02 FO - BT1107 - E01 - 1 LTE Physical Layer Analysis-71 PDF

LTE Physical Layer Analysis
Objectives
Know the mobile communication development

and LTE architecture
Know the protocol stack and principle of E-
UTRAN
Know the key technologies applied in LTE
Know the LTE system principle
2
Contents
LTE Protocol Stack and Interfaces

LTE Radio Frame Structure
LTE Physical Resources
LTE Physical Channels
LTE Physical Signals
LTE Physical-Layer Procedures
3
LTE Protocol Structure
MME
UE eNB NAS
S1AP
NAS
APP SCTP
RRC RRC S1AP X2AP
IP
PDCP PDCP SCTP
Logical RLC RLC IP

CHs SGW
MAC MAC GTPU
GTPU
Transpo PHY PHY UDP

UDP
rt CHs
IP
Signaling flow
Data flow
ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

4
System information broadcast
LTE Protocol Structure Paging
RRC connection setup,
maintenance, and release
Radio bearer connection setup,
Control-plane protocol stack configuration maintenance, and
release
Layer 1 --- PHY
Mobility management
Layer 2 --- MAC, RLC, PDCP UE measurement control
Layer 3 --- RRC, NAS

UE eNB MME
NAS NAS
RRC RRC
EPS bearer management
PDCP PDCP Authentication
Mobility management in
RLC RLC idle state
Paging launch in idle state
MAC MAC Security control
PHY --- Physical layer PHY PHY

MAC --- Medium Access Control
RLC --- Radio Link Control
PDCP --- Packet Data Convergence Protocol
RRC --- Radio Resource Control
NAS --- Non-Access Stratum

5
LTE Protocol Structure Header compression and
decompression
In-sequence delivery during handover
Lower-layer SDU duplication detection
User-plane protocol stack Encryption and integrity protection
Layer 1 --- PHY

Layer 2 --- MAC, RLC, PDCP
UE eNB
AM, UM, and TM
ARQ PDCP PDCP
Segmentation and
concatenation RLC RLC
In-sequence delivery
Duplication detection
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
PHY --- Physical layer
Mapping between logical channels and
MAC --- Medium Access Control transport channels
RLC --- Radio Link Control HARQ
PDCP --- Packet Data Convergence Protocol TF selection

Logical channel priority handling
UE priority handling

6
S1 Interface
Protocol stack
The user-plane S1 interface is
between the eNodeB and S-GW.
The TNL is based on IP, and the
GTP-U layer over UDP/IP is used
to carry user-plane PDUs.
The control-plane S1 interface is
between the eNodeB and MME.
The TNL is based on IP, which is
similar to that of the user plane.
To transmit messages reliably,
SCTP is used over IP. The
application layer is S1-AP.

7
S1 Interface
Control-plane functions:
SAE bearer management (SAE bearer setup, modification, and release)
UE mobility management in ECM_Connected state (including intra-/inter-LTE
handover)
S1 paging
NAS signaling transmission
S1 UE context release
S1 interface management (including reset, error, and overload indication)
Network sharing
NAS node selection
Initial context establishment
Roaming and area restriction

8
X2 Interface
Protocol Stack:
The X2 user-plane interface is between
eNodeBs. The E-UTRAN TNL is based on IP,
and GTP-U over UDP/IP is used to transmit
user-plane PDUs.
The X2 control-plane interface is between
eNodeBs. The TNL is based on SCTP/IP.
The application layer is X2-AP.
Control-plane functions:
UE mobility management in ECM-
Connected state (for intra-LTE handover)
Uplink load management
X2 interface management (including reset
and error indication)

9
Uu Interface
PHY provides transport
channels for MAC
Layer 3 Radio Resource Control (RRC) MAC provides logical channels
Control / Measurements
for RLC
Logical channels
Layer 2
Medium Access Control
(MAC)
Transport channels
Layer 1 Physical layer
PHY is at the bottom layer of the UU protocol stack.

PHY achieves information exchange with MAC and RRC.
PHY provides the data delivery service for upper layers through
transport channels.
10
Contents

11
Frame Structure
FDD frame structure

Frame structure type1
Supports full-duplex FDD and half-duplex FDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe

12
Frame Structure
TDD frame structure
Frame structure type2.
A normal subframe is composed of two 0.5 ms time slots.
A special subframe is composed of DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS.
A subframe lasts 1 ms.
To be compatible with TD-SCDMA, different time slot ratio and DwPTS, GP,
and UpPTS are configured.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

13
Special TS configuration
TD-LTE Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix
Configuration
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
0 3 10 3 8
D for downlink, U 1 9 4 8 3 1 OFDM

1 OFDM symbols
for uplink, S for a 2 10 3
symbols
9 2
special subframe 3 11 2 10 1
composed of 4 12 1 3 7
DwPTS, GP, and 5 3 9 8 2
2 OFDM
UpPTS. symbols
6 9 3 2 OFDM 9 1
7 10 2 symbols - - -
8 11 1 - - -
UL/DS TS ratio
Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
configuration Switch-point periodicity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U DwPTS and
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D UpPTS can be
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D configured. The
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D sum of DwPTS,
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D GP, and UpPTS is
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D 1 ms.
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

14
Contents

15
LTE Physical ResourcesAntenna Port
Antenna port
LTE antenna ports are used to discriminate space resources. If the receiver
need to discriminate space resources, multiple antenna ports are defined at
the receiver. The defined antenna ports are not one-to-one mapped to the
physical antenna ports.
Only single RF link is supported in the uplink, so antenna ports are not
required in the uplink.
Three types of antenna ports are defined:

Cell-specific RS antenna port: ports 0-3.
MBSFN RS antenna port: port 4.
UE-specific RS antenna port: port 5.

16
One Slot
LTE Physical ResourcesRE/RB
Resource Element (RE) 7 symbols Resource Grid

(Example)
A symbol in the time domain and a

subcarrier in the frequency domain,
which is the minimum resource unit. RB
(12x7 RE)
Physical Resource Block (PRB) One RB is

A resource unit allocated as a service composed of
12 subcarriers
channel resource. It occupies a in the
Nc subcarriers
timeslot in the time domain and 12 frequency
12 subcarriers
subcarriers in the frequency domain. domain.
RE
Subcarrie Number Number of Correspon

r Interval of OFDM RB-Occupied ding REs
Symbols Subcarriers in One RB
(one slot)
Normal CP 15KHz 7 12 84
Extended 15KHz 6 12 72
CP
7.5KHz 3 24 72

17
LTE Physical Resource AllocationRE/RB
One resource block

Nsymb NscRBresource element
one s
lot, N
symb
ol S y
mbol
s
NscRBsubcarriers 180kHz

18
LTE Physical ResourcesREG/CCE/RBG
RBG
REG Resource Block Group (RBG): A resource
unit allocated as a service channel
RS REG n+1 REG n+2 RS REG n+1 REG n+2

resource, which is composed of a group of
RBs.
RS REG n+1 RS REG n+1
System Bandwidth RBG Size
RB (P)
RS
REG n REG n
RS
REG n REG n 10 1
11 26 2
RS RS 27 63 3
First OFDM
symbol
Second OFDM symbol
( common antenna
Second OFDM symbol
(four common antenna
Third OFDM
symbol
64 110 4
port) ports)
Channel Control Element (CCE): A

Resource Element Group (REG): a
resource unit allocated as a PDCCH
resource unit allocated as a control channel
resource, which is composed of nine
resource, which is composed of four REs
REGs.
CCE
19
LTE Physical ResourcesControl Area and Data
Area
7 symbols 7 symbols
Normal subframe: A normal subframe is composed of

two time slots, including downlink Unicast/MBSFN
subframe, downlink MBSFN dedicated subframe, and
uplink normal subframe.
Special subframe: A special subframe is composed of
three domains: DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS.
Nc subcarriers
12 subcarriers
In a Unicast/MBSFN subframe, the
control area and data area are
separated by time.
There is no control area (that is, no
OFDM symbol for control) in an
MBSFN dedicated subframe.
In a uplink normal subframe, the
control area and data area are Control area Data area
separated by frequency.

20
Downlink Unicast/MBSFN Subframe
The control area and data area

are separated by time. The
number of OFDM symbols for
data can be configured.
Downlink Unicast/MBSFN Number of
Nc subcarriers
subframe OFDM Symbols
for Data
Subframes 1 and 6 of frame 1, 2
structure type 2 distributed
Subframe with MBSFN 1, 2
transmission
Subframe without MBSFN 1, 2, 3
transmission
localized
Resource allocation method:
localized
distributed Control area Data area

21
Uplink Normal Subframe
Control
area
The control area and data area

are separated by frequency.
Resource allocation mode:

Localized
Nc subcarriers

Localized + FH
Data
area
Control
area

22
Contents

23
Downlink physical channels
Channel Function
PDSCH(Physical Downlink Shared Channel ) Carries downlink traffic data
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) Carries broadcast information
PMCH ( Physical Multicast Channel) Carries multi-cell broadcast

information for MBMS
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Indicates the number of symbols
Channel) occupied by PDCCH in a subframe
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) Carries downlink scheduling
information
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) Carries HARQ information
Uplink physical channels

Channel Function
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) Carries uplink traffic data
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) Carries HARQ information
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) Sends preamble for UE access

24
LTE Physical Layer Signaling
Control Physical Carried information
Info Channel
UCI PUCCH Carries ACK/NACKs to downlink packets, scheduling requests, and CQI
measurement.
CFI PCFICH Indicates how may OFDM symbols the PDCCH occupies. CFI equals 1, 2, or 3.
HI PHICH Carries ACK/NACKs to uplink packets. HI equals 0 or 1.
DCI PDCCH Carries resource allocation information, HARQ, uplink scheduling ACK, and other
control information.
Based on the carried information, the PDCCH has the following formats:
DCI format 0: carries UL-SCH resource allocation information.
DCI format 1: carries SIMO DL-SCH resource allocation information.
DCI format 1A: carries simple SIMO DL-SCH resource allocation information.
DCI format 2: carries MIMO DL-SCH resource allocation.
DCI format 3: carries TPC (two bits for power adjustment) on the PUCCH and
PUSCH.
DCI format 3A: carries TPC (one bit for power adjustment) on the PUCCH and
PUSCH.
The physical-layer signaling messages carry resource-allocation-

related information and HARQ information.
25
LTE Physical ChannelsMapping

26
LTE Downlink Physical ChannelsBasic
Processing
Basic processing
Scrambling: scrambles the code bits to be transmitted on the physical channel.
Modulation: modulates the signals to complex-value signals.
Layer mapping: maps the signals to one or more transport layers.
Pre-coding: pre-codes the signals to be transmitted on each layer of antenna
ports.
Mapped to RE: maps the signals to REs.
Generating OFDM signals: generates time-domain OFDM signals for each
antenna port.
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation

27
Scrambling and Modulation
Scrambling
Inter-cell interference is randomized
through bit-level scrambling.
The number of bits keeps the same
before and after scrambling.
The PDCCH is scrambled in a special
way.
Modulation
The coding efficiency varies with
modulation schemes.
QPSK: L= 2 Downlink Physical Channel Modulation Scheme
16QAM: L= 4 PDSCH/PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
64QAM: L= 6 PBCH/PCFICH/PDCCH QPSK
PHICH BPSK

28
Layer Mapping
Layer mapping is performed in three scenarios: single antenna,

space multiplexing, and transmit diversity. Assume that the
number of codes is q, number of layers is v, and number of
antenna ports is P.
Single antenna layer mapping (v=1)
Space multiplexing layer mapping (q=1, 2, vP)
Transmit diversity layer mapping (q=1, v=P)
LTE supports up to four layers and two codes. In the downlink, up to four
antennas are supported.
Multi-code transmission refers to multiple streams multiplexed on antennas.
Channel coding and modulation of the streams can be independently
performed. Single-code transmission refers to one stream (after channel
coding and modulation) multiplexed on antennas.

29
Mapping between the Number of Codes and the
Number of Layers 4 P4 Up to four layers Up to four antenna ports Number of
M 1
Up to two code streams q2 antennas per port P
Antenna port M 1 4
Antenna port Antenna port 1 Port
1 Data 1 broadcast
OFD weightin
Lay Layer 1 Dela reso g
Code 1 Cod Mo Cod M
er yed urce
e dul ebo modul
ma codi map
ok ation
M stre
am
atio
n
ppi ng
matr
ping
of M3 1
A Code 2 ng matr of
M4 8
Layer 4 ix each
C ix Antenna each
port P port Antenna port
port P Port
Precoding Antenna
port P
broadc
CRC, block
Single antenna: ast
segmentatio
1>1 No delay: weight
n, coding, QPSK/
Single antenna
Direct mapping number of
1>1 ing
rate 16QA layers is not
matching, No precoding
M/64 changed.
Space
block QAM multiplexing: IFFT
concatenati General case:
1>1
on, and (single antenna Long delay: Space M i 1 P 1/ 2 / 4
scrambling only) number of multiplexing: N 1/ 2 / 4
1>2 layers is not
1>2
2>2 changed. Special case:
Mi 1
2>2
Purpose: for
2>3 4>4
diversity gain Total number of
2>4
antennas:
P
Transmit N Mp
diversity: Transmit p 1
1>2 diversity
1>4 2>2 Special case 1:
4>4 q P Mi 1
Special case 2:
q P 1, M 1 4 / 6 / 8....
Special case 3:
q 1, P 5, M 1 1 4 8
Bit-level
processing. Each Antenna
code stream is Symbol-level Sample-level
independently processing in
processing processing
processed. groups

30
Pre-Coding
Pre-coding function:
If the number of multiplexed signals equals the number of transmit antennas
(NL = NT), pre-coding can realize the orthogonality of multiple parallel
signals, enhancing the isolation degree of signals at the receiving end.
If the number of multiplexed signals is less than the number of transmit
antennas (NL < NT), pre-coding can map the NL space-multiplexed signals to
NT transmit antennas, providing space multiplexing gain and beamforming
gain.
Pre-coding: After layer mapping, data multiplies a matrix to

implement pre-coding.

31
Downlink Physical Channel RE Mapping 1
The PDSCH, PMCH, and PBCH are mapped to the data area in subframes.
The PMCH and PDSCH (or PBCH) cannot be mapped to one subframe.
The PDSCH and PBCH can be mapped to one subframe.
The PBCH is transmitted on subframes 0 and 5. So the PMCH cannot be transmitted on these two
subframes.
The BCH lasts four contiguous radio frames (40 ms), and occupies six contiguous PRB (72 subcarriers) in
one time slot.

32
The PDCCH, PCFICH, and PHICH are mapped to the control area of a subframe.
The PCFICH indicates the number of symbols carrying PDCCH in a subframe.
CFI: 2 bit.
1/16 coding, QPSK.
The PCFICH is mapped to four REGs of the first OFDM in the control area.
The location of the first REG is determined by the cell ID.
The space between four REGs is bandwidth.
PCFICH PCFICH PCFICH PCFICH

REG#1 REG#2 REG#3 REG#4
OFDM #1
OFDM #2
OFDM #3

33
The PDCCH carries resource assignment information, including power

control.
Logical mapping
Control Channel Element (CCE): logical element, corresponds to REGs.
One PDCCH is a set of several contiguous CCEs, that is, the DCI, after channel coding
and rate matching, is first mapped to one or more CCEs.
In accordance with the number of CCEs in the PDCCH, four PDCCH formats are defined.
PDCCH Format Number of CCEs Number of REGs Number of PDCCH Bits
0 1 9 72
1 2 18 144
2 4 36 288
3 8 72 576
Physical mapping
After the DCI is mapped to CCEs, the PDCCHs of multiple users need to be multiplexed
and scrambled, and mapped to the REGs that do not carry the PCFICH and PHICH.

34
The PHICH carries HARQ information.

PHICH Group
After channel coding, the HI consists of three bits. After BPSK modulation and
orthogonal spreading, the HI consists of 12 bits (normal CP, 4-bit orthogonal
sequence) or six bits (extended CP, 4-bit orthogonal sequence). For extended
CP, the six bits need to be extended to 12 bits by filling 0s.
After being overlaid, multiple PHICHs can be mapped to the same PHICH
group. The PHICHs are discriminated by orthogonal sequences. For normal
CP, one PHICH group consists of eight PHICHs. For extended CP, one PHICH
group consists of four PHICHs.
One PHICH group corresponds to one RB.
For TDD, the number of PHICH groups varies in different subframes, refer to
the following table.

35
PHICH Group
UL/DL Configuration Subframe No.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 2 1 - - - 2 1 - - -
1 0 1 - - 1 0 1 - - 1
2 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 - 1 0
3 1 0 - - - 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 1 1 - - - 1 1 - - 1

36
Mapping PHICH groups to physical resources
Two PHICH length types are defined. For the number of OFDM symbols, refer to the
following table.
One PHICH group is divided into three parts, and each of them is mapped to an REG.
PHICH Non MBSFN Subframe MBSFN frame

Length TDD subframes 1 and 6 Other Subframes Hybrid Carrier MBSFN
Normal 1 1 1
Extended 2 3 2
The frequency location is

determined by:
- Cell ID
- PHICH group number
- Number of REGs in the
OFDM symbol
-- Extended PHICH length
Subframes with extended PHICH Subframes with extended PHICH

group length equaling 2. group length equaling 3.
37
LTE Uplink Physical ChannelsBasic Processing
Basic processing (similar with the downlink)

Scrambling: scrambles the code bits to be transmitted on the physical
channel.
Modulation: modulates the signals to complex-value signals.
Layer mapping: maps the signals to one or more transport layers.
Pre-coding: pre-codes the signals to be transmitted on each layer of antenna
ports.
Mapped to RE: maps the signals to REs.
Generating SC-FDMA signals: generates time-domain SC-FDMA signals for
each antenna port.
Physical Channel Modulation Scheme

PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
PUCCH BPSK and QPSK
PRACH N/A

38
PUSCH
Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA

Scrambling element mapper
mapper precoder signal gen.
PUSCH processing flow
Modulation scheme: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM.
Pre-coding: DFT operation.
For RE mapping, the PUSCH is mapped to the data area of subframes.

39
Uplink Control Information
UCI is periodically reported on the PUCCH. UCI includes HARQ-

ACK, SR, CQI, PMI, and RI.
SR: scheduling request. The UE sends requests for resource scheduling.
CQI: channel quality indicator. The UE reports the channel quality to the
eNodeB. The eNodeB adjusts the modulation scheme in accordance with the
CQI. If the signal quality is good, high-order modulation schemes are used. If
the signal quality is poor, low-order modulation schemes are used.
PMI: precoding matrix indicator. Indicates the current pre-coding matrix.
RI: rank indicator. If transmit diversity is used, RI always equals 1. If space
multiplexing is used, RI indicates the number of pre-coding layers.

40
PUCCH Format
UCI is reported in two ways: periodic reporting on the PUCCH (the minimum
period is one subframe) and non-periodic reporting on the PUSCH. To prevent
periodic reporting and non-periodic reporting from occurring at the same time,
the PUCCH and PUSCH cannot be transmitted at the same time.
Number
PUCCH Format Usage Modulation
of Bits
1 SR N/A N/A
1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1
1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
2 CQI QPSK 20
2a CQI+ACK/NACK QPSK+BPSK 21
2b CQI+ACK/NACK QPSK+BPSK 22

41
PUCCH Format 1/1a/1b Structure
One Slot One Slot
Data: Data:
Cyclic shift sequence + Cyclic shift sequence +
orthogonal sequence orthogonal sequence
Cyclic shift varies in different Cyclic shift varies in different
symbols. symbols.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 subcarriers
12 subcarriers
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Th
Th
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e
e
ort
ort
ho
ho
Fre nal s
Fre al s
go
go
qu equ
qu equ
n
en
en en
cy e n ce
cy
ho s a
ho es a
pp
pp re
c
ing re di
ing dif
:
:
RS: RS:
Cyclic shift sequence + Cyclic shift sequence +
ffe
fer
orthogonal sequence
ren
orthogonal sequence
en
Cyclic shift varies in different

t.
t
symbols. symbols.
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 e j 2 3 e j 4 3
1 e j 4 3 e j 2 3
Normal CP Extended CP
42
PUCCH Format 1/1a/1b RE Mapping
After sequence spreading and orthogonal multiplexing, SR is extended from 1 bit
to 96 symbols, and is mapped to the data area of PUCCH format 1.
After BPSK modulation, sequence spreading, and orthogonal multiplexing,
ACK/NACK is extended from 1 bit to 96 symbols, and is mapped to the data area
of PUCCH format 1a.
After QPSK modulation, sequence spreading, and orthogonal multiplexing,
ACK/NACK is extended from 2 bits to 96 symbols, and is mapped to the data area
of PUCCH format 1b.
After orthogonal multiplexing, RS is mapped to the RS area of PUCCH format
1/1a/1b. nPRB N RB
UL
1 m 1 m0
m3 m2
The RB position of PUCCH format 1/1a/1b

depends on the sequence number, PUCCH m2 m3
bandwidth, and time slot position. nPRB 0 m0 m 1
One subframe

43
PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b Structure
One Slot One Slot
Data:
Data:
Cyclic shift sequence +
orthogonal sequence
orthogonal sequence
symbols.
symbols.
12 subcarriers
12 subcarriers
Fre
Fre
q
q
ue
ue
nc
nc
yh
yh
op iffer
op iffer
pin en
pin en
d
d
g:
g: t.
the
the
t
inf
inf
orm
o
RS:
rm
ati
a tio
on
orthogonal sequence
n
RS:
is
is
Cyclic shift sequence + Cyclic shift varies in different

orthogonal sequence symbols.
symbols. Format 2a/2b is not
supported
Format 2a/2b
The second RS must multiply
ACK/NACK d(10)
Normal CP Extended CP
44
PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b RE Mapping
After QPSK modulation and sequence spreading, CQI is extended from 20 bits to
120 symbols, and is mapped to the data area of PUCCH format 2/2a/2b.
After BPSK, 1-bit ACK/NACK is modulated to one symbol. After being multiplied
the RS, 12 symbols are generated and mapped to the second RS in each time slot
of PUCCH format 2a.
After QPSK, 2-bit ACK/NACK is modulated to one symbol. After being multiplied
the RS, 12 symbols are generated and mapped to the second RS in each time slot
of PUCCH format 2a.
After orthogonal multiplexing, RS is mapped to the RS area of PUCCH
format2/2a/2b. m 1 m0
nPRB N RB
UL
1
m3 m2
The RB position of PUCCH format

2/2a/2b depends on the sequence
number and time slot position. The
PUCCH is mapped to RBs of m2 m3
m=0, m=1, m=2 in turn. nPRB 0 m0 m 1
One subframe

45
PRACH Structure
Time-domain structure
Preamble: CP + Sequence
GT needs to be reserved after preamble
CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ
Preamble
GT Preamble
Preamble GT Preamble GT
Preamble sent by cell-center users Preamble sent by cell-edge users

46
PRACH Structure
13
subcarrier
s
Preamble generation
839 subcarriers
Preambles are generated by Zadoff-
864 subcarriers
Chu sequence
Sequence length
Preamble format 0-3: 839
Preamble format 0-3
Preamble format 4: 139
12
Frequency-domain structure
subcarriers

One PRACH occupies six RBs.

3 subcarriers
The subcarrier space of preambles is
different form that of other uplink
SC-FDMA symbols.
144 subcarriers
139 subcarriers
Preamble format 0-3: 1250 Hz
Preamble format 4: 7500 Hz
Preamble format 4
2 subcarriers

47
PRACH Format
Based on the time-domain structure, frequency-domain structure,

and sequence length, preambles are divided into the following
five formats.
Preamble Time Tcp Tseq Sequence GT

Format length
0 1 ms 3152 x Ts 24576 x Ts 839 97.4 us
1 2 ms 21012 x Ts 24576 x Ts 839 516 us
2 2 ms 6224 x Ts 2 x 24576 x Ts 839 (twice) 197.4 us
3 3 ms 21012 x Ts 2 x 24576 x Ts 839 (twice) 716 us
4 (for FS2 157.3 us 448 x Ts 4096 x Ts 129 9.4 us

only)
Preamble format 4 is used in UpPTS of frame structure type 2.

48
PRACH Resource Mapping
TDD
Multiple PRACHs can mapped to one uplink subframe (including UpPTS).
When there are multiple PRACHs, different subframes are occupied in prior. If
the time resource is not enough, multiple PRACHs can be mapped to one
subframe.
The PRACHs of cells should not be overlapped on the time domain.
For formats 0-3, the preamble is adjacent to the PUCCH. If there are more
than one PRACH, they are adjacent to the PUCCHs on both frequency sides.
For format 4, the preamble is at the higher-frequency or lower-frequency
edge in accordance with the system frame number.

49
PRACH Resource Mapping
Configuration Preamble Preamble Configuration Preamble Preamble
Version Version
No. Format Density/10ms No. Format Density/10ms
0 0 0.5 0 32 2 0.5 2
1 0 0.5 1 33 2 1 0
2 0 0.5 2 34 2 1 1
3 0 1 0 35 2 2 0
4 0 1 1 36 2 3 0
5 0 1 2 37 2 4 0
6 0 2 0 38 2 5 0
7 0 2 1 39 2 6 0
8 0 2 2 40 3 0.5 0
9 0 3 0 41 3 0.5 1
10 0 3 1 42 3 0.5 2
11 0 3 2 43 3 1 0
12 0 4 0 44 3 1 1
13 0 4 1 45 3 2 0
14 0 4 2 46 3 3 0
15 0 5 0 47 3 4 0
16 0 5 1 48 4 0.5 0
17 0 5 2 49 4 0.5 1
18 0 6 0 50 4 0.5 2
19 0 6 1 51 4 1 0
20 1 0.5 0 52 4 1 1
21 1 0.5 1 53 4 2 0
22 1 0.5 2 54 4 3 0
23 1 1 0 55 4 4 0
24 1 1 1 56 4 5 0
25 1 2 0 57 4 6 0
26 1 3 0 58
27 1 4 0 59
28 1 5 0 60
29 1 6 0 61
30 2 0.5 0 62
31 2 0.5 1 63

50
LTE Physical ChannelsNumber of Codes,
Number of Layers, and Pre-Coding
Physical
Pre-Coding Number of Codes Number of Layers
Channel
Single antenna port 1 1
PDSCH
Space multiplexing 1, 2 1, 2, 3, and 4
PUSCH
Transmit diversity 1 2, 4
PDCCH Single antenna port 1 1

PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH Transmit diversity 1 2, 4
PUCCH
Space multiplexing is not used on the PDCCH, PBCH, PCFICH,

PHICH, and PUCCH.
Transmit diversity is not used on the PMCH.

51
Contents

52
Downlink Physical Signals
Synchronization signals
Primary synchronization signal
Secondary synchronization signal
Reference signals
Cell-specific reference signals
MBSFN reference signals
UE-specific reference signals

53
Downlink Synchronization Signals
Slot 0 / Slot 10 Slot 1 / Slot 11
Slot 0 / Slot 10 Slot 1 / Slot 11 DwPTS
FS1, normal CP
Nc subcarriers
FS2, normal CP
SSS
Nc subcarriers
72 subcarriers
PSS
72 subcarriers
SSS
PSS
Data area
Data area Control area
Control area
PSS is transmitted in slots 0 and 10 only. PSS is transmitted in the DwPTS domain
only.
SSS is transmitted in slots 0 and 10 only.
SSS is transmitted in the last OFDM symbol
54 of subframe 0.
Cell-Specific Reference Signal
Cell-specific reference signals are transmitted in every downlink

subframes of the cells that do not support MBSFN transmission.
When MBSFN transmission is used, cell-specific reference signals
are transmitted in only the first two OFDM symbols of the first
time slot of a subframe.
Cell-specific reference signals are transmitted on one or more
ports of antenna ports 0-3.

55
Cell-Specific Reference Signal
Cell-specific RS mapped to RE
An RE that transmits RS on one antenna port
R0 R0

One antenna port
must not transmit any signal on any other

R0 R0
antenna port at the same time slot, and must

R0 R0
be set to 0.
R0 R0
l0 l6 l0 l6
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6 l0 l6
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3

56
MBSFN Reference Signal
R4
R4 R4 R4
R4 R4
R4
R4
R4
R4
MBSFN RS R4 R4
R4 Transmitted on R4
R4 R4 subframes for R4 R4
R4
MBSFN R4
R4 R4
R4 Uses antenna R4 R4
R4 R4 port 4. R4
R4 extended cyclic prefix
R4 R4 f=7.5kHz R4 R4
l 0 l 5l 0 l 5 R4
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots R4 R4

l 0 l 2l 0 l 2
Antenna port 4 even-numbered odd-numbered
slots slots
extended cyclic prefix Antenna port 4
f=15kHz

57
UE-Specific Reference Signal
UE-specific RS R5 R5
Used for frame
R5 R5
structure Type 2 only.
R5
Supports single R5 R5
antenna transmission R5 R5
R5 R5
on the PDSCH R5
Uses antenna port 5. R5 R5

R5 R5
Configured by the R5
R5 R5
higher layer.
l0 l 6 l 0 l 6 R5 R5
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots R5
Antenna port 5
R5 R5
l0 l 5l 0 l 5
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Normal CP 15kHz
Antenna port 5
Extended CP 15kHz

58
Uplink Physical Signal
Uplink RS
Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

59
PUSCH/PUCCH Demodulation Reference Signal
One Slot
The DMRS is used to obtain the
channel estimation matrix of the
PUSCH.
The fourth SC-FDMA symbol of each
slot is occupied. Contiguous
Subcarriers used by PUSCH

frequency bandwidth same as the Normal CP
PUSCH is occupied.
Different cyclic shifts of RS sequence
are assigned to users.
Similar to PUSCH, the DMRS is

used to obtain the channel
estimation matrix of the PUCCH.
data
RS

60
Sounding Reference Signal
Usage
Estimates the uplink channel quality for scheduling.
For TDD, the downlink channel quality can be obtained through the channel reciprocity.
Parameters
Time-domain parameters
Symbol configuration: in the last SC-FDMA symbol of the uplink subframe configured with SRS. In
UpPTS, SRS can be transmitted in all the symbols.
SRS sub-frame configuration: The UE obtains which subframe SRS is transmitted by reading
system information. The last SC-FDMA symbol of the uplink subframe configured with SRS is
reserved, and cannot be used for PUSCH.
Sub-frame offset: The UE obtains the subframe where the SRS is transmitted by reading RRC
signaling messages.
Duration: The UE obtains the SRS duration (one or infinite) by reading RRC signaling messages.
Period: The UE obtains the transmission period in one duration by reading RRC signaling
messages. The period may be 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 160 ms.
Simultaneous transmission of ACK/NACK and SRS: The UE knows whether simultaneous
transmission of ACK/NACK and SRS is allowed or not by reading RRC signaling messages. If
allowed, ACK/NACKs are transmitted on the punctured PUCCH, that is, the last SC-FDMA symbol
of the PUCCH is punctured.

61
Sounding Reference Signal
Parameters
Sequence parameter
Cyclic shift: The UE obtains the cyclic shift of the sequence by reading dedicated RRC signaling
messages.
Frequency-domain parameters
SRS bandwidth configuration: The UE obtains the allowed SRS bandwidth by reading broadcast
information.
SRS-bandwidth: The UE obtains the configured SRS bandwidth by reading RRC signaling
messages.
Frequency-domain position: The UE obtains the PRBs where SRS is transmitted by reading RRC
signaling messages.
Frequency-hopping information: The UE knows whether SRS frequency hopping is used by
reading RRC signaling messages.
Transmission comb: The UE obtains the Comb information by reading RRC signaling messages.
Frequency-domain Sounding BW
position (24K sub-carriers, K=1 in this case)
Comb = 0
K>1
Comb = 1

62
Entire Mapping of Physical Resources
The PSS, SSS, pilot signals, and broadcast information are mapped to fix positions.
The control format indication can be estimated. In most cases, the information
above is mapped first, and then HARQ information is mapped in accordance with
broadcast information. After that, control information is mapped to other REs of
related control symbols. Finally, traffic data is mapped to the remained REs.
Determining system parameters
Mapping reference symbols to physical resources
Mapping synchronization symbols to physical resources
Mapping PBCH symbols to physical resources
Mapping PCFICH symbols to physical resources
Mapping PHICH symbols to physical resources
Mapping PDCCH symbols to physical resources
Mapping PDSCH (PMCH) symbols to physical resources

63
Physical Resource MappingFDD LTE

64
Physical Resource MappingFDD LTE
0 1 2 5
2 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 11
RB
53~99
RB52
RB51
RB48
RB47
RB
0~46

65
Contents

66
Synchronization
Initial uplink synchronization Uplink synchronization keep

The UE sends preamble on the The eNodeB estimates the
PRACH. receiving time and generates a
The eNodeB sends TA to the UE TA in accordance with uplink
in accordance with the arrival signals.
time of the preamble. Upon receiving a TA in subframe
The UE transmits data in n, the UE transmits data by this
accordance with this TA value. TA in subframe n+x.
Initial downlink synchronization Downlink synchronization keep

After searching for a cell, the UE
The UE detects the PSS and
periodically measure the downlink
SSS of the cell, and achieves signals, and adjusts its time
time synchronization with accordingly, to keep synchronization
with the eNodeB.
the cell.

67
Cell Search
Searches for PSCH, determines the 5 ms 5 ms time and (2)

N ID
time, and obtains the cell ID.
Demodulates SSCH, determines the 10
10 ms time and (1)
N ID
ms time, and obtains the cell group ID.
Detects downlink RS, and obtains the
BCH antenna configuration. 3N ID N ID
cell (1) (2)
N ID
Reads system information (PCH

configuration, RACH configuration, and Reads MIB
neighboring cell list) on the PBCH.
SIB information is transmitted on the
Reads SIB
DPCH carried by the DL-SCH. No
dedicated channel for SIB.
Cell search is the basic procedure for network access and other
services.
68
Random Access
Contention-based random access

Initial random access in Idle state
Initial random access after radio link failure
Handover
For a UE in Active state, when downlink data arrives, if uplink synchronization
is not established, random access is required.
is not established or no scheduling requirement is sent, random access is
required.
Non-contention-based random access

Handover.
is not established, random access is required.

69
Contention-Based Random Access
UE eNB
Preamble
5-bit random ID 1 Random Access Preamble
PDCCH
1-bit channel quality RA-RNTI
PDSCH
Random Access Response 2 Random ID
TA
PUSCH UL grant
Sets up the RRC 3 Scheduled Transmission Temporary C-RNTI
connection
Contention Resolution 4
The UE sends a random preamble on the RACH. PDCCH

[Temporary] C-RNTI
The eNodeB MAC generates a random access PDSCH
response, and sends it on the DL-SCH to the UE. UE contention resolution ID
The UE RRC sends an RRC Connection Request Other RRC messages
message on the UL-SCH to the eNodeB.
The eNodeB RRC sends a Contention Resolution
message on the DL-SCH to the UE.

70
Non-Contention-Based Random Access
UE eNB
RA Preamble assignment
Preamble assignment
0
Preamble
Preamble ID Random Access Preamble 1
2 Random Access Response PDCCH

RA-RNTI
PDSCH
TA
UL grant
Preamble ID
The eNodeB assigns a non-contention random access preamble to

the UE through a downlink dedicated signaling message. This
preamble is not in the set broadcast by the BCH.
The UE sends the assigned preamble on the RACH.
The eNodeB MAC generates a random access response and sends
it on the DL-SCH to the UE.
71

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LTE Physical Layer Analysis

Know the mobile communication development

LTE Protocol Stack and Interfaces

Logical RLC RLC IP

Transpo PHY PHY UDP

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Layer 3 --- RRC, NAS

PHY --- Physical layer PHY PHY

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Layer 1 --- PHY

PDCP --- Packet Data Convergence Protocol TF selection

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Layer 1 Physical layer

PHY is at the bottom layer of the UU protocol stack.

LTE Protocol Stack and Interfaces

FDD frame structure

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

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One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

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D for downlink, U 1 9 4 8 3 1 OFDM

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LTE Protocol Stack and Interfaces

Three types of antenna ports are defined:

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LTE Physical ResourcesRE/RB

Resource Element (RE) 7 symbols Resource Grid

A symbol in the time domain and a

Physical Resource Block (PRB) One RB is

Subcarrie Number Number of Correspon

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One resource block

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RS REG n+1 REG n+2 RS REG n+1 REG n+2

Channel Control Element (CCE): A

Normal subframe: A normal subframe is composed of

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The control area and data area

Downlink Unicast/MBSFN Number of

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The control area and data area

Resource allocation mode:

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LTE Protocol Stack and Interfaces

PMCH ( Physical Multicast Channel) Carries multi-cell broadcast

Uplink physical channels

PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) Sends preamble for UE access

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HI PHICH Carries ACK/NACKs to uplink packets. HI equals 0 or 1.

The physical-layer signaling messages carry resource-allocation-

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Modulation Resource OFDM signal

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Layer mapping is performed in three scenarios: single antenna,

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Pre-coding: After layer mapping, data multiplies a matrix to