Results and Discussions

Table 1: Table for Aluminium

T Slab Sphere Cylinder

Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)

0 50.1 0 36.6 0 38.4 0

5 53.0 0.168 38.2 0.151 46.2 0.421

10 52.6 0.146 42.3 0.458 47.0 0.456

15 52.9 0.162 44.0 0.563 48.4 0.514

20 53.1 0.172 44.9 0.614 50.6 0.598

25 53.6 0.198 46.2 0.683 51.6 0.634

30 54.3 0.234 47.9 0.766 52.1 0.652

35 55.4 0.287 49.0 0.817 51.5 0.631

40 54.2 0.229 49.4 0.835 51.9 0.645

45 54.4 0.239 49.8 0.853 52.8 0.676

50 54.6 0.249 50.6 0.887 53.0 0.683

55 54.8 0.264 51.3 0.916 53.3 0.693

60 55.1 0.273 52.4 0.960 54.0 0.716

65 55.0 0.267 52.5 0.964 54.4 0.729

70 55.1 0.273 52.8 0.975 53.1 0.686

75 55.2 0.278 52.9 0.979 54.8 0.742

80 56.2 0.325 53.1 0.987 55.0 0.748

85 55.3 0.283 53.4 0.998 55.1 0.752

T ( oC) 34.2 26.8 23.5

Slab : To=50.1oC
Sphere : To=36.6oC
Cylinder : To=38.4oC
To: Temperature at time 0
T: Temperature (water bath)
 Table 2: Table for Stainless Steel

T Slab Sphere Cylinder

Time (s) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T) T(oC) ln (T-T)/(T0-T)

0 38.3 0 37.1 0 38.2 0

5 38.4 0.008 37.2 0.008 39.1 0.075

10 39.2 0.071 37.6 0.040 39.1 0.075

15 39.2 0.071 37.9 0.064 39.6 0.115

20 39.4 0.086 38.2 0.086 39.4 0.099

25 39.8 0.115 39.8 0.199 41.7 0.265

30 40.3 0.151 39.3 0.166 43.6 0.385

35 42.3 0.282 41.7 0.319 45.6 0.497

40 43.7 0.364 43.2 0.406 47.0 0.568

45 44.8 0.424 45.7 0.536 48.2 0.626

50 46.0 0.486 46.2 0.557 49.2 0.671

55 46.8 0.525 47.4 0.612 50.0 0.706

60 47.6 0.563 48.3 0.651 51.0 0.748

65 48.2 0.590 49.2 0.689 51.4 0.764

70 48.9 0.622 50.2 0.729 52.0 0.788

75 49.9 0.664 51.3 0.772 52.4 0.804

80 50.1 0.672 51.6 0.783 52.9 0.823

85 50.6 0.693 52.3 0.809 53.2 0.834

90 51.2 0.717 52.7 0.823 53.6 0.849

95 51.6 0.733 53.0 0.834 53.8 0.857

100 51.7 0.736 53.5 0.852 54.1 0.868

105 52.2 0.756 54.5 0.886 54.3 0.875

T 26.0 24.9 26.7

Slab : To=38.3oC
Sphere : To=37.1oC
Cylinder : To=38.2oC
To: Temperature at time 0
T: Water bath temperature
 ln (T-T/T-T) vs time (s)
1
y = 0.0154x
0.9

0.8
y = 0.0119x
0.7
ln (T-T/T-T)

0.6

0.5

0.4 y = 0.0045x
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time (s)

Slab Sphere Cylinder

Linear (Slab) Linear (Sphere) Linear (Cylinder)

Figure 1: Graph of ln (T-T)/ (T0-T) vs Time (s) for Aluminium

ln (T-T/T-T) vs time (s)

1
y = 0.0102x
0.9

0.8 y = 0.0097x
0.7
y = 0.0081x
ln (T-T/T-T)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (s)
Series1 Series2 Series3
Linear (Series1) Linear (Series1) Linear (Series2)

Figure 2: Graph of ln (T-T)/ (T0-T) vs Time (s) for Stainless Steel

 Unsteady-state heat transfer is important because of the large number of heating and
cooling problems occurring industrially. Two experiments were conducted to meet the
objectives of each experiment respectively. In experiment one; aluminium were used to
determine the heat transfer coefficient of moving water and to determine the Biot Number
of aluminium whereas for experiment two, use of stainless steel to compare the experimental
and the theoretical center temperatures profile of stainless steel. Three different shapes
consists of sphere, cylinder and the slab are used in both experiments which to identify good
surface area to determine the center temperature of each shapes. Measurement taken on a
shape of a particular material can be used to confirm the conductivity of a similar shape of
different material. Monitoring of temperature at the center of shape allows analysis of heat
flow using the appropriate transient-temperature/heat flow charts provided.

In experiment one, aluminum was used to determine the heat transfer coefficient (h)
hA
by using the formula m where the value for m is the dimensionless parameters for
C p V

use in Heisler Chart means the slope is get from the graph ln (T- T / To- T) versus t for each
shape. The value of h for sphere is 248.99 W/m2 K, for cylinder is 185.01W/m2 K and for slab
is 240.122 W/m2 K. For this experiment, the heat transfer coefficient of moving water to
aluminium is represented with the value of h. The value of h is determined to describe the
heat leaves a surface, as a function of the temperature difference between the surface and
the ambient. h is the function of the system geometry, fluid properties, and flow velocity and
temperature difference.

The value of h is used in the formula to identify the Biot Number (NBi) by using the
hx1
formula NBi = which is dimensionless. The NBi compares the relative values of internal
k
conduction resistance and surface convective resistance to heat transfer. Theoretically, the
less the NBi means the faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat conduction away
from its surface. The NBi is calculating to know the assumption is reasonably accurate or not.
The NBi be less than 0.1 shows the experiment is successful. After calculated, the result shows
that the NBi for sphere is 0.008129, for cylinder is 0.0641, and for slab is 0.02353. The NBi for
all the shapes are less than 0.1 identified that the experiment is valid.

The Biot Number (NBi) for sphere is the lowest among the other shapes. This shows
that the best surface area for aluminum is sphere where the entire surface is joining in the
water bath. So, the temperature is faster heat conduction inside the body than the heat
conduction away from its surface.

The stainless steel is used in experiment two to compare the different result in
experiment one by using aluminum. These experiment used different solution to identify the
temperature at the center where is used Heisler Chart. Initial temperature (To) for sphere is
37.1c, for slab is 38.3c and for cylinder is 38.2c. The water bath temperature (T) for
sphere is 24.9c, for slab is 26.0c and for cylinder is 26.7c.

After calculated the needed parameters and refer the Heisler Chart, the temperature
at the center was determined. The temperature for Sphere is 48.7 C, for slab is 47.4 C and
for cylinder is 50.0 C. When compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid,
aluminum and stainless steel, shows that the aluminum is more efficient in heat conduction
because the center temperature is more high than stainless steel especially for cylinder
where the center temperature near to 55 C at 70s. Based from the theory, the higher the
center temperature, the efficiency in heat conduction of the material increased. Finally, the
temperature at the center of sphere by using Heisler Chart at time t = 95s is 51.8 C, for slab
is 49.8 C and for cylinder is 51.7 C.
Conclusion

In conclusion, for both experiment a different material were used. In experiment one,
the material used was aluminium. The heat transfer coefficient, h of moving water for shape
of sphere was 248.99 W/m2 K, for cylinder was 185.01W/m2 K and for slab 240.122 W/m2
K. The value of h is determined to describe the heat leaves a surface, as a function of the
temperature difference between the surface and the ambient. h is the function of the system
geometry, fluid properties, and flow velocity and temperature difference. The Biot Number
(NBi) was also calculated, resulting the NBi for sphere is 0.008129, for cylinder is 0.0641, and
for slab is 0.02353. The NBi for all the shapes are less than 0.1 whereby it showed that the
experiment valid. A stainless steel was used in experiment two to compare the result with
aluminium. The center temperature for sphere was 48.7 C, slab 47.4 C and cylinder 50.0
C. When compare the reading for time 70 seconds for both solid, aluminum and stainless
steel, it clearly showed that the aluminum is more efficient in heat conduction because the
center temperature is higher than stainless steel.

References

Chopey, N.P. 1994. Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations , 2nd Edition,

McGraw Hill.

Christi J. Geankoplis. 1995. Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, Prentice
Hall International Edition, pp 217-219.

Perry, R.H. Green D.W. and Maloney, J.O. 1984. Perry`s Chemical Engineering
Handbook, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill.