a corrosive atmosphere or be
exposed to water. The required amount of cover will always be specified on the
design drawings, but no time should the cover be less than the maximum size of
aggregate plus 5mm. (Gopal Mishra, 2003).

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Concrete Spacer Placement
All reinforcement must stay in the proper position and maintain required
clearance from the forms before and during concrete placement. The proper
location of top reinforcing bars is most often overlooked and that can seriously
compromise the design of structure. One of the important things to remember is
that the design of the structure is based on having the steel in the right place.
Incorrect reinforcing steel placement can and has led to serious concrete structural
failures. For example, lowering the top bars or raising the bottom bars by inch
more than that specified in a 6-inch-deep slab could reduce its load-carrying
capacity by 20% (C.C Staff, 2001)
Placing reinforcement atop a layer of fresh concrete and then pouring more
on top is not an acceptable method for positioning. You must use reinforcing bar
supports or spacers, which are made of steel wire, precast concrete, or plastic.
Chairs and supports are available in various heights to support specific reinforcing
bar sizes and positions. Simply placing the bars on supports is not enough.
Reinforcing steel must be secured to prevent displacement during construction
activities and concrete placement. This is usually accomplished with tie wire. Tie
wire comes in 3- or 4-pound coils. Wires are placed in a wire holder or a reel is
suspended from the worker's belt for accessibility. The wire is typically 16- or 16-
gauge black, soft, annealed wire, although heavier reinforcement may require 15-
or 14-gauge wire to hold the proper position of the rebar. (David W. Kammel, 1997)
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Review of Related Studies
The vast research and relevant ideas presented by foreign authors about
construction spacers has been highlighted on this portion, including the different
design of different types of Spacers depending on its usage, prior to the stability of
reinforcement construction focusing mainly in the maintenance of proper position
or Form of rebars on a given distance apart before and during concreting.
According to the Presentation of Renee Miller (2000) she suggested the
application of Wire spacers that are made of steel for support in mesh
reinforcement in concrete slabs. Two main types of wire spacers are available.
Hoop spacers are large circular devices that are about 3 feet in diameter. Three to
four hoops are typically needed per sheet of mesh to provide proper reinforcement.
Deckchairs are the other commonly used type of wire spacers. These resemble
the base of a chair, and are used to support fabric reinforcement while preventing
damage to the polythene membrane used in the slab. Deckchairs are ideal for use
in ground floor slabs and can also be used to support dowel bars.
From a Manufacturing Company of Spacers, Beton Mesh Reinforcing
(2002) had introduced Rebar Supports. Rebar Support is known as rebar support
chair, metal horse stool, rebar support chair, post-tension chair and reinforcing
steel bar stool. They may be used to support horizontal reinforcing steel, wire mesh
or post tension cable. Materials were low carbon steel (Q235), medium carbon
steel and other materials. With a Height: 3/4" to 2", in 1/4" increments.
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Features: Formed cradle to place wire mesh or reinforcing bar. Foot designed to
set on most forming surfaces. For Support and good Concrete stability, rebar
Support is available in plain, galvanized, plastic-protected or epoxy-coated finish.
Application: Rebar Support is mainly used for building and infrastructure
engineering Foundation, underground works or bridge, and other large bearing
parts of reinforced fastening, large building industry-layer or multi-layer steel
connection between support wide-spaced light steel in slab or deck construction.
The Invention of Jeffrey Beach, with a Patent of US 7555872 B1 (2009) He
introduces a spacer that attaches to wire grids used in laying concrete block or
similar type block. A number of spacers are used to lay out a pattern in the block.
The spacers have fingers that extend upward from the spacers. These fingers are
used to align the blocks, above and below, to assure that each course remains
level, plumb and square, with the courses of block remaining in proper alignment
throughout the construction. The invention is compromises a small spacer that is
designed to fit over reinforcing wire. The reinforcing wire is then placed over a
course of concrete block. The spacers align with the ends of the blocks. This
ensures that the blocks are properly aligned as the courses are added.
While the invention of Larkin (1962) concerns about the spacers used in
reinforcement bars in concrete construction. He discussed that it has been the
practice heretofore to use a spacer which has a concrete annulus, it would be at
spaced points along the rods and would act as though it were large stones in the
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concrete mass and therefore never homogeneous therewith. Other attempted
spacer constructions created voids. In all previous trials, the spacers used
impaired the total strength of the concrete construction. Larkin States that it is
therefore the principal object of the invention to provide novel and improved
spacers of the nature set forth, which will avoid the foregoing objectionable
features and which is light in weight, is easily mounted onto the reinforcement rods,
will stay put where they are set and are easily adapted to fit tight on reinforcement
rods of different diameters. Another object thereof is to provide novel and improved
spacers of the character mentioned which are made of wire stock and the like,
reasonably cheap to manufacture and efficient in carrying out the purposes for
which it is designed.
He describes that the spacers consists of a relatively thick wire formed into
a circular ring with two aligned wire spring coils of one and a half turns each,
concentric; each of said coils being spaced from the rings plane and to one side
thereof respectively. Each of said coil at its ends, has an extension arm to said ring
whereunto it is welded; the arms of each spring coil being in a diametric plane of
said ring respectively and the plane of one pair of said arms being perpendicular
to the arms of the second spring coil whereby a sort of four-spoke wheel structure
is formed.
The ends of the ring are preferably welded together. The said coils fit as
collars on the reinforcement rod. The rod should be of a diameter smaller than the
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internal diameter of said coils; at least one of them may be distorted so that the
spacer fits tightly. For another embodiment, only one spring coil is used, with
extensions from its ends to the ring, joined thereto by welding. Another
embodiment is a one-piece construction. The diameter of the rings, is chosen to
give the required spacing between rods in an assembly.
In an article, McCraven (1992) underscored the paramount importance of
Placement. Steel reinforcement must be accurately located in the forms and held
firmly in place both before and during concreting. To do this, the use built-in
concrete blocks, metal bolsters and chairs, spacer bars, wires, or other devices
that prevent steel displacement during construction, as well as retain it at the
proper distance from the forms would be prescribed. McCraven states that in some
specifications, no metal must be left in concrete within a certain distance of the
surface. Generally, the minimum clearance between parallel bars in beams,
footings, walls, and floor slabs is not less than 1 1/3 times the largest size
aggregate particle in the concrete, but in no case less than 1 inch. To meet such
specifications, make spacer and supporting blocks from mortar having the same
consistency as the concrete, but no CA. Spacer blocks are usually 1 1/2 inch
square or larger, varying in length as required. Cast tie wires into the blocks to
secure them to the reinforcing bars. Do not remove this type of spacer block when
placing the concrete.

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Furthermore, enough supports and spacers to hold the steel firmly, even
when subjected to construction loads should be acquired appropriately. Never use
rocks, wood blocks, or other unapproved supports. Wood blocks deteriorate,
eventually creating a pathway for water to penetrate and degrade reinforcing rebar.
Support horizontal bars at minimum intervals of 5 or 6 feet, and secure all bars to
supports and other bars using tie wires not smaller than 18 gage. Twisted-tie ends
should project away from an interior surface to avoid contact with the concrete
surface.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art
This study bears similarity and differences of these reviewed related studies
concerning various application, relevant invention and design of spacers
designated for structure placements.
From the Presentation of Miller (2000), it suggests the usage of wire
spacers on the construction. In which two types was introduced depending on its
application of placement; Deck chairs and Hoop spacers. The study of Miller used
plastic as a material for making spacers. These spacers are generally used in
suspended slab or slab on ground applications. These may be also used in tilt-up
panels and precast panels and beams. This study differs on the dimensions and
materials proposed and the application basis in of the spacers for the present study
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points a multi sizes design and a concrete made spacers. Thus both studies
introduce the application of a spacer in concrete construction.
Consequently, from the Beton Mesh Reinforcing Company, it also differs on
dimensions and materials proposed for the materials used are typically plain,
galvanized, plastic-protected or epoxy-coated finish. Mesh products concerns
mainly for wire mesh support mainly used for building and infrastructure
engineering Foundation, underground works or bridge, and other large bearing
parts of reinforced fastening, large building industry-layer or multi-layer steel
connection between support wide-spaced light steel in slab or deck construction.
Thus both studies concerns for spacing and Support.
On the other hand, the invention of Jeffrey Beach (2009), with a Patent of
US 7555872 B1 implies the use of spacers in different application. The use of this
device is for aligning masonry block for use with reinforcing wire having a pair of
parallel members connected by a plurality of perpendicular braces, such that each
of said plurality of perpendicular braces attaches to each of said pair of parallel
members, forming a plurality of joint pairs extending in a longitudinal direction
down the length of the pair of parallel members, and wherein the device has a
spacer body having a lateral member and a perpendicular member, said lateral
member and a perpendicular member forming a T shaped member, wherein said
lateral member and a perpendicular member having a base and further wherein
said base has two perpendicular grooves formed therein; and an alignment finger,
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formed on said perpendicular member and extending upward. This opposed the
present study for it intends the use of spacers in reinforcement bars while the Latter
focus on the use of spacer in concrete blocks. However, the study of Bleach also
relates to the present study for the latter is an economical invention.
The invention of Larkin (1962) presents the use of spacers for reinforcement
rods used in concrete constructions. These spacers are made of a single piece of
wire, coil spring which is molded forming rings. The spacer comprises two aligned
coil springs which are concentric with the other ring and positioned spaced
respectively from the opposite sides of the rings general plane. The end of each
spring has an integral extension to the ring, where they are welded thereto. The
arms extending from the coil spring in opposite directions are in a diametric plane.
As the present study suggests, the spacer was made of concrete, therefore the
invention of Larkin opposes. However, springs applied in reinforcement rod are
used for spacing and is achieved in cheaper cost which relates to the views of the
present study.
In the Article of McCraven (1992), it points out the importance of proper
placement in construction that ensuring enough support and spacers in holding
steel firmly, even when subjected to construction loads should be achieved.
Herewith the study of McCraven suggests proper placement and specifications for
support and spacers, as considered as benefits for progressive construction, which
the present study also appeals of concern.

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Theoretical Framework
This part covers the important principles that direct the researchers in their
study. It served as their basis in making their concept in the realization of the study.
Guided by different concepts in making the study into realization. It contains the
(1) National Structural Codes of the Philippines; (2) Reinforced Concrete Design
and Construction; and (3) Theory of Economy and Utilization that gives detail and
significant information about universal concrete spacer.
National Structural Code of the Philippines
The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 (NSCP) is designed
to meet the needs through various model codes/regulations, generally from the
Philippines, to safeguard the public health and safety nationwide. The structural
code establishes minimum requirements for building structural systems using
prescriptive and performance-based provisions. It is founded on broad-based
principles that make possible the use of new materials and new building designs.
Also, this code reflects the latest seismic design practice for earthquake resistant
structure. This code serves this study as basis for minimum requirements for all
types of construction.
Reinforced Concrete Design and Construction
The design of a Reinforced Concrete may be regarded as the process of
selecting proper materials and proportioned elements of the structure, according

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to the Art, Engineering Science and Technology. In order to fulfill its purpose, the
structure must meet its conditions of safety, serviceability, economy and
functionality. The researchers applied this principle to choose proper materials in
fabricating concrete spacer
Theory of Economy and Utilization
Economic Theory (Yannelis, 2010) provides an outlet for research in all
areas of economics based on rigorous theoretical reasoning and on topics in
engineering mathematics that are supported by the analysis of economic
problems. Published articles contribute to the understanding and solution of
substantive economic problems. Utilization theory provides the primary method by
which asset performance is measured and business success determined. In
basic terms it is a measure of the actual revenue earned by assets against the
potential revenue they could have earned. This theory serves this study in order to
measure the savings when using Universal Concrete Spacer as it replace from an
ordinary or standard rebar spacer.

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Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework of the Study
Figure 2 shows the guide in the concept and formulation of this study. The
first block is the input of the study which shows the first step of the research which
comprises (1) National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP); (3) Materials;
and (4) Tools and Equipment.
The throughput block is composed of steps in acquiring the results and
findings of this study which consists of (1) Tools and Equipment (2) Design of
Concrete Spacer; (3) Fabrication; (4) Installation: interview and guide
questionnaires; (5) Acceptability
The output block represent the desired intention of the researchers which is
the Universal Concrete Spacer.
The feedback loop indicates whatever the output of the study will be
reflected on the flow of the input and throughput blocks.

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Figure 2
Conceptual Paradigm
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ENDNOTES
1. Concrete Construction Staff, Placing Reinforcing Steel
2. S. J. Pantazopoulou., Detailing for Reinforcement Stability in RC

Members
3. Terry Smith, Reinforcement Bar Support
4. Gopal Mishra. Reinforcement cover
5. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute's Ready Reference, Reinforcing Steel

Resource Guide
6. United States Patent 3,172,239, Spacers Used On Reinforcement Bars

1n Concrete Construction
7. ACI 117, Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials
8. Dhakal, R. and Maekawa, K. (2002). Reinforcement Stability and

Fracture of Cover Concrete in Reinforced Concrete Members.
9. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute(1992), Reinforcing steel in slabs on

grade-Use welded-wire fabric or rebar to control cracking and increase
strength
10. Susan C. McCraven Reinforcement Supports and Ties (Placing

reinforcing steel properly is critical to concrete durability).
11. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 6, June 1998, pp. 623-
632,(http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:6(623))
12. Renee Miller, Types of Spacers for Reinforced Concrete
13. http://bar-splicing.com/2013/12/11/an-insight-into-concrete-spacer/
retrieved on January 2015
14. http://bar-splicing.com/products/cabr-rebar-spacer/concrete-rebar-
spacers/ retrieved on January 2015
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15. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/amse/2008/814137/ retrieved on January

2015
16. http://www.ehow.com/info_12197726_types-spacers-reinforced-
concrete.html retrieved on January 2015
17. http://www.ehow.com/way_5822929_concrete-slab-rebar-spacing-
guideline.html retrieved on January 2015
18. http://www.crsi.org/index.cfm/construction/placing retrieved on January

2015
19. http://www.arcreo.com.au/product_family/15 retrieved on January 2015

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methods on how the device was planned and
designed. It includes the research methods and detailed procedure in coming up with
the device where the researchers will be directed in conducting the study and
realization of the expected output.
Research Method
The researchers used two methods namely descriptive research method
and developmental research method.
The researchers used descriptive study method on evaluating the design,
applications and benefits of the universal concrete spacer in construction
placement. According to Sekaran (2000), descriptive study are undertaken in
order to ascertain, and be able to describe, the characteristics of the variables of
interest in a situation or in a given research problem. They describe relevant
aspects of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-
oriented or other perspective. Quite frequently, descriptive studies are undertaken
in organizations to learn about the various aspects of a problem under
investigation. The goal of a descriptive study is to provide the researcher with a
profile or describe relevant aspects of the phenomena of interest. In many cases,

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such information may be vital before even considering certain corrective steps.
Descriptive studies which present data in a meaningful form might help to (1)
understand the characteristics of a group in a given situation; (2) think
systematically about aspects in a given situation; (3) offer ideas for further
examination and research; and (4) help make certain simple decisions about the
issue. The researchers used descriptive method because of Interview from on-
going construction and guide questionnaires given to the respondents.
The developmental research method, according to Richey and Klein (2005),
seeks to create knowledge grounded in data systematically derived from practice.
It is a pragmatic type of research that offers a way to test "theory" that has been
only hypothesized and to validate practice that has been perpetuated essentially
through unchallenged tradition. In addition, it is a way to establish new procedures,
techniques, and tools based upon a methodical analysis of specific cases. As such,
developmental research can have a function of either creating generalizable
conclusions or statements of law, or producing context-specific knowledge that
serves a problem solving function. The researchers used this method to fabricate
the universal concrete spacer to improve the structure of a concrete using a
universal concrete spacers.

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Research Procedure
To enable the researchers ascertain the study, all materials, statistics, and
data which is necessary in the completion of the present study had gathered. The
researchers presents the following data gathering methods in the Evaluation of
Applications of Universal Concrete Spacer embedment in the construction; (1)
Tools and Equipment; (2) Design (3) Fabrication and (4) Installation (5)
Acceptability.
1. Tools and Equipment
a. Site Inspection
Site inspection is collection of data on the Embedment Applications of
Spacers in construction conducted through on site observation mainly focusing on
construction details on placement. This procedure gives the data on how a
concrete spacer is being applied in construction In line with the acquired placing
of universal concrete spacers. The researchers also enables to view the present
construction method practiced toward the usage of reinforcement supports.

ISO 9001:2008
30
Figure 3
Stone used as spacer in on-going CSPC Gymnasium
Figure 4
Stone installed near Conduit

ISO 9001:2008
31
2. Design
Through site inspection and interview, the researchers gathered information
on how useful and economical concrete spacers are. The researchers designed
concrete spacers in accord with the desired shape and dimensions as compared
to the concrete spacers used in a construction. The phase includes the (1) Scheme
of Universal Concrete Spacer; (2) Design mix proportions
a. Scheme of Universal Concrete Spacer
This first step will be the start of doing the schematic diagram with specifications/
dimensions.
Figure 5
Schematic Diagram of Universal Concrete Spacer

ISO 9001:2008
32
b. Design Mix Proportion
Determined amount of cement, sand and water proportion were obtained in
the making of universal concrete spacer. These three sample proportions were
measured by weight according to its volume using the trial mix design.
Table 1. Design Mix Proportion
CORRESPONDING QUANTITY
MIX PROPORTION CEMENT (in kg) SAND(in cu m)
I 1:3 6 0.5
II 1:2 9 0.5
III 1:1.5 12 0.5
3. Fabrication
The procedure in the production phase of Universal Concrete Spacer involves the
Mixing, molding/casting, curing and drying process. The researchers fabricated the design
of universal concrete spacer that is more economical than concrete spacers used
in a construction.
ISO 9001:2008
33
a. Mixing- The sample ratio proportion obtained will be used upon the mixing process prior
to the appropriate amount.
b. Molding- The design of the Universal Concrete Spacers shall be the basis to mold the
Model.
c. Curing - In order for the model to increased strength and decreased permeability, curing
should be done. The duration and type of curing plays a big role in determining the required
materials necessary to achieve the high level of quality.
4. Installation
Installation of Universal Concrete Spacer in slab and beams concerns its
placing, spacing, supporting and fastening steel bars to maintain its proper
placement. Upon fabrication of the device, this will be used in an actual site construction for its
application. These will be installed to the designated usage of the Universal Concrete spacer,
prior to the specification for the placement of accessories, as such concrete spacers. The
installation of Universal Concrete Spacers include interviewing a persons who are in charge in
the field.
a. Interview
As by definition of Miti, an interview is direct face to face attempt to obtain
reliable and valid measures in the form of verbal responses from one or more
respondents. It is a conversation in which the roles of the interviewer and the
respondent change continually. The researchers were able to conduct structured/

ISO 9001:2008
34
formal interviews with selected organization, engineers and skilled workers who
are concerned in the field of civil engineering.
Figure
Installing Universal Concrete Spacer
5. Acceptability/Utilization
The acceptability of Universal concrete spacer was based on the actual application of
Universal Concrete spacer in construction and the evaluation of gathered data from
respondents reflected in the criteria/questionnaire provided. The researchers used this
information to determine if the universal concrete spacer is acceptable and can be used in a
construction. If the design of the Universal Concrete Spacer were followed by the
fabricator based from the specifications and dimensions as shown in the Design.
(Figure 5) then the method of acceptance will proceed.

ISO 9001:2008
35
Table 2 is the checklist/criteria of the researchers to prove that the proposed
Design of universal concrete spacer was effective and functional.
Table 2: Criteria of Acceptability
Criteria Questions
Does the dimension of the Universal

Concrete Spacer meets the coverage
Dimension requirement in slab/ beam?
Does the model effective as spacer in
Effectiveness/reliability the construction?
ISO 9001:2008
36
ENDNOTES
1. Sakaran, Research Methodologies, Innovations and Philosophies in
Benefit-Cost Analysis, University of Washington's Daniel J. Evan Public
Affairs, 2000
2. Brehob, 2001. Department of Computer Science University of Maryland
College Park , MD 20742 , USA, November 2, 2001
3. James, P. (1997). Data Tools. [online] Okstate.edu. Available at:
http://www.okstate.edu/ag/agedcm4h/academic/aged5980a/5980/newpag
e16.htm [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014].

ISO 9001:2008
37
CHAPTER 4
UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER
This chapter deals with the development and evaluation of the device. The
discussion herein includes the design and the data gathered from actual
construction of Universal Concrete Spacer for test of effectiveness and
acceptability. The data is presented in graphical from in order to give clear insights
about the matters that were evaluated.
Design of Universal Concrete Spacer
The design of the model was based on a standard concrete spacer which
often used in the field of construction. The Universal Concrete spacer provides
support for 12mm -50 mm steel bars. Each portions of the Universal concrete
spacer had a corresponding usage which varies on the size of the steel bars. Thus,
spacing of concrete spacer depends upon the structural drawings for bar
placements, hooks, and required concrete cover approved by the engineer.
It has a dimension of 50mm x 50mm x 35mm. The height from both curves
as shown in Fig 5, where steel bars will be positioned is 25mm and 40 mm
consecutively. This is designed based on a typical reinforcing steel cover
specification for slab and beam.

ISO 9001:2008
38
The design of the universal includes placing of tire wire where it holds the
reinforcing steel to properly place according to their designation. Most of standard
spacers, however, has its own tire wire placer (i.e., .hole at the middle to properly
place the tire wire) of which the manufacturing companies creating based from
their design or other individuals responsible for making a standard concrete
spacer.
Acceptability of Universal Concrete Spacer
According to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, under the
Steel reinforcement, it is stated that accessories shall conform to the requirement
of the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) Manual of Standard Practice
for Reinforced Concrete Construction. Chairs and other accessories fabricated
from concrete, ceramic or plastic may be used in place of metal accessories when
approved.
Steel reinforcement shall be provided as indicated, together with all
necessary wire ties, chairs, spacers, supports and other devices necessary to
install and secure the reinforcement properly. Main reinforcement shall be wire tied
at all intersections; wire tie temperature reinforcement to main reinforcement at
approximately 450 mm on center. All steel reinforcements, when placed, shall be
free from loose, flaky rust and scale oil, grease, clay, and other foreign substances
that would reduce or destroy its bond with concrete. Reinforcement shall be placed
ISO 9001:2008
39
accurately and secured in place by use of approved metal/concrete support,
spacers and ties.
The acceptability of the device was evaluated through application of the
Universal concrete spacer into construction sites, wherein
checklists/questionnaires for evaluation of effectivity was also conducted.
Site Application of Universal Concrete Spacer
In view of the latter, upon the fabrication of the universal concrete spacer,
this will be applied in actual construction for test of effectivity and acceptability.
There are Three (3) Construction Site that has been acquired for sample
application of the universal concrete spacer namely: 1. Gasoline Station located at
San Vicente Iriga City 2.) Gasoline Station & Commercial Bulding Located at San
Miguel Iriga City and 3.) Two Storey Building of Nabua National High School,
located at San Miguel Nabua.
The researchers conducted the first sample test in a construction of
Proposed Gasoline Station located at San Vicente Iriga City. : Mr. Nestor De Lima
from JAJV construction and Development Corp., Foreman.

ISO 9001:2008
40
Figure 10
Site 1: Gasoline Station located at San Vicente, IC
Figure 11
Site 1: Gasoline Station located at San Vicente, IC

ISO 9001:2008
41
Figure 12
Spacer Installment
Figure 13
Installed Universal Concrete Spacer

ISO 9001:2008
42
As reflected in the figure 12 and 13, the Universal concrete spacer supports
a 16mm steel bars. Installment of the spacer in the Site 1 was based on the
interference of the steel bars towards the framework. Universal concrete spacer
maintains the proper position of steel before and during concrete placement.
The second Site for sample testing of Universal Concrete spacer was
undergone in a proposed Gasoline Station & Two Storey Commercial Building
located at San Miguel Iriga City. : Mr. Mike Calmante, Foreman from LeJOhn
Construction.
Figure 16
Site 2: Gasoline Station and Commercial Building

ISO 9001:2008
43
Figure 17
Placement of Universal Concrete Spacer near Conduits
Figure 18
Placement of Universal Concrete Spacer near Conduits
As shown in the Figure 17, Universal Concrete spacer was placed near the
installed conduits to avoid interference between the steel bars. Universal concrete
spacer was spaced approximately 1meter in Site 2

ISO 9001:2008
44
Lastly the last site for sample testing of universal concrete spacer was
conducted in a Two Storey Building of Nabua National High School located at San
Miguel Nabua. : Mr. Celso Pado, Foreman, G.Marvilla Construction.
Figure 19 Site 3: Two Storey Building of NNHS

ISO 9001:2008
45
Figure 20
Spacers installed in Slab
As shown in the Figure 20, Universal concrete spacer provides the recommended
cover depth in the slab. The spacers was also placed near conduits to prevent
interference from the steel.
Evaluation of Effectivity of Universal Concrete Spacer
From the Three sites acquired for the application of Universal Concrete
Spacer, each site obtained respondents to evaluate the effectivity and acceptability
based from the criteria presented in Table

ISO 9001:2008
46
Dimension
0%
100%
Yes No
Graph 1. Qualification of the models dimension for Slab/Beam Coverage
As can be seen from the graph 1,100% says yes likewise 0% says no. It shows
that all of the respondents that the researchers conducted and interviewed agreed
that the dimensions of the model meets the requirement of slab/beam coverage.
ISO 9001:2008
47
Effectiveness/reliability
11.11% 5.55%
83.33%
Less Effective Effective Very Effective
Graph 2. Effectivity of the Model
The data in Graph 2 show that 83.33% says the model is effective, 11.11% for very
effective and 5.55% for less effective. Most of the respondents agreed that the
model, Universal Concrete Spacer, is effective.

ISO 9001:2008
48
ENDNOTES
1. ACI 117, Standard Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete

Construction and Materials and Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
2. ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American

Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
3. Manual of Standard Practice, MSP-1 Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,

Schaumburg, Ill.
4. Placing Reinforcing Steel, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,

Schaumburg, Ill.
ISO 9001:2008
49
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter includes the summary, findings, conclusions and
recommendations of this study.
Summary
This study used descriptive and developmental method to attain a different
design and concepts of concrete spacer in construction which was provided by the
researchers. The researchers called the Model The Universal Concrete Spacer.
The concentration of this study is to discuss further the scheme and construction
application of universal concrete spacer. Specifically, this study sought to answer
the following questions:
1. What is the design of the universal concrete spacer?
2. How acceptable the designed concrete spacer?
Findings
The following are the findings of the study.
1. The dimension of the Universal concrete spacer was 50mm by 35 mm.
It has two adjacent curves which was designated for the placement of
steel bars 16-20 mm diameter. The portion having the width of 50 mm

ISO 9001:2008
50
was designated for beam spacer, whereof the measure from the curve
to the framework is 40 mm. While the portion having the height of 35
mm was designated for slab spacer, whereof the measure from the
curve to the framework is 25 mm. The dimensions obtained from the
curves of the Universal concrete spacer to the framework/formwork was
based on the minimum covering requirement of beam and slab which is
40 mm and 25 mm consecutively. Moreover the remaining portions of
the Universal concrete spacer is designated for bars that will exceed the
designated size of the steel bars. The Universal concrete spacers
design also obtained a Tire wire for securing the steel bars upon
placement.
2. There are four construction Site that has been utilized on the application
of Universal Concrete Spacer. These are Proposed Gasoline Station,
Proposed Commercial Building and Gasoline Station, Two Storey
Building of NNHS, and CSPC Gymnasium. The 36 respondents from
these sites are mainly Foreman and Laborers. Among these
respondents the percentages for Qualification of the models dimension
for Slab/Beam Coverage are as follows: 100% among the respondents
says that the Model Universal Concrete Spacer meets the proper
dimension for concrete covering likewise 0% says No. Among the

ISO 9001:2008
51
respondents the percentages for Effectivity of the Model are as follows:
83.33% says the model is effective, 11.11% for very effective and 5.55%
for less effective.
Conclusions
Based from the findings, the following were the conclusions during the
actual testing:
1. Portions of Universal Concrete spacer depends upon the usage
(slab/beam), size and placing of the reinforcing bar to be supported.
The design of Universal concrete spacer conforms the specification for
concrete covering for Beam and Slab whereas the minimum concrete
covering of Beam and Slab is 40 and 25 consecutively. This also
conforms the requirement of National Structural code of the Philippines
under Steel Reinforcement prior to spacers used for Steel support.
2. The Universal concrete spacer was acceptable to be used in
construction due to the acquired percentage of 83.33% as effective,
taken from the respondents of the construction Sites.

ISO 9001:2008
52
Recommendations
1. Universal concrete spacer could be improved for commercialization
and be used in construction Industry.
2. As it can be acceptable to be used in construction, devising moulders
for mass production could be obtained.
3. The ironworker foreman and the inspector should check structural
drawings for bar placements, and required concrete cover,

ISO 9001:2008
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Book
The Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers National Structural code for
Buildings, The Philippine Association of Civil engineers, Iriga City Library and
Museum, Iriga Camarines Sur (1972)
B. Periodicals
Interactive, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, pdf,

internet.www.google.com.
Dr. B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain Comprehensive Design of Steel Structures.
Front Cover. Arun Kr. Jain, Punmia. Firewall Media, 1 Jan 1998, pdf,
internet.www.google.com
J.-H.J.Kim and T. Kang International Journal of Concrete Structures and

Materials, Korea Concrete Institute (2012), pdf, internet.www.google.com
Max FrankSpacer Technology, Max Frank GmbH & Co. KG, (2000), pdf, internet,
www.google.com
Buildong How, Construction & Detailing, Apostolos Konstandinidis.

pdf,internet.www.google.com
ISO 9001:2008
54
APPENDIX A
LETTER TO ADVISER
TO : ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE

FROM : Civil Engineering Research Students
DATE : December 07, 2014
SUBJECT : Research Technical Adviser
I. Joyful Greetings!!!
II. The undersigned fourth year students of Bachelor of Science in Civil

Engineering are in the process of conducting a research entitled THE
BENEFITS OF UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER, S/Y 2014-2015 in
partial fulfillment of the requirements in CE-511, Engineering
Research/Project Study.
III. In view of this, the group has unanimously chosen you to be their
TECHNICAL ADVISER. Your knowledge and expertise will greatly help in
the success of this study.
IV. Your acceptance shall be greatly acknowledged.
V. Thank you very much.
Very respectfully yours,
(SGD) ALABATA, DONNA G.
(SGD) CABALBAG, RICKY BAL P.
(SGD) SARZA, JOHN ARIES A.
Noted:
(SGD) PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES
Professor, Engineering Research
ISO 9001:2008
55
APPENDIX B
LETTER TO PANELIST
TO : ENGR. IRENE VIRGINIA BLANQUERA

DATE : January 18, 2015

III. In view of this, the group has unanimously chosen you to be one of the
PANELISTS. With your immeasurable knowledge and expertise in the field,
the Researchers are confident that the success of this study will be
achieved.
Noted:
ISO 9001:2008
56
APPENDIX C
LETTER TO PANELIST
TO : ARCH. MARY ANN MARTINEZ


achieved.
Noted:
ISO 9001:2008
57
APPENDIX D
LETTER TO PANELIST
TO : ENGR. NILO B. SALAZAR


achieved.
Noted:
ISO 9001:2008
58
APPENDIX E
PERMIT TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND INTERVIEW
January 30, 2015
MR. MIKE CALMANTE

Project Foreman
LeJhon Construction
Sir
Greetings!
We, the undergraduate civil engineering students of Camarines Sur
Polytechnic Colleges, Nabua, Camarines Sur would like to conduct research and
interview to your good office in connection with our study entitled: Universal
Concrete Spacer in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
We are anticipating your favorable support on the matter out utmost
gratitude for giving preferential attention to our request.
God Bless!
Respectfully Yours,
(SGD) Alabata, Donna G.

(SGD) Cabalbag, Ricky Bal
(SGD) Sarza, John Aries A.
Noted by:
(SGD) Engr. Henry Turalde

Technical Research Adviser
ISO 9001:2008
59
APPENDIX F
January 30, 2015
MR. NESTOR DE LIMA

Project Foreman
JAJV Construction & Devt Corporation
Sir
Greetings!
God Bless!
Respectfully Yours,

Noted by:

ISO 9001:2008
60
APPENDIX G
January 30, 2015
MR. CELSO PADO

Project Foreman
G. Marvilla Construction
Sir
Greetings!
God Bless!
Respectfully Yours,

Noted by:

ISO 9001:2008
61
APPENDIX H
CONSTRUCTION SITE
These plates below show the location of the on-going construction where
the researchers assessed, inspected, and conducted.
1st Site- Gasoline Station located at San Vicente Iriga City

ISO 9001:2008
62
APPENDIX I
CONSTRUCTION SITE
2nd Site- Gasoline Station & Commercial Bulding Located at San Miguel Iriga
City
ISO 9001:2008
63
APPENDIX J
CONSTRUCTION SITE
3rd Site- Two Storey Building of Nabua National High School, located at San
Miguel Nabua
ISO 9001:2008
64
APPENDIX K
RUSTING
APPENDIX L
SPACER MARKINGS
ISO 9001:2008
65
APPENDIX M
SPACER MARKINGS
APPENDIX N
SPACER CSPC GYMNASIUM
ISO 9001:2008
66
APPENDIX O
SPACERS- SITE 2
APPENDIX P
BAR SIZES DESIGNATION BASED FROM ASTM
ISO 9001:2008
67
APPENDIX Q
PROPER PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE SPACER
In every different structure such as beam and slabs, theres a proper

placement of Concrete Spacer.
ISO 9001:2008
68
APPENDIX R
COST OF PRODUCTION and UTILIZATION/ ESTIMATE OF THE MATERIALS
For 2x2 Slab no. of spacers needed=23

Determination of the volume of the universal concrete spacer
= {[ ] [ 2 ]}
= [ 2 ]
= 23[0.05(0.05)(0.035) (0.012 )(0.05)]
= 1.65103 3
Estimate of sand
Sand : 1.65103 0.5 = 0.000833 0.000833
Refer to Table 1, using Proportion Mix I, II and II
Proportion Mix I Cement: 1.65103 6.0 = 0.0099

Proportion Mix II Cement: 1.65103 9.0 = 0.015
Proportion Mix III Cement: 1.65103 12.0 = 0.02
Convert Number of bags of cement to kilogram.
Using ratio and proportion.
Proportion Mix I Cement: 40(0.0099) = 0.4kilo
Proportion Mix II Cement: 40(0.015) = 0.6kilos
Proportion Mix III Cement: 40(0.02) = 0.8kilos
Summary
Cement for Proportion Mix I, II and II: 0.4kg, 0.6kg and 0.8 kg
Sand (fine): . cu. m.
ISO 9001:2008
69
APPENDIX S

= {[ ] [ 2 ]}
= [ 2 ]
= 46[0.05(0.05)(0.035) (0.012 )(0.05)]
= 3.302103 3
Estimate of sand
Sand : 3.302103 0.5 = 0.00173 0.0023
Refer to Table 1, using Proportion Mix I, II and III

Proportion Mix I Cement: 40(0.02) = 0.8kilo
Proportion Mix II Cement: 40(0.03) = 1.2kilos
Proportion Mix III Cement: 40(0.04) = 1.6kilo
Summary
Cement for Proportion Mix I, II and III: 0.8kg, 1.2kg and 1.6 kg
ISO 9001:2008
70
APPENDIX T

= {[ ] [ 2 ]}
= [ 2 ]
= 77[0.05(0.05)(0.035) (0.012 )(0.05)]
= 5.53103 3
Estimate of sand
Sand : 5.53103 0.5 = 0.00283 0.0033
Refer to Table 1, using Proportion Mix I, II and III

Proportion Mix I Cement: 40(0.033) = 1.32kilos
Proportion Mix II Cement: 40(0.05) = 2kilos
Proportion Mix III Cement: 40(0.066) = 2.64kilos
Summary
Cement for Proportion Mix I, II and III: 1.32kg, 2kg and 2.64kg

ISO 9001:2008
71
APPENDIX U
SITE 1 RESPONDENT
APPENDIX V
SITE 2 RESPONDENT
ISO 9001:2008
72
APPENDIX W
SITE 3 RESPONDENTS
ISO 9001:2008
73
APPENDIX X
CONSENT FORM FOR QUESTIONNAIRE
March, 2015
Dear Respondent,
Greetings!
We are addressing this letter to inform you that we are conducting a study
about the Universal Concrete Spacer. In connection to this, we would like to
seek help from you to answer the given checklist to you. This investigation is very
important to us, the researchers, so that we will be able to accomplish this study
with great success. Your participation within this study would aid great help to us.
Be free to answer and fill the following requirements with honesty. Rest
assured that your anonymity and the information you will give will be kept with
confidentiality.
Thank you very much for your time and your interest towards this matter.
We also want to thank you for your kind and willing response.
Respectfully Yours,

The Researchers
Noted by:

ISO 9001:2008
74
APPENDIX Y
QUESTIONNAIRE
DIRECTION: Be free to answer and fill the following requirements with honesty.
(Mag-atubiling sumagot at punan ang mga sumusunod na
kinakailangan sa katapatan.)
Name (Pangalan) ______________________ Age: (Edad)________________
Position (Posisyon) ____________________ Sex: (Kasarian) ______________
Please put a check ( / ) after each item to indicate your response. (Mangyaring
maglagay ng check ( / ) pagkatapos ng bawat item upang ipahiwatig ang iyong
opinion.)
1. Does the dimension of the universal concrete spacer meets the coverage
requirement in slab/ beam? (Suman-ayon ba ang sukat ng Universal Concrete
Spacer nakakatugon sa mga iniaatas na lapad sa Slab o kaya Beam?)
a Yes (Oo) b No (Hindi)

2. Does the Model effective as spacer in the construction? (Epektibo ba ang
modelo bilang spacer sa konstruksyon?)
a Less Effective (Di gaanong epektibo)
b Effective (Epektibo)
c Very Effective (Napakaepektibo)
Short Comment: __________________________________________________

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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

In the past centuries, civil engineers focused on design of making good

used in reinforced concrete through the difficulties of placement, compaction and

weakness it is essential that the reinforcing bars be surrounded by sufficient

to give a supplementary presence of every solitary details in the construction. To

distinguish that, engineers must unquestionably be familiarized of what materials

shall be included in the said construction. One of which is by using concrete

According to McCormac and Nelson (2014), concrete is arguably the most

important building material, playing a part in a building structure. Its ability to be

concrete is often used by most manufacturing firm to produce concrete spacers.

Concrete spacer, on the other hand, is a device that maintains reinforcement in

space coverage and its specification.

performance of the structure. The purpose of design is to achieve acceptable

Additionally, the engineering study of every reinforced

concrete construction, whether it is a building, a bridge, a bearing wall or other

of concrete (predicted concrete cover of steel reinforcement bars). This cover

construction (e.g. anti-earthquake protection) as well as to prevent the long-

theoretical specifications of concrete construction. The cover of the steel of a

particular construction element for example in a concrete slab or a beam) should

be generally uniform within the element. (Beton B.V. 2014),

The use of spacers is particularly important in areas with high earthquake

activity in combination with corrosive environment. In this world earthquake activity

flooring, stones and bricks cannot be used to support them. It is advisable to

at the very first place.

The purpose of this study is to contribute a different design of concrete

spacer in the construction which provided by the researchers. The researchers

called the Model The Universal Concrete Spacer.

Statement of the Problem

construction application of universal concrete spacer.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the design of the universal concrete spacer?

2. How acceptable the designed concrete spacer?

Based from the given problems, the researchers assumed that:

1. The design of universal concrete spacer conforms based on

engineer/ foreman and other individual who is responsible in the said

Significance of the Study

The results of this study would benefit the following:

material integrity and uniformity.

Civil Engineering Students. This study may be a medium that could

encourage students to develop thinking on innovations and development. Uphold

creativity and progressive ideas in engineering and in the community.

research design of multi-size construction spacer which manifests strength,

convenient design in construction field.

Industry. Through this study, local manufacturers engaged in engineering

Researchers. This study will be a guide to the researchers to their future

innovation and development which primarily concerns on maintaining static

strength of constructions and controlling spalling and corrosion.

problems regarding construction.

Scope and Delimitation

This research focus on design of a universal concrete spacer that secures

the reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures as a device assembled in

diagram with an acquired dimensions based on the specifications of concrete

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally to provide a

clear understanding of these terms as used in the study.

Acceptability explains the various issues which affect whether information

Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate,

Concrete spacer is a device that secures the reinforcing steel or "rebar"

Curing of concrete means maintaining moisture inside the body of concrete

terms of strength & durability.

Foundation forms the lowest part of an architectural structure and are